<p>We present a geometrical and mathematical solution to a problem faced in the glass industry in this work. Volume measurement of the glass gob is vital in making glassware. Geometric models were used to represent the glass gob.</p><p>A line scan camera system takes the images of the glass gob and the volume information of the glass gob is obtained by the image processing in the industry. This work is carried out to implement a simulator which estimates the change in the volume measurement of glass gob through line scan when it is rotated or when its shape is changed. A mixture of graphical and mathematical approaches is used to carry out this study. Geometric models have been used to represent the different gob models. Geometric models facilitate the manipulation of volumetric data.A simple and effective technique is used in this work. The problem is divided into steps. Volume measurement through a line scan technique is simulated. An easy to use graphical user interface (GUI) is designed to interact with the gob model and check the results of volume measurements.We present a geometrical and mathematical solution to a problem faced in the glass industry in this work. Volume measurement of the glass gob is vital in making glassware. Geometric models were used to represent the glass gob.A line scan camera system takes the images of the glass gob and the volume information of the glass gob is obtained by the image processing in the industry.This work is carried out to implement a simulator which estimates the change in the volume measurement of glass gob through line scan when it is rotated or when its shape is changed. A mixture of graphical and mathematical approaches is used to carry out this study. Geometric models have been used to represent the different gob models. Geometric models facilitate the manipulation of volumetric data.</p><p>A simple and effective technique is used in this work. The problem is divided into steps. Volume measurement through a line scan technique is simulated. An easy to use graphical user interface (GUI) is designed to interact with the gob model and check the results of volume measurements.</p>

<p>With the wave of crises in the early 2000 notably Enron, auditor independence was put in the spotlight which has continually threatened the integrity of the entire auditing profession. Connected to these accounting scandals, it could be realized that most of the auditors involved in the audits of these corporations had long standing relationship with these clients. In other words, the auditors had extended audit tenures. This puts the issue of audit tenure into the open that is as to how long should auditors serve a client?</p><p>The general purpose of this study is to examine whether extended audit tenures can lead to the emergence of threats to auditor independence which may impair the auditor independence. Our study is quantitative, using a self-administered web-survey to collect our data. The study provides results from a cross sectional design to examine the impact of extended audit tenures on auditor independence. This impact is compared across short and extended (long) tenures on the basis of the threats to auditor independence. Using paired samples t-test in SPSS for our sample of authorized or approved Swedish auditors; we find that extended audit tenures impact self-interest, self-review and intimidation threats that affects auditor independence. Our findings did not reveal any relationship between the advocacy and familiarity threats and the impact extended audit tenures have on them, hence we rejected the hypotheses relating to these threats. However, though the relationship was still not strong, the results for self-interest, self-review and intimidation threats proved significant and this prompted us to accept the respective hypotheses. In conclusion, our results show that there is an association of auditor independence to extended audit tenures.</p>

<p>The dynamical evolution of the spin axis direction due to gravitational and thermal factors is examined. It is found that the spin axis variations generally are regular and relatively small for the bodies in the asteroid main belt. There are also reasons to believe that this is the case for minor objects beyond the main belt. However, it is found that these regular variations are larger when the orbital inclination of the objects is increased. This effect may explain certain features in the spin vector distribution of the main belt asteroids, not possible to explain by collisional factors. The spin vector evolution of the asteroids in the inner solar system, including the Earth- and Mars-crossing objects, is often subjected to strong forces related to frequencies in the orbital evolution. The variations in the spin vector direction are then very large and often subjected to chaos. The larger frequency related obliquity zones of the Mars-crossers are usually regular while the zones of the Earth-Mars-crossers often are of a chaotic nature. The spin vector evolution of asteroids with comet-like orbits is often chaotic regardless of initial obliquity. For the inner solar system asteroids, it is often possible for an initial prograde spin to turn into a retrograde one, or vice versa, due to the frequency related phenomena. Though some spin vector directions seem to be more probable than other ones over time, there are no indications for an evolution towards a more prograde or a more retrograde spin vector distribution.</p><p>The effects on the spin vector evolution from the thermal Yarkovsky force are examined for objects with radii larger than 50 m. This force will affect the orbital evolution and thus indirectly affect the spin vector evolution. However, it is found that the studied effects are minor as compared to the gravitationally related ones. This is true both for the diurnal and the seasonal variants of the Yarkovsky force.</p>

<p>Children’s ability to manipulate objects is the end-point of several important developments. To imagine objects in different positions greatly improves children’s action capabilities. They can relate objects to each other successfully, and plan actions involving more than one object. We know that one-year-olds can insert an object into an aperture. Earlier research has focused on the start and goal of such actions, but ignored the way in between. This thesis shows that children are unable to fit an object into an aperture unless they can imagine the different projections of the object and rotate it in advance. The problem of how to proceed with an object-aperture matching was studied in 14- to 40-month-old children with a box, different holes and a set of fitting wooden blocks. Study I focused on how to orient a single object to make it fit. Studies II and III added a second object or aperture, introducing choice. In Study I there was a huge difference between 18 and 22 months in solving the fitting problem. Successful insertion was related to appropriate pre-adjustments. The older children pre-adjusted the object orientation before arriving at the aperture(s). The younger used a feedback strategy and that did not work for this task. To choose was more difficult than expected; one must not only choose one alternative, but also inhibit the other. Fifteen-month-olds were unable to choose between sizes and shapes, 20-month-olds could choose between sizes, 30-month-olds could choose between sizes and shapes, but not even 40-month-olds could choose between objects with different triangular cross-sections. Finally, the relationships between an object and an aperture, supporting surface or form were investigated. When comparing tasks requiring relationships between an object’s positive and an aperture’s negative form, between a 3D and a 2D, and between two 3D-forms, we found that the main difficulties is relating positive and negative form.</p>

Ce travail rapporte le développement et la validation d'un système de mesure pour l'étude cinématique des rotations du genou en 3 dimensions. Pour cela, nous avons dans un premier temps étudié in‐vitro les avantages apportés par un système de mesure de référence par rapport à l'évaluation du clinicien. Dans un second temps, nous avons développé un outil de mesure optoélectronique utilisable dans un contexte clinique. Nous avons réalisé une étude de reproductibilité de ce système pour des mesures de rotation interne‐externe en charge sur une série de sujets sains. Enfin, nous avons utilisé le système en condition réelle lors d'une étude clinique de revue à 2 ans de recul. 16 sujets opérés d'une rupture partielle du LCA ont été revus lors d'une consultation. Des mesures de rotation interne‐externe du genou en charge ainsi que des mesures de proprioception ont été réalisées.

The dynamical evolution of the spin axis direction due to gravitational and thermal factors is examined. It is found that the spin axis variations generally are regular and relatively small for the bodies in the asteroid main belt. There are also reasons to believe that this is the case for minor objects beyond the main belt. However, it is found that these regular variations are larger when the orbital inclination of the objects is increased. This effect may explain certain features in the spin vector distribution of the main belt asteroids, not possible to explain by collisional factors. The spin vector evolution of the asteroids in the inner solar system, including the Earth- and Mars-crossing objects, is often subjected to strong forces related to frequencies in the orbital evolution. The variations in the spin vector direction are then very large and often subjected to chaos. The larger frequency related obliquity zones of the Mars-crossers are usually regular while the zones of the Earth-Mars-crossers often are of a chaotic nature. The spin vector evolution of asteroids with comet-like orbits is often chaotic regardless of initial obliquity. For the inner solar system asteroids, it is often possible for an initial prograde spin to turn into a retrograde one, or vice versa, due to the frequency related phenomena. Though some spin vector directions seem to be more probable than other ones over time, there are no indications for an evolution towards a more prograde or a more retrograde spin vector distribution. The effects on the spin vector evolution from the thermal Yarkovsky force are examined for objects with radii larger than 50 m. This force will affect the orbital evolution and thus indirectly affect the spin vector evolution. However, it is found that the studied effects are minor as compared to the gravitationally related ones. This is true both for the diurnal and the seasonal variants of the Yarkovsky force.

In spite of its 150 years history, the problem of classifying all finite-dimensional division algebras over a field k is still unsolved whenever k is not algebraically closed. The present thesis concerns some different aspects of this problem, and the related problems of classifying all composition and absolute valued algebras. A tripartition of the class of all fields is given, based on the dimensions in which division algebras over a field exist. Moreover, all finite-dimensional flexible real division algebras are classified. This class includes in particular all finite-dimensional commutative real division algebras, of which two different classifications, along different lines, are presented. It is shown that every vector product algebra has dimension zero, one, three or seven, and that its isomorphism type is determined by its adherent quadratic form. This yields a new and elementary proof for the corresponding, classical result for unital composition algebras. A rotation in a Euclidean space is an orthogonal map that locally acts as a plane rotation with a fixed angle. All pairs of rotations in finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces are classified up to orthogonal similarity. A description of all composition algebras having an LR-bijective idempotent is given. On the basis of this description, all absolute valued algebras having a one-sided unity or a non-zero central idempotent are classified.

Children’s ability to manipulate objects is the end-point of several important developments. To imagine objects in different positions greatly improves children’s action capabilities. They can relate objects to each other successfully, and plan actions involving more than one object. We know that one-year-olds can insert an object into an aperture. Earlier research has focused on the start and goal of such actions, but ignored the way in between. This thesis shows that children are unable to fit an object into an aperture unless they can imagine the different projections of the object and rotate it in advance. The problem of how to proceed with an object-aperture matching was studied in 14- to 40-month-old children with a box, different holes and a set of fitting wooden blocks. Study I focused on how to orient a single object to make it fit. Studies II and III added a second object or aperture, introducing choice. In Study I there was a huge difference between 18 and 22 months in solving the fitting problem. Successful insertion was related to appropriate pre-adjustments. The older children pre-adjusted the object orientation before arriving at the aperture(s). The younger used a feedback strategy and that did not work for this task. To choose was more difficult than expected; one must not only choose one alternative, but also inhibit the other. Fifteen-month-olds were unable to choose between sizes and shapes, 20-month-olds could choose between sizes, 30-month-olds could choose between sizes and shapes, but not even 40-month-olds could choose between objects with different triangular cross-sections. Finally, the relationships between an object and an aperture, supporting surface or form were investigated. When comparing tasks requiring relationships between an object’s positive and an aperture’s negative form, between a 3D and a 2D, and between two 3D-forms, we found that the main difficulties is relating positive and negative form.

Observations show that Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are associated with twisted magnetic flux configurations. Conventionally, CMEs are modeled by shearing and twisting the footpoints of a certain distribution of magnetic flux at the solar surface and letting it evolve at the surface. Of course, the surface velocities and magnetic field patterns should ultimately be obtained from realistic simulations of the solar convection zone where the field is generated by dynamo action. Therefore, a unified treatment of the convection zone and the CMEs is needed. Numerical simulations of turbulent dynamos show that the amplification of magnetic fields can be catastrophically quenched at magnetic Reynolds numbers typical of the interior of the Sun. A strong flux of magnetic helicity leaving the dynamo domain can alleviate this quenching. In this sense, a realistic (magnetic) boundary condition is an important ingredient of a successful solar dynamo model. Using a two-layer model developed in this thesis, we combine a dynamo-active region with a magnetically inert but highly conducting upper layer which models the solar corona. In four steps we improve this setup from a forced to a convectively driven dynamo and from an isothermal to a polytropic stratified corona. The simulations show magnetic fields that emerge at the surface of the dynamo region and are ejected into the coronal part of the domain. Their morphological form allows us to associate these events with CMEs. Magnetic helicity is found to change sign in the corona to become consistent with recent helicity measurements in the solar wind. Our convection-driven dynamo model with a coronal envelope has a solar-like differential rotation with radial (spoke-like) contours of constant rotation rate, together with a solar-like meridional circulation and a near-surface shear layer. The spoke-like rotation profile is due to latitudinal entropy gradient which violates the Taylor--Proudman balance through the baroclinic term. We find mean magnetic fields that migrate equatorward in models both with and without the coronal layer. One remarkable result is that the dynamo action benefits substantially from the presence of a corona becoming stronger and more realistic. The two-layer model represents a new approach to describe the generation of coronal mass ejections in a self-consistent manner. On the other hand, it has important implications for solar dynamo models as it admits many magnetic features observed in the Sun. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 5: Manuscript; Paper 6: Manuscript.</p>

Study Design: Cross-sectional. Background: Although decreased hip abduction and lateral rotation strength has been found in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS), few studies have included males. Aim: To determine if hip abduction and lateral rotation strength is decreased in males with PFPS. Methods: Eight males participated. Isometric hip abduction and external rotation strength was measured with a hand-held dynamometer. Four subjects had unilateral patellofemoral pain (mean age = 26.5 ± 7.5 years) and 4 asymptomatic subjects were controls (mean age = 23 ± 6.4 years). The recorded measurements from the symptomatic legs were compared with the asymptomatic legs, and also with the controls. Results: No significant differences in hip abduction or lateral rotation strength were found between the symptomatic and asymptomatic legs of male subjects with PFPS. The PFPS subjects did not have generally weaker hip strength compared with the asymptomatic controls. Conclusion: Males with PFPS do not appear to have decreased hip abduction and lateral rotation strength. However, the sample size was too small for conclusions to be drawn. This study can be used as a preliminary step in gathering evidence about factors affecting PFPS in males, which may in turn shed light on appropriate clinical treatments.