In line with the Swedish government's initiative and the national potential for expansion ofsolar electricity, many things will happen over the forthcoming years. Like all operationsrelated to the energy sector, there are many sub-processes that can go wrong. One in everyeighth major electrical accident in general occurs due to technical failures that emerged during commissioning. For photovoltaic systems there are both Swedish and international standards related to manufacture, testing and maintenance. For this project we have chosen to immerse ourselvesin the IEC 62446 - Grid connection photovoltaic system. IEC 62446-1 is specially designedfor grid-connected photovoltaic systems. The standard is an important part in the assurance ofreliability and includes commissioning, monitoring and documentation. This report has been completed together with Solect Power with the purpose of designing aroutine check for commissioning, as well as to compliment Solect Power’s currentdocumentation. The composed documents meets the requirements of IEC 62446 Gridconnected photovoltaic systems - Minimum Requirement, regarding system documentation,commissioning tests and inspection. The report will hopefully facilitate the work of SolectPower so that a smoother workflow can be achieved and mistakes avoided. Compiled documents are presented in the report's appendix.

I denna studie har vi undersökt hur barns inflytande kommer till uttryck med fokus på verksamhetens dagliga rutiner. Syftet med undersökningen har varit att synliggöra i vilken grad barnen kan vara med och påverka innehållet i förskolan och de rutiner som finns och hur förskollärare arbetar med barns inflytande. För att undersöka detta har vi intervjuat åtta förskollärare på två olika förskolor i Mellansverige. Varje intervju har skett individuellt och respondenterna har ej fått ta del av frågorna innan intervjutillfället. Båda studenterna medverkade vid varje intervju. Alla förskollärare i denna studie definierade barns inflytande på samma sätt. För dem handlade inflytande inte om att få bestämma utan det handlade om att få en chans att påverka, att få göra sin röst hörd. Resultatet i denna studie visar att förskollärarna upplevde att rutiner kunde vara till hinder för barns inflytande i verksamheten. Något som också påverkade barns möjligheter till inflytande kunde vara yttre faktorer som förskollärarna själva inte kunde styra över som till exempel personaltäthet, eller att de var beroende av andra yrkesgrupper så som kökspersonal eller liknande.

There is disagreement in the literature about the relative roles of selection (competition) and adaptation in explaining industrial change. For some, the possibilities for adaptation by individual firms are highly limited, and instead the key drivers of industry-level change are the extinction of some firms and the birth of others. Others stress that survival is all about the ways in which a firm can choose to adapt to changes in the external environment and to changes in competition. This dissertation takes the view there is a false dichotomy between adaptation and selection, that they are not opposites and that adaptation is an essential an unavoidable part of any relevant evolutionary process. Even if selection generates larger industry-level outcomes, adaptability is still important. It is then an empirical matter of the relative strengths of adaptability and selection in particular circumstances. The work makes a clear distinction between an adaptation, a change to an individual (firm) that enables the individual to be better fitted to its environment, and adaptability, the potential to adjust to changes in the selection environment. In looking for causal explanations, the approach adopted here acknowledges that causes relate to potentialities or dispositions and not to effects or events. Using this approach, the adopted methodology maintains that business routines, even when defined as capacities or dispositions rather than behaviours, can still be measured and used to generate an adaptability instrument. It is then possible to look at the relationship between the adaptability instrument and survival. The research looks particularly at the adaptability and survival of small and medium size firms, as they constitute the majority of enterprises in the UK and are empirically under-represented in previous research. This thesis looks at the evolution of populations of such firms through the mix of firm-level adaptation and selection in the population. The methodology concentrated on the four constituent areas of any firm: sales and marketing, production, administration and human resources, and corporate strategy. It examined not the quantities of operation in routines as in many previous studies but the levels of adaptability firms perceive they actually achieve or believe they would experience in the face of both continuous and discontinuous internal and external change. The adaptability instrument is the composite measure of the potential to adapt routines across the four constituent areas, capturing a picture of the interactions between the strategies, structures and procedures within the firm. The methodology also involved a relatively large sample of observations of a representative set of small and medium-sized enterprises, addressing the lack of previous empirical work on datasets of a whole population of firms taken from multiple industries and sectors. It was also possible to re-sample respondents in the depths of a recession 18 months later in order to look at the relationship between previously calculated adaptability and the subsequent degree of survival. The results challenge the exclusive role of selection only in explaining industry attributes and suggest that adaptability is important for firm survival. Even if selection generates larger industry-level outcomes, adaptability is still important. The research demonstrates that both competitive selection and developmental adaptability combine to explain industrial change and that any differences in adaptability between firms are of significance. In a sharp recession, however, only the firms with more potential to adapt their output in response to falling demand, and so better protect their cash flow against any contracting credit availability, have an advantage relative to their rivals that can confer relatively greater longevity and survivability. Other factors contribute to survival more strongly in recession than in more stable times and, while adaptability still matters, the slightly lower adaptability of older cohorts of firms masks the positive value of adaptability. At the individual firm level during sharp recession, indirect competition through customers choosing not to spend, or spend scarce resources elsewhere, rapidly de-selects those with weak cash flow management, poor cash reserves or poor credit worthiness. The criteria adopted for degrees of failure were heavily dependent on the context of use but reflected common parlance among the survey respondents. The findings of this research point to the merits of a theoretical framework different from much textbook economics, strategy-choice theory and organisational ecology. The findings support an evolutionary approach that in turn corresponds with recent developments in the theoretical framework known as Generalised Darwinism.

Golfers have been encouraged to develop consistent pre-performance routines (PPRs) in order to enhance their performance. However, the theoretical underpinning of these recommendations is unclear. Issues relating to the overall function(s) of the PPR, psychological components; routine usage across different shot types; and the impact of task difficulty on routine execution have yet to be explored in detail. The general purpose of this thesis was to quantify differences in the duration / composition of PPRs across shot types and task difficulty while developing a greater understanding of the psychological skills utilised and the function of the PPRs To achieve this general purpose four studies were completed. Study one (n=6, age M = 22.5yrs) explored the behavioural and temporal consistency of the PPRs utilised by the participants within shot type and across three different environmental conditions (competition, practice, and simulated). PPR behaviours were classified according to four categories (head, club, posture, still). The results revealed that the participants were very consistent in their routines and no significant differences were identified between environmental conditions. In Study two (n= 6, age M= 22.5years) the extent to which participants utilised different routines for different shots (putter, driver, wedge) as well as the impact of task difficulty on routine duration were explored. Significantly different routines were used for the three shot types. However, with the exception of one component for one participant, there were no significant differences between the conditions of task difficulty (easy Vs hard Vs very hard). In Study three (n=6, Age M= 23.7yrs) heart-rate deceleration (HR-D) characteristics for each participant prior to shot execution were explored for good versus poor shots as an indicator of attentional focus. There were clear differences between good and poor performance in the duration of the inter-beat intervals (IBIs). The specific purpose of Study four was to explore the psychological strategies utilised by golfers during their PPRs and the function of the PPRs. A number of key psychological skills were identified including: imagery, self-talk, relaxation techniques, trigger-words, concentration/focusing strategies, and achieving a ‘flow state’. The evidence suggested that the function of PPRs is to focus attention on the task. The findings of all four studies informed the development of practical guidelines for the future use and development of PPRs in golf.

Bakgrund: Traumatisk hjärnskada (THS) orsakas av våld mot huvud i samband med fallolyckor eller trafikolyckor. Varje år söker 20 000 personer vård på grund av skallskador. Vården för traumatiskt hjärnskadade patienter i Sverige skiljer sig åt, mycket beroende på avstånden som finns till specialistsjukhus, tiden och rätta åtgärder är avgörande faktorer för denna patientgrupp. Syfte: Att undersöka vikten och intensivvårdssjuksköterskors behov av rutiner i samband med vård av patienter med hjärnskador på allmänintensivvårdsavdelningar och på neurointensivvårdavdelningar. Metod: Kvalitativ studie med fokusgruppsintervjuer av tio intensivvårdsjuksköterskor som arbetar på en allmänintensivvårdsavdelning (IVA) och specialistneurointensivvårdavdelningen (NIVA). Resultat: På NIVA finns väl inarbetade rutiner och tydliga riktlinjer nedskrivna. Sjuksköterskornas upplevelse var att det fanns tillräckligt med rutiner, men några rutiner kunde utvecklas. På IVA fanns det inga nedskrivna riktlinjer och inga tydliga rutiner för att vårda denna patientgrupp. Vården och kontrollerna ordinerades av läkare som är i tjänst. Slutsats: Vården kring hjärnskadade patienter är ytterst viktigt då man ständigt måste förebygga sekundära skador/insulter. Rutiner är väl inarbetade på specialistsjukhuset, men vården börjar först på hemsjukhuset på IVA där tydliga rutiner och riktlinjer saknas. / Introduction: Traumatic brain injury caused by violence against the head during a fall or traffic accident. Each year 20000 people gets medical care because of head injuries. The care for traumatic brain injured patients in Sweden differ greatly depending on the distances available to specialist hospitals, the time and the proper measures are crucial factors in this population. Aim: The study aims to examine the importance and intensive care nurses need routines in connection with care of patients with brain injuries in general intensive care units and in neurological intensive care units. The study consists of three group interviews in a general ICU unit in Falun and specialist unit (NIVA). Method: A qualitative study with focus group interviews. Results: The results showed that the level have clear procedures and written guidelines regarding the "avoidable factors" which are well established, their experience was that there were enough procedures, but that some could continue to develop. IVA there were no written guidelines and no clear procedures to care for this population without the care and controls prescribed by the doctor who is on duty. Conclusion: The conclusion is that care about the brain-damaged patients is extremely important when you constantly have to prevent secondary injury / insults and check the "avoidable factors". Routines are well established on specialist hospital care but starts first at home hospital where the importance of working towards the same goal and have clear procedures and guidelines from the start.

The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) is suitable in postoperative settings, yet, the implementation has shown varying results. This has raised issues about the pain scales contribution to the identifying and understanding of pain. The aim of this thesis was to describe the clinical utility of patients’ self-rated postoperative pain after major surgery from a healthcare professional perspective. The aim of study I and II was to describe healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the use of pain scales, and to through considering critical incidents describe care experiences and actions taken by healthcare professionals’ when assessing pain. Participants in study I (N=25) and II (N=24) were enrolled- registered nurses and physicians with clinical experiences of pain scales. The aims of study III and IV were to determine the clinical applicability of NRS mode- and maximum- measures, and the NRS mode- and median measures at rest and during activity based on patients self-rated pain. The aim in study IV was additionally to determine the number of NRS ratings needed for the calculation of these measures. The number of surgical and orthopedic patients who completed study III were: n=157 and study IV: n=479. Study I and II confirmed earlier findings of patients’ self-reported pain scores as a facilitator in the understanding of their postoperative pain. Organizational routines, documentation devices, clinical competence, continuity in care, collaborative actions, time, and individual routines were healthcare related factors affecting the use of pain scales (I, II). Patient-related facilitating factors were patients’ ability and willingness to communicate pain, while disability and unwillingness to communicate or inconsistency in verbal communication with observed behaviors were barriers (II). Time and multidimensional communication approaches could bridge these barriers (I, II). Study III and IV showed acceptable reliability for the mode, median and maximum measures. Rank correlations for individual median scores, based on four ratings, versus patients’ retrospective self-rated average pain, were moderate and strengthened with increased numbers of ratings. The Svensson method showed an individual variation within the expected outcome and a significant systematic group change towards a higher level of reported retrospective pain. The calculated pain measures, particularly concerning pain at rest, generally were lower than patients’ recall of pain. The findings described beneficial effects of patient self-reported pain, however present healthcare did not fully support the utilization of pain scales. Because of the simple measurement characteristics, the use of daily NRS average pain measures, patients’ pain can be followed until resolved. The measures could additionally become important patient reported outcome measures and thus constitute new motivators to increase the utilization of pain scales.

Strong sustainability requires enhanced knowledge and understanding of complex social-ecological interactions, but it also implies a ‘novel’ conceptualization of the relationship between humans and nature, one in which individuals perceive themselves as embedded members of the Biosphere. The aim of this Licentiate thesis is to investigate the validity of a strategy that is centered on designing the urban green infrastructure to nurture such human-nature relationship in children’s attitudes. The research is framed by spatial cognition, conservation psychology, and social-ecological sustainability and it focuses on the validity of this strategy. Hence, the Licentiate analyzes how reoccurring experiences of nature that are situated in the everyday habitat (i.e. nature routines) affect personal human-nature attitudes and how these can be implemented as leverage points to change social-ecological systems using sustainable urbanism. Paper 1 tests the assumed link between the nature routines in Stockholm and preschool children’s development of cognitive and emotional affinity to nature. The results show that nature-rich routines over a period of four years are significantly correlated with the strength of preschooler’s affinity with nature. Paper 2 uses a mixed methods approach to evaluate changes in Connection To Nature (CTN) in 10 years olds who partake in a project of nature conservation. The results of Paper 2 show that there is an evaluative gap between theory and practice in connecting children with nature that impedes the evaluation of how children’s CTN changes over short periods of time and that impedes the creation of an evaluative framework for nature experiences. Paper 3 considers these empirical results in theorizing an approach to sustainable urban design based on social-ecological sustainability that includes CTN. In order to overcome existing limitations Paper 3 presents the concept of cognitive affordances as a theoretical tool to embed cognitive and emotional attitudes towards nature into the design of urban spaces. All combined these papers provide valid evidence that nature routines in cities, especially for children, can be a significant leverage point to enable future sustainable civilizations.

This paper reviews numerous theoretical results on control structures and demonstrates their practical examples. This study deals with the design of run-time support routines by using top-down structured programming technique. A number of examples are given as illustration of this method. In conclusion, structured programming has proved to be an important methodology for systematic program design and development.

This Master's thesis entitled "Social Media's Influence on Journalism" focuses on the effects new communication technologies, especially social media, has on journalist's. These effects are examined in regard to four major aspects of journalism - the individual, journalistic routine, work with information sources and ethical standards. The theoretical frame focuses on current trends in media, specifically social media, and the routines of journalists with a main focus on newsgathering and sorting of news. This has been strongly linked to gatekeeping theory. Qualitative research was conducted using Semi-structured in-depth interviews to answer research questions. Seven journalists, representing various facets of journalism, from a number of Czech daily newspapers were interviewed. The interviews were divided into four main parts to find out which social media platforms are used, how social media has changed routines, how social media is used as a source of information and how ethical standards may have changed. Open and axial coding was used to analyse the data obtained from the interviews. Results showed that journalists utilise social media at work on a daily basis and it has become an integral part of their routines. The main platforms used are Facebook, especially to find and connect sources,...

The aim of this thesis is to analyse videocontent on three Czech online media and describe how owing to video production the journalistic routines have changed. Because of growing videocontent on the news websites journalists often have to master skills which were not necessary for their work before so their work routine is being changed. In the newsrooms which produce videocontent there is a higher level of multiskilling - the workers often have to do more tasks altogether. Except for these changes the author focused also on the journalists and how they see the changes of journalistic routines themselves and whether they like them or not. Among the explored online media there were Seznam Zprávy, Deník.cz and Blesk.cz. The method of the research was a content analysis and semi-structured interviews with journalists from the chosen newsrooms. The results show that because of expanding videocontent the journalistic practices indeed have changed, which the journalists are getting used to though, and some of them even appreciate the higher level of multiskilling.