<p>Multiresistent Stafylokock aureus (MRSA) är en mycket smittsam bakterie som ökar på sjukhusen. En faktor till detta är att handhygien hos sjukvårdspersonal brister. Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilken kunskap sjuksköterskor hade om MRSA och hygienrutiner, samt att jämföra om sjuksköterskors kunskap skiljer sig åt beroende på vilket sjukhus de arbetar. Studien riktade sig till sjuksköterskor på fyra olika dialysavdelningar. Datainsamlingen gjordes via en enkät som delades ut till 141 sjuksköterskor, varav 86 besvarade enkäten. Sjuksköterskornas kompetens har grupperats i kategorier (låg, måttlig och hög kompetens) utifrån antalet rätt på enkäten. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av sjuksköterskorna hade goda kunskaper och då speciellt om ingångskälla och att engångsförkläde skyddar mot spridning. Dock visade det sig att det brister när det gäller kunskaper om infektionstecken och om MRSA kan behandlas. Vid jämförelse visade det sig att det inte fanns någon skillnad i andelen med måttlig kompetens mellan sjukhusen. Däremot fanns en signifikant skillnad i gruppen med hög kompetens.</p> / <p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a very contagious bacterium which is increasing in hospitals. One reason for this is poor hand hygiene among the medical staff. The aim of this study was to find out how much nurses know about MRSA and hygiene routines and to examine if the knowledge differs between nurses in different hospitals. The study was directed to nurses in four different dialysis divisions. The data was collected from through a questionnaire, which was distributed to 141 nurses, of which 86 answered. Based on the numbers of correct answers given in the questionnaire the competence of the nurses was divided into different categories (low, average and high competence).The result of the questionnaire showed that the majority of the nurses has a good knowledge of MRSA, in particular when it comes to enter source and the protection against spread disposable aprons give. However, the result also showed that nurses do not have sufficient knowledge of the signs of MRSA and if the infection can be treated. On comparison, no difference in number of average competence between the different hospitals was found. However, there was a significant difference in the group with high competence.</p>

<p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva och jämföra vilka kunskaper sjuksköterskestudenter i slutet av utbildningen vid två lärosäten har gällande Methicillinresistent Staphylokock aureus (MRSA), Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) och basala hygienrutiner. Vidare var syftet att beskriva sjuksköterskestuderandes uppfattningar av utbildningens kvalitet gällande MRSA, ESBL och hygienrutiner. Studien hade en beskrivande och jämförande design. Undersökningsgruppen valdes ut genom bekvämlighetsurval. Data samlades in med ett frågeformulär som besvarades av 126 sjuksköterskestudenter.</p><p>Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskestudenterna hade bristande kunskaper gällande främst ESBL, men även gällande MRSA. Majoriteten av studenterna hade låg kunskap gällande riskfaktorer för ESBL samt vart på kroppen man vanligtvis finner mikroorganismen vid förekomst av MRSA. Däremot hade sjuksköterskestudenterna högre kunskap om basala hygienrutiner. Nästan alla studenter hade kunskap om betydelsen av god handhygien. Dock visade studenterna stora brister i kunskap gällande när munskydd bör användas. Signifikanta skillnader i kunskap gällande ESBL och hygienrutiner mellan de båda lärosätena fanns. Majoriteten av studenterna ansåg att undervisningen om MRSA och ESBL under sjuksköterskeutbildningen inte varit tillräcklig. Däremot ansåg huvudparten av studenterna att undervisningen om hygienrutiner varit tillräcklig.</p><p>Slutsatsen var att undervisningen om MRSA, ESBL och basala hygienrutiner i sjuksköterskeutbildningen behöver förbättras.</p> / <p>The aim of the study was to describe and compare nurse students knowledge regarding Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and basic hygiene routines. The students were in the end of their education and represented two Swedish universities. Further on, the aim was to describe the nurse students perceptions of the education's quality about MRSA, ESBL and hygiene routines. The study had a descriptive and comparing design. The survey group was chosen through convenience selection and data were collected with a questionnaire, responded by 126 nurse students.</p><p>The results showed that the nurse students had inadequate knowledge about ESBL as well as MRSA. The majority of the students had low knowledge about risk factors for ESBL, and where on the body one normally finds the micro-organism in occurrence of MRSA. However, the nurse students had higher knowledge about basic hygiene routines and almost all students had knowledge about the importance of proper hand hygiene. The students had deficit knowledge concerning when masks should be used in order to cover the mouth. Significant differences in knowledge about ESBL and hygiene routines was found between the universities. The majority of the students perceived that the education about MRSA and ESBL during the nurse education program were not sufficient. Although, most of the students perceived that the education about hygiene routines had been sufficient.</p><p>The conclusion was that the education about MRSA, ESBL and basic hygiene procedures in the nurse education program needs improvement.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study was to describe the level of knowledge that nurse students in term 6 have about Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and basic hygiene routines. The data collection was carried out by questionnaires. The questionnaire contained questions about knowledge regarding MRSA and basic hygiene routines. The questionnaires were handed out at an obligatory tuition occasion and all of the nurse students who were present (n=57) were asked to take part. The sample consisted of 45 women and 12 men. The youngest participant was 22 years old and the oldest participant was 52 years old. The main results showed a large variation regarding the participants knowledge on the subjects. Regarding questions about basic hygiene routines the majority had given the right answers. The number of right answers in the survey on questions about the participants knowledge of MRSA was lower. Only 12 % had given the right answer to the question about common symptoms of MRSA infection. Regarding the question about whether the nurse students considered themselves knowledgeable enough about MRSA for their future occupation, 32% had answered "to a high degree".</p> / <p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka kunskaper sjuksköterskestuderande i termin 6 har om Methicillinresistenta Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) och basala hygienrutiner. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med enkäter. Enkäten innehöll frågor om kunskaper gällande MRSA samt basala hygienrutiner. Enkäterna delades ut vid ett obligatoriskt undervisningstillfälle och samtliga, vid undervisningstillfället närvarade sjuksköterskestudenter (n =57) tillfrågades om deltagande. Undersökningsgruppen bestod av 45 kvinnor och 12 män. Yngsta deltagaren var 22 år och den äldsta deltagaren var 52 år. Huvudresultatet visade en stor variation gällande deltagarnas kunskaper i ämnena. På frågor angående basala hygienrutiner hade majoriteten svarat rätt. På de frågor som berörde deltagarnas kunskaper om MRSA var antalet rätta svar i undersökningen lägre. Endast 12 % hade svarat rätt på frågan om symtom som är vanliga vid MRSA infektion. På frågan om sjuksköterskestudenterna ansåg att de hade tillräckliga kunskaper om MRSA för sitt kommande yrke som sjuksköterskor svarade 32 % ”i hög grad”.</p>

<p>Titel:               FLYKT FRÅN EN VERKLIGHET TILL EN ANNAN. EN JÄMFÖRELSE AV RUTINER MELLAN FYRA BOENDEN FÖR ENSAMKOMMANDE FLYKTINGBARN</p><p>  </p><p>Författare:      Brask, Sandra</p><p>Ragnarsson, Sofie</p><p>Handledare:    Drugge, Gunnel</p><p> </p><p>Örebro universitet</p><p>Akademin för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete</p><p>Socionomprogrammet</p><p>Socialt arbete 21-40 poäng</p><p>C-uppsats, 15 poäng</p><p>Ht 2009</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Sammanfattning </strong></p><p>Under 2008 kom 1510 flyktingbarn och ungdomar till Sverige utan vårdnadshavare. Många kom från Irak och Afghanistan. Syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga och jämföra rutiner i verksamheten vid fyra ungdomsboenden för ensamkommande flyktingbarn. Frågeställning-arna handlar om vilka rutiner som finns kring introduktion, vardag, hälsa, fritidsaktiviteter, skola, socialt nätverk och identitetsutveckling. Utgångspunkt för analysen är Förenta Nation-ernas Konvention om Barnets Rättigheter, Randall Collins teori om interaktionsritualer samt tidigare forskning inom ämnet. Litteraturinhämtningen har skett främst utifrån artikeldata-baser. Resultaten har framtagits genom kvalitativ metod och semistruktureade intervjuer. Intervjumaterialet har behandlats utifrån ett fenomenologiskt betraktelsesätt. Följande har framkommit: I boendenas <em>introduktion</em> är vuxenstöd och tydlig information viktiga bestånds-delar. <em>Vardagsrutinerna </em>består av regler kring bl.a. basala mänskliga behov, hushållsgöromål och kommunikation. Gällande <em>hälsa</em> finns rutiner för hanteringen av fysiska besvär. Det psy-kiska måendet nämns dock huvudsakligen. Det finns rutiner kring individuella och gemen-samma <em>fritidsaktiviteter</em>. Beträffande <em>skolan</em> beskrivs rutiner kring skolstart, läxläsning och skolvägran. Kring ungdomarnas <em>sociala</em> <em>nätverk</em> finns rutiner för kontakt med släkt, vänner och gode män samt utökning av kontaktnätet. För <em>vägledning inför bildandet av en vuxen identitet</em> finns rutiner bl.a. för att motverka droganvändning och våld.  </p><p> </p><p>Nyckelord: ensamkommande flyktingbarn, ungdomsboenden, rutiner</p> / <p>Title:               FLIGHT FROM ONE REALITY TO ANOTHER. A COMPARISON OF</p><p>ROUTINES BETWEEN  FOUR YOUTH HOSTELS FOR UNACCOMPANIED ASYLUMSEEKING CHILDREN.  </p><p> </p><p>Authors:         Brask, Sandra</p><p>                      Ragnarsson, Sofie</p><p>Supervisor:     Drugge, Gunnel</p><p> </p><p>Örebro university</p><p>School of law, psychology and social work</p><p>Social Work Program</p><p>Social work 21-40 points</p><p>C-essay, 15 points</p><p>Autumn term 2009</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>In 2008 1510 refugee children and adolescents arrived in Sweden without their guardians. Many of them came from Iraq and Afghanistan. The purpose of this essay is to make a survey and compare the routines of four youth hostels for unaccompanied asylum-seeking children. The main issues concern routines in the fields of introduction, everyday life, health, leisure activities, school, social network and development of their identity. The basis of the analysis is The Convention on the rights of the child of The United Nations, Randall Collins theory of interaction rituals and research on the subject. The literature has in most part been collected from databases. The qualitative method and semi-structured interviews are used in the collection of the data. The interview material has been analysed using a phenomenological approach. The main findings are: In the <em>introduction</em> adult support and basic information are important components. The <em>daily routines</em> consist of guidelines about, e.g. basic human needs, household chores and communication. Concerning <em>health</em> there are routines in the field of physical ailments. The mental wellbeing is though more often mentioned. There are routines about individual and group <em>activities</em>. Regarding <em>school</em> routines about starting school, home-work and school refusal are described. In the matter of their <em>social</em> <em>network</em> there are routines for the contact with relatives, friends and legal guardians and extension of the network. To <em>guide</em> them on their <em>way to an adult identity</em> there are routines for e.g. the prevention of drugs and violence.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: unaccompanied refugee children, adolescents, youth hostels, routines.</p>

<p><strong>Syfte.<em> </em></strong>Vårdrelaterade infektioner är ett stort problem inom hälso- och sjukvård. Dessa infektioner drabbar patienten och dess anhöriga samt bidrar till stora kostnader för samhället. Studier har visat att god följsamhet till de basala hygienrutinerna är ett effektivt sätt att minska förekomsten av vårdrelaterade infektioner. Syftet med denna studie var att studera två mottagningars följsamhet till basala hygienrutiner, varav den ena deltar i kvalitetsprojektet VRISS – Vårdrelaterade Infektioner Ska Stoppas. Syftet var även att jämföra mottagningen som deltar i VRISS-projektet med den som inte deltagit, för att undersöka om det förekommer någon skillnad mellan dem.</p><p><strong>Metod<em>. </em></strong>Sjukvårdspersonal i tjänst på en mottagning som deltar, samt på en mottagning som inte deltar i VRISS-projektet observerades gällande följsamhet till basala hygienrutiner. Observationstillfällena gjordes under en veckas tid på varje mottagning.</p><p><strong>Resultat.<em> </em></strong>Den mottagning som deltar i VRISS-projektet hade högre följsamhet gällande spritning av händer samt helt korrekt utförande i alla tre stegen. Ingen signifikant skillnad mellan mottagningarna avseende följsamhet till någon annan studievariabel förekom.</p><p><strong>Slutsats.<em> </em></strong>Den mottagning som deltar i VRISS-projektet visar på en bättre följsamhet av bland annat spritning av händer än den mottagning som inte deltagit. För att uppnå följsamhet till 100 procent krävs utbildningsprogram som kontinuerligt uppmanar och påminner personalen om riktlinjerna för de basala hygienrutinerna och deras effekt mot vårdrelaterade infektioner.</p> / <p><strong>Aim</strong><strong>.</strong> Hospital-related infections are a major problem in healthcare. These infections occur among patients and their relatives, contributing to high costs for society. Studies have shown that good adherence to basic hygiene routines are an effective way to reduce the incidence of the infections. The purpose of this study was to examine adherence to basic hygiene routines among healthcare staff, and compare a healthcare reception which was included in the VRISS-project (healthcare-related infections shall be stopped) with a reception that did not participate, in order to investigate whether there is any difference in the adherence to basic hygiene routines between them.</p><p><strong>Method</strong><strong>.</strong> Healthcare staff at service within a healthcare reception that participated, and a reception that did not participate in the VRISS-project was observed. Data observations were accounted during a week within each reception.</p><p><strong>Results</strong><strong>.</strong> The healthcare reception involved in the VRISS-project had a higher compliance current shelling of hands and accomplish to the routines properly in all three steps. No difference between the receptions in adherence to any other of the variable that were studied was shown.</p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> The healthcare reception that participates in the VRISS-project shows a higher adherence to the basic hygiene routines including shelling of hands. Although, for a higher compliance, training is required to continually remind the healthcare staff about the guidelines for basic hygiene routines and its impact on hospital-related infections.</p>

Rapid judgments about the properties and spatial relations of objects are the crux of visually guided interaction with the world. Vision begins, however, with essentially pointwise representations of the scene, such as arrays of pixels or small edge fragments. For adequate time-performance in recognition, manipulation, navigation, and reasoning, the processes that extract meaningful entities from the pointwise representations must exploit parallelism. This report develops a framework for the fast extraction of scene entities, based on a simple, local model of parallel computation.sAn image chunk is a subset of an image that can act as a unit in the course of spatial analysis. A parallel preprocessing stage constructs a variety of simple chunks uniformly over the visual array. On the basis of these chunks, subsequent serial processes locate relevant scene components and assemble detailed descriptions of them rapidly. This thesis defines image chunks that facilitate the most potentially time-consuming operations of spatial analysis---boundary tracing, area coloring, and the selection of locations at which to apply detailed analysis. Fast parallel processes for computing these chunks from images, and chunk-based formulations of indexing, tracing, and coloring, are presented. These processes have been simulated and evaluated on the lisp machine and the connection machine.

Abstract This text deals with one of the preschool everyday routine chores, and the phenomenon I have chosen to investigate is the hallway situation. The purpose of the study was to see if the hallway situation offers good communicative interactions between children and teachers, and investigate if the teachers use special strategies to make the hallway situation work. The method of this study was survey, qualitative interviews and observations. The three methods have deliberately been selected to best suite and reply to the different issues. Today’s groups of children in preschool are very big, and some of the preschools are not adapted to these large groups of children that we have today. This means that teachers are forced to think about and use their skills to get the business to work. During the 1990 - century was unfortunately substantial financial savings and cuts made, which today results in too large groups of children. But these cuts and savings have also generated a positive trend, and that trend is that the teachers consider themselves increased in their expertise and that they now have to use there skills to make the hallway situation work.The outcome of my case study shows that teachers and the children together create and allow for communicative interaction between them. But it then depends on educators' skills and willingness to reflect on their own activities. One way of looking at life is the postmodern perspective that centers the child. The child exists through its relationships with other people and in a unique context. Therefore it is important that we choose to see knowledge as a perishable commodity.   Key words: Preschool, hallway situation, communication, interaction, everyday routines

Syftet med studien var att beskriva och jämföra vilka kunskaper sjuksköterskestudenter i slutet av utbildningen vid två lärosäten har gällande Methicillinresistent Staphylokock aureus (MRSA), Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) och basala hygienrutiner. Vidare var syftet att beskriva sjuksköterskestuderandes uppfattningar av utbildningens kvalitet gällande MRSA, ESBL och hygienrutiner. Studien hade en beskrivande och jämförande design. Undersökningsgruppen valdes ut genom bekvämlighetsurval. Data samlades in med ett frågeformulär som besvarades av 126 sjuksköterskestudenter. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskestudenterna hade bristande kunskaper gällande främst ESBL, men även gällande MRSA. Majoriteten av studenterna hade låg kunskap gällande riskfaktorer för ESBL samt vart på kroppen man vanligtvis finner mikroorganismen vid förekomst av MRSA. Däremot hade sjuksköterskestudenterna högre kunskap om basala hygienrutiner. Nästan alla studenter hade kunskap om betydelsen av god handhygien. Dock visade studenterna stora brister i kunskap gällande när munskydd bör användas. Signifikanta skillnader i kunskap gällande ESBL och hygienrutiner mellan de båda lärosätena fanns. Majoriteten av studenterna ansåg att undervisningen om MRSA och ESBL under sjuksköterskeutbildningen inte varit tillräcklig. Däremot ansåg huvudparten av studenterna att undervisningen om hygienrutiner varit tillräcklig. Slutsatsen var att undervisningen om MRSA, ESBL och basala hygienrutiner i sjuksköterskeutbildningen behöver förbättras. / The aim of the study was to describe and compare nurse students knowledge regarding Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and basic hygiene routines. The students were in the end of their education and represented two Swedish universities. Further on, the aim was to describe the nurse students perceptions of the education's quality about MRSA, ESBL and hygiene routines. The study had a descriptive and comparing design. The survey group was chosen through convenience selection and data were collected with a questionnaire, responded by 126 nurse students. The results showed that the nurse students had inadequate knowledge about ESBL as well as MRSA. The majority of the students had low knowledge about risk factors for ESBL, and where on the body one normally finds the micro-organism in occurrence of MRSA. However, the nurse students had higher knowledge about basic hygiene routines and almost all students had knowledge about the importance of proper hand hygiene. The students had deficit knowledge concerning when masks should be used in order to cover the mouth. Significant differences in knowledge about ESBL and hygiene routines was found between the universities. The majority of the students perceived that the education about MRSA and ESBL during the nurse education program were not sufficient. Although, most of the students perceived that the education about hygiene routines had been sufficient. The conclusion was that the education about MRSA, ESBL and basic hygiene procedures in the nurse education program needs improvement.

Problem: How do the born global firms overcome challenges and sustain performance in international markets through their competences, routines, and corporate governance structure? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore the competences, routines, and corporate governance structure of born global companies, and understand their role in overcoming challenges of early internationalization and sustaining performance in international markets from early days. Method: This research is conducted as multi-disciplinary, consisting of literature from International Business and Strategic Management. Relevant data is collected through six in-depth interviews with executives of born global companies from Sweden and Norway. Qualitative analysis has been used at data analysis stage. Originality: This study contributes to literature by examining relatively neglected areas of born global companies; competences, routines, and corporate governance structure. It is also original in distilling a wide literature to explore challenges of born globals. Conclusion: Our research reveals that despite their small size and limited resources, born global companies engage in competence building and leveraging activities, establish early international routines, and construct flexible governance structures to overcome challenges and achieve performance in the global arena.

The purpose of this study was to describe the level of knowledge that nurse students in term 6 have about Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and basic hygiene routines. The data collection was carried out by questionnaires. The questionnaire contained questions about knowledge regarding MRSA and basic hygiene routines. The questionnaires were handed out at an obligatory tuition occasion and all of the nurse students who were present (n=57) were asked to take part. The sample consisted of 45 women and 12 men. The youngest participant was 22 years old and the oldest participant was 52 years old. The main results showed a large variation regarding the participants knowledge on the subjects. Regarding questions about basic hygiene routines the majority had given the right answers. The number of right answers in the survey on questions about the participants knowledge of MRSA was lower. Only 12 % had given the right answer to the question about common symptoms of MRSA infection. Regarding the question about whether the nurse students considered themselves knowledgeable enough about MRSA for their future occupation, 32% had answered "to a high degree". / Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka kunskaper sjuksköterskestuderande i termin 6 har om Methicillinresistenta Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) och basala hygienrutiner. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med enkäter. Enkäten innehöll frågor om kunskaper gällande MRSA samt basala hygienrutiner. Enkäterna delades ut vid ett obligatoriskt undervisningstillfälle och samtliga, vid undervisningstillfället närvarade sjuksköterskestudenter (n =57) tillfrågades om deltagande. Undersökningsgruppen bestod av 45 kvinnor och 12 män. Yngsta deltagaren var 22 år och den äldsta deltagaren var 52 år. Huvudresultatet visade en stor variation gällande deltagarnas kunskaper i ämnena. På frågor angående basala hygienrutiner hade majoriteten svarat rätt. På de frågor som berörde deltagarnas kunskaper om MRSA var antalet rätta svar i undersökningen lägre. Endast 12 % hade svarat rätt på frågan om symtom som är vanliga vid MRSA infektion. På frågan om sjuksköterskestudenterna ansåg att de hade tillräckliga kunskaper om MRSA för sitt kommande yrke som sjuksköterskor svarade 32 % ”i hög grad”.