Τα τελευταία χρόνια, υπάρχει μια αλματώδης εξέλιξη στην τεχνολογία των τοπογραφικών οργάνων και των γεωδιατικών εφαρμογών. Τα νέα όργανα συνδυάζουν διαφορετικές τεχνολογίες που βοηθούν το χρήστη να διορθώνει αυτόματα οποιαδήποτε σφάλματα προκύπτουν, κυρίώς όσον αφορά στο χρόνο. Χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα αποτελεί ο συνδυασμός ρομποτικού θεοδόλιχου (RTS) με δέκτη GPS προσαρμοσμένο επάνω του. Όμως, τα καινούρια αυτά όργανα αφ’ενός έχουν υψηλό κόστος και αφ’ετέρου δεν είναι ακόμα ευρέως διαδεδομένα. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία γίνεται έρευνα για το πως μπορούν να συγχρονιστούν οι καταγραφές δύο διαφορετικών οργάνων (RTS και GPS), τα οποία καταγράφουν την ίδια κίνηση ταυτόχρονα. Η διερεύνηση του συγχρονισμού προκύπτει από επεξεργασία μετρήσεων μιας σειράς είκοσι πειραμάτων, που αποτελούνται από μετακίνηση στήλου επάνω σε ράγα. Στη συνέχεια αναπτύσσεται μοντέλο επεξεργασίας των πειραμάτων, ώστε να βρεθεί ο βέλτιστος τρόπος συγχρονισμού των οργάνων μέσω της εύρεσης των πιο αξιόπιστων πειραμάτων. / In recent years, there is a rapid development in technology, surveying and geodiatikon applications. The new instruments combine different technologies that help the user to automatically correct any errors occur, notably at the time. An example is the combination of robotic theodolite (RTS) with a GPS receiver adapted on it. But the new institutions on the one hand they have high costs and on the other hand is not yet widespread. This thesis research on how to synchronize the recording of two different organs (RTS and GPS), which record the same movement simultaneously. The investigation of synchronization resulting from processing a series of twenty measurements experiments, consisting of a column moving on track. Then a model processing of experiments is developed to find the best way to synchronize the instrument by finding the most reliable experiments.

Numerical simulations have been performed to study the single-charge-induced ON current fluctuations (random telegraphic noise) in conventional (MOSFET) and non-conventional (silicon nanowire) nanoscale field-effect transistors. A semi-classical three-dimensional particle-based Monte Carlo device simulator (MCDS 3-D) has been integrated and used in this work. Quantum mechanical space-quantization effects have been accounted for via a parameter-free effective potential scheme that has been proved quite successful in describing charge set back from the interface and quantization of the energy (bandgap widening) within the channel region of the device. The effective potential is based on a perturbation theory around thermodynamic equilibrium and leads to a quantum field formalism in which the size of the electron depends upon its energy. To treat full Coulomb (electron-ion and electron-electron) interactions properly, the simulator implements two different real-space molecular dynamics (MD) schemes: the particle-particle-particle-mesh (P3M) method and the corrected Coulomb approach. For better accuracy, particularly in case of nanowire FETs, bandstructure parameters (bandgap, effective masses, and density of states) have been computed via a 20-band nearest-neighbor sp3d5s* tight-binding scheme. Also, since the presence of single impurities in the channel region represents a rare event in the carrier transport process, necessary event-biasing algorithms have been implemented in the simulator that, while enhancing the statistics, results in a faster convergence in the chan-nel current. The study confirms that, due to the presence of single channel charges, both the electrostatics (carrier density) and dynamics (mobility) are modified and, therefore, simultaneously play important roles in determining the magnitude of the current fluctuations. The relative impact (percentage change in the ON current) depends on an intricate interplay of device size, geometry, crystal direction, gate bias, temperature, and energetics and spatial location of the trap.

Submitted by NEMER RICARDO AMARAL FERREIRA null (nemer@fct.unesp.br) on 2016-10-29T12:07:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final.pdf: 3517173 bytes, checksum: 5c735e89789e4bb5f8dfc82830d41455 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-01T15:22:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_nra_me_prud.pdf: 3517173 bytes, checksum: 5c735e89789e4bb5f8dfc82830d41455 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-01T15:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_nra_me_prud.pdf: 3517173 bytes, checksum: 5c735e89789e4bb5f8dfc82830d41455 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-05 / Seja por ação da natureza ou ação humana, estruturas artificiais (pontes, edifícios, barragens, etc.) ou naturais (placas litosféricas, superfícies com risco de desmoronamento, vulcões, etc.) sempre estarão sujeitas a mudanças em suas dimensões, tanto na forma, como no tamanho ou na posição, por isso estas estruturas merecem acompanhamento ao longo do tempo para que acidentes possam ser evitados. No monitoramento de estruturas, a utilização de instrumentos de medição dos mais variados tipos podem ser empregados: teodolito, nível, estação total e, mais recentemente, a tecnologia GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), o laser scanner e a ETR (estação total robótica). Para Kuang (1996) qualquer medida, mesmo aquelas com instrumentos de tecnologias mais recentes, há de se considerar erros inerentes ao processo de medição, os quais são causados por fatores instrumental, do meio ambiente ou de limitação humana. Estes erros, portanto, devem ser eliminados ou minimizados, para que se tenha maior confiabilidade nos dados coletados em campo e que servirão de análise para estudo das variações dimensionais de uma estrutura. Analisar a acurácia das observações com o equipamento que se está trabalhando, portanto, é fundamental no controle de estruturas. Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de apresentar a acurácia de observações coletadas com uma estação total robótica modelo IS 203 da marca Topcon, com a finalidade de modelar possíveis erros que comprometam a investigação de variações na geometria de uma estrutura. Uma importante revisão das definições de acurácia e precisão é apresentada. As especificações informadas pelo fabricante do equipamento foram a base para o chamado processo de análise de acurácia das observações a priori. Nesta fase, equacionou-se todos os erros, de acordo com suas fontes. No caso da estação total, suas observáveis (direções e distâncias) têm suas fontes de erros. As direções sofrem influências dos erros de pontaria, de nivelamento e de leitura, ou seja, os chamados erros internos (relativo ao instrumento ou ao observador) e, também, dos erros externos (relativo aos fatores ambientais) que são o erro de centragem e da refração atmosférica. Os erros que afetam a medida linear também são divididos em componentes internos (o erro zero, o erro cíclico e o erro de medida da fase) e externos (refração atmosférica). Na sequência, aplicou-se a análise de acurácia das observações a posteriori para a determinação da variância em função do erro verdadeiro e modelada de todos os erros vistos anteriormente. Alguns experimentos foram realizados para analisar os resultados à luz dos procedimentos de modelagem executados. No experimento 1, realizado no laboratório de geodésia, a busca para identificar erro no comportamento espectral da ETR, relacionando este com a grandeza observada, não teve êxito, pois uma metodologia diferente deve ser empregada. Recomendam-se estudos mais aprofundados à respeito da instabilidade na taxa de coleta desse tipo de sensor, relacionando inclusive esses efeitos ao erro cíclico (σci) aqui abordado. No experimento 2, realizado num campo de calibração para estudos fotogramétricos, o deslocamento simulado foi detectado pelo sensor da ETR com diferença na ordem do décimo do milímetro em relação aos equipamentos que foram considerados como referência, e na ordem do milímetro para um deslocamento simulado na dezena do centímetro. O tratamento das observações mostrou ser eficaz quando comparado às observações com equipamentos considerados de referência. Recomendado analisar a capacidade de dilatação do material que compõe a estrutura ou objeto que é fonte de observação (monitoramento) e assim conhecer o impacto desse fenômeno na medida final. No experimento 3, com observações em alvos posicionados na parede de um prédio, as épocas de observação foram muito próximas, o que não possibilitou verificar algum tipo de deformação, sendo recomendado períodos mais espaçados, ou em diferentes condições, tais como época seca e úmida, ou fria e de calor. Importante enfatizar que a essência deste estudo vale para qualquer tipo de sensor em qualquer trabalho que se busque acurácia das observações. Assim, nesse trabalho entende-se ter elencado as influências dos erros, sistemáticos e aleatórios, nas observações coletadas com o sensor utilizado, visando a acurácia destas observações. / By action of nature or human action, artificial structures (bridges, buildings, dams, etc.) or natural (lithospheric plates, areas at risk of landslides, volcanoes, etc.) are always subject to change in its dimensions, both in form , as in size or position, so these structures has monitoring over time so that accidents can be prevented. Monitoring structures the use of measuring instruments of all kinds can be used: theodolite, level, total station and more recently, the GNSS technology (Global Navigation Satellite System), the laser scanner and the ETR (robotic total station). For Kuang (1996) any measure, even those with latest technology tools, you must consider errors inherent in the measurement process, which are caused by instrumental factors, environmental or human limitation. These errors therefore should be eliminated or minimized, in order to have more reliable data collected in the field and to serve as analysis to study the dimensional variations of a structure. To analyze the accuracy of the observations with the equipment you are working, so it is essential to control structures. This research aimed to present the accuracy of observations collected with a robotic total station IS 203 model Topcon brand, in order to model possible errors that compromise the investigation of variations in the geometry of a structure. A major review of the accuracy of definitions and accuracy was presented. The specifications informed by the equipment manufacturer were the basis for the so-called process analysis accuracy of a priori observations. At this stage, it equated to all errors, according to their sources. In the case of total station, its observable (directions and distances) have their sources of error. The directions are influenced by the aiming errors of flatness and reading, ie the so-called internal errors (relative to the instrument or to the observer), and also external errors (on environmental factors) that are the centering error and atmospheric refraction. Errors that affect the linear measurement are also divided into internal components (zero error, cyclic error and the measurement error of the stage) and external (atmospheric refraction). Following, we applied the accuracy of analysis of subsequent observations to determine the variance due to the real error and modeled all the errors seen before. Some experiments were performed to analyze the results in light of the performed modeling procedures. In experiment 1, conducted in the laboratory of geodesy, the search to identify error in the spectral behavior of the RTS, relating this to the observed magnitude, was not successful because a different methodology should be employed. Are recommended further studies regarding the instability in the collection rate of this type of sensor, including those relating to the effects of cyclic error (σci) addressed here. In experiment 2, performed a calibration field for photogrammetric studies, the simulated displacement was detected by RTS sensor with a difference of a tenth of a millimeter in relation to the equipment that was considered as a reference, and the order of a millimeter to a simulated shift in ten centimeter. The treatment of observations proved to be effective when compared to observations considered the reference equipment. Recommended analyze the expansion capacity of the material that comprises the structure or object that is the source of observation (monitoring) and thus know the impact of this phenomenon in the final measure. In experiment 3, with observations positioned targets on the wall of a building, the observation times were very close, which is not possible to verify some kind of deformation, being recommended more spaced periods, or under different conditions, such as dry season and wet or cold and heat. Important to emphasize that the essence of this study holds true for any type of sensor in any work that seeks accuracy of the observations. Thus, this work is meant to have part listed the influences of errors, systematic and random, the observations collected with the sensor used, aiming the accuracy of these observations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T16:00:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo6952_1.pdf: 1936777 bytes, checksum: 779ef9efb15174a50d169b2c897993c2 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / O RTSCup é um ambiente de simulação de jogos RTS (Real Time Strategy) criado no Centro de Informática (CIn) da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) por Vicente Vieira Filho, que permite ao usuário realizar simulações em diferentes cenários de teste. Essas simulações contemplam códigos utilizando Inteligência Artificial (IA) que podem ser utilizados para aplicações em Sistemas Multiagentes (SMA). O RTSCup é utilizado como ferramenta da disciplina de agentes autônomos, ministrada pelos professores Geber Ramalho e Patrícia Tedesco, do CIn/UFPE, onde são criadas competições entre as equipes nas modalidades de pathfinding, coleta de recursos e luta pela sobrevivência entre agentes. A dificuldade de realizar simulações com menor tempo de ciclo contendo mais de vinte agentes motivou a busca por soluções de desempenho no RTSCup. O objetivo deste trabalho é aumentar o número de agentes envolvidos na simulação permitindo a utilização do mesmo em competições regionais e nacionais

There is an abundance of pathfinding solutions, but are any of those solutions suitable for usage in a real time strategy (RTS) game designed for mobile systems with limited processing and storage capabilities (such as the Nintendo DS, PSP, cellular phones, etc.)? The RTS domain puts great requirements on the pathfinding mechanics used in the game; in the form of de- mands on responsiveness and path optimality. Furthermore, the Nintendo DS, and its portable, distant relatives, bring hard con- straints on the processing- and memory resources available to said mechanics. This master thesis aims to find a pathfinding solution well suited to function within the above mentioned, narrow domain. From a broad selection of candidate solutions, a few promising subjects are treated to an investigative empirical study; with the goal of finding the best “fitting” solution, considering the domain. The empirical study shows that the triangle-based TRA* solution and the hierarchical-abstraction influenced Minimal Memory so- lution are both very promising candidates. Depending on how one exactly defines the domain, either one of the solutions could be considered the ‘best’ choice. Since the overall performance of TRA* showed a slight advantage, this solution was further inves- tigated by running an implementation on one of the intended domain platforms; the Nintendo DS. This paper is structured to serve as a guide, of sorts, to some very interesting, and diverse, pathfinding solutions. In the spirit of this effort, all of the more important aspects of these solu- tions, and the pathfinding domain as a whole, are thoroughly explained.

Detta arbete undersöker om genetiska algoritmer kan användas för att evolvera parametrar för olika styrbeteenden. Arbetet fokuserar på truppförflyttningar i realtidsstrategisspel (RTS) där trupper av tolv agenter rör sig mellan två punkter i diverse miljöer. Agenterna tränas genom att evolvera styrbeteendeparametrar på små, specifika problem och utvärderas sedan på mer komplexa miljöer som inkluderar flera av de små träningsproblemen.Parameterevolutionen visar lovande resultat med avseende på att agenternas beteende förbättras. Evolutionen leder dock till oönskade bieffekter så som att agenterna föredrar att kollidera med hinder istället för att köra runt dem. Agenter tenderar dock att sporadiskt fastna i väggar vilket drastiskt påverkar resultatet i en negativ mening.Detta arbete saknar fokus för diverse fitnessfunktioner som kan påverka resultatet. Detta kan vara ett intressant fokus för framtida arbeten. Även mer komplexa styrbeteenden kan vara ett bra fokus för vidare studier för att låta agenter lösa mer komplexa problem.

Det här arbetet undersöker hur konkurrenskraftiga byggordningar det går att generera genom att använda sig av en genetisk algoritm baserad på samevolution. För att realisera detta togs det fram en experimentmiljö genom att modifiera en utgåva av en open source spelmotor. För att kunna utvärdera hur konkurrenskraftiga byggordningarna som togs fram var; spelades ett antal matcher mot tre stycken vedertagna byggordningar. Resultatet visade på att byggordningarna som togs fram inte kunde anses hålla måttet för konkurrenskraftighet då de till stor del blev besegrade av de vedertagna byggordningarna. På grund av tekniska begränsningar var algoritmen som genererade byggordningarna tvungen att ha låga parametervärden på populationsstorleken och maximalt antal generationer. Detta påverkade sannolikt byggordningarnas konkurrenskraftighet. För framtida arbete kan en undersökning där spelmotorn är mer optimerad och klarar av att köra en samevolutionsalgoritm med högre parametervärden vara intressant. Tekniker som case-injection skulle också kunna undersökas. / <p>Det finns övrigt digitalt material (t.ex. film-, bild- eller ljudfiler) eller modeller/artefakter tillhörande examensarbetet som ska skickas till arkivet.</p><p>There are other digital material (eg film, image or audio files) or models/artifacts that belongs to the thesis and need to be archived.</p>

Denna studie fokuserar på att optimera bandbredden i ett nätverksprotokoll som förhindrar fusk inom realtidstrategispel (RTS). Metoden använder sig utav speltillståndsuppdateringar och studien undersöker om kommandoöverföring är mindre bandbreddskrävande än speltillståndsuppdateringar. För att behålla fuskskyddet i protokollet måste kommandon uppdelas för att förhindra klienterna från att få för mycket information.Experimentet testade dessa två metoder för att se vilken utav dem som är minst bandbreddskrävande. Kommandoöverföring visar väldigt bra resultat, dock fanns det tillfällen som upptäcktes där speltillståndsuppdatering var effektivare. Det som orsakade att kommandoöverföring var mer bandbreddskrävande vid det tillfälle var att kommandoöverföringen skickade flera meddelande vid samma uppdatering samtidigt när speltillstånduppdateringen skickades med ett meddelande.Denna studie gjorde experiment på en enkel version utav ett RTS och det finns många faktorer i ett kommersiellt RTS som kan påverka mätningen. Det skulle vara intressant att utföra denna studie i ett kommersiellt RTS. / <p>Det finns övrigt digitalt material (t.ex. film-, bild- eller ljudfiler) eller modeller/artefakter tillhörande examensarbetet som ska skickas till arkivet.</p><p>There are other digital material (eg film, image or audio files) or models/artifacts that belongs to the thesis and need to be archived.</p>

Detta arbete undersöker användningen av evolutionära algoritmer för framtagning och utvärdering av byggordningar i RTS-spel. Syftet var att undersöka om just evolutionära tekniker kan uppnå lika bra resultat som skriptade byggordningar då evolutionära tekniker oftast är billigare att utveckla.För att undersöka denna problemställning utvecklades en applikation med en experimentmiljö och en Artificiell Intelligens (AI) med evolutionär algoritm. Denna applikation och AI användes sedan för utvärdering av framtagna byggordningar.Resultatet antyder att evolutionära tekniker kan uppnå lika bra kvalitet som de skriptade byggordningarna.Något som krävs i detta arbete är fördefinierade skript för byggordningar för att köra evolutionen men något som skulle vara intressant att kolla på är coevolution. Med coevolution hade det varit möjligt evolvera fram byggordningar utan dessa färdiga skript genom att köra evolutionen mot individer i samma population.

This thesis describes the architecture of an adaptive goal-oriented AI system that can be used for Real-Time Strategy games. The system is at the end tested against a single opponent on three different maps with different sizes to test the ability of the AI opposed to the &apos;standard&apos; Finite State Machines and the likes in Real-Time Strategy games. The system consists of a task handler agent that manages all the active and halted tasks. A task is either low-level; used for ordering units, or high-level that can form advanced strategies. The General forms plans that are most beneficial at the moment. For creating effective units against the opponent a priority system is used; where the unit priorities are calculated dynamically. / Den här uppsatsen beskriver en adaptiv målorienterad AI-arkitektur som kan tillämpas på &quot;Real-Time Strategy&quot; spel. Systemet testat mot en annan AI som använder mer traditionella &quot;Finite State Machines&quot; in sin arkitekture. Testet utförs på tre olika banor som är olika stora. Systemet består utav en &quot;Uppgiftshanterare&quot; som har hand om alla aktiva och inaktiva uppgifter. En uppgift kan antingen vara utav låg-nivå, som används för att skicka kommandon till enheterna, eller utav hög-nivå för att göra mer avancerade strategier. Generalen planerar och skapar uppgifter som är mest fördelaktig för tillfället. För att skapa enheter som är effektiva mot fiendens enheter används ett prioritetssystem, där enhetens prioritet kalkyleras ut dynamiskt under spelets gång.