本文旨在掘發《三六九小報》(以下簡稱《小報》)中「通俗小說」之女性造型的書寫及相關敘事模式，並廓清三O年代《小報》創作社群觀看女性的文化視域；且進一步與日治時期其他小說文本並列比較，從而顯豁《小報》通俗小說中的「女性」圖像意義，全文共計五章，簡述如下： 第一章緒論。本章為全文論述框架之簡述，第一節中說明研究動機，第二節進行研究現況之檢討，第三節在分析相關先行研究之基礎下，思考本文可能之論述發展，並指出本文研究範圍，及援用之研究方法。 第二章「女性」造型——《小報》通俗小說中「女性形象」的書寫與敘事。本章根據通俗小說類型的歸納、整理，分析《小報》通俗小說的「程式化」現象；第一節「小說敘事模式」，指出通俗小說中的程式化情節，傳達大量重複的訊息，反映通俗創作社群取材的興味；而作者聲音對文本故事干預程度的強弱，則可由作者／敘事者的相對關係進行觀察；再者，《小報》多以旁觀者的視角，取用全知敘事或限制敘事的敘事觀點，也開展了不同的敘事風格。第二節「女性造型書寫」，由命名意義、身體描摹、形象設計及意象隱喻等角度，對《小報》小說中女性形象的塑造，作形式上的探求。 第三章書寫女性的文化視域。文本中女性被書寫的文化意涵，呈顯出性別、文化的關係；第一節「父權體制的壓迫」，說明傳統價值觀影響所及，男尊女卑，女性地位低落，一方面面臨被「物化」的命運，一方面受到「婦德」的規範，從而建構了錯誤的自我認知；第二節「對社會的控訴」，挾帶資本主義而來的殖民社會，女性面對生活的窘迫，其處境的艱難、命運的悲慘，是社會中多重壓迫的犧牲者；第三節「婚戀問題的省思」，在新／舊文化的衝激下，受教育新女性／童養媳，大多在自由戀愛中失敗、在傳統婚姻中不幸，顯見《小報》創作社群處於文化過渡時期，對於傳統婚戀與新式婚戀，均懷隱憂、質疑與不安。 第四章「女性」圖像的書寫策略差異——《小報》與其他通俗小說中「女性」敘事的比較。經過第二、三章小說文本的討論，已為《小報》小說中女性形象定調，本章則據此展開與其同時或前後的文言、白話通俗小說作品之比較研究；第一節「與《小報》之前文言通俗小說作品的比較」，與李逸濤發表於《漢文臺灣日日新報》（1905-1911），以淺近文言文寫成的46篇通俗小說作品，進行對話；第二節「與《小報》同時或其後白話通俗小說作品的比較」的討論參照系前衛出版社所發行《臺灣大眾文學系列》，以及四O年代的《風月報》、《南方》中的白話長篇通俗小說。藉此掌握《小報》書寫載體文言、白話兼有，作品的選材、小說敘事者聲音的不盡相同的現象，並突顯出風味各異的書寫策略取向。 第五章結論。總結前文，指出本文研究的要點及其意義，最終呈顯出《小報》乃置於一個通俗小說創作的過渡期，在文言與白話通俗小說發展史上，別具遞變、糾葛的交混面貌；且在三O年代特殊的現代化情境中，《小報》通俗小說的文學敘事與文化視域，有著鮮明的文化氛圍及歷史語境，而其所建構的饒富時代意義的女性圖像，更具耐人玩味的性別視野。 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the written description of female appearance and related narrative mode in “popular fictions” of 369 Tabloid, and to figure out the cultural vision of the writers of 369 Tabloid toward females in the 1930s; moreover, there were comparisons between 369 Tabloid and other novels during the Japanese-ruled period to show forth the significance of “female” images of popular fictions in 369 Tabloid. There are five chapters in this thesis, and the brief previews are as follows: Chapter one is the introduction part. This chapter showed the frame of this study. The first section provided the motivation of this study, the second section contained the aspects of problem already studied by other researchers, and the third section presented the need for more investigation based on the previous research, pointing out the realm of this study as well as the research method being used. Chapter two was titled “female” appearance—the description and narration of “female images” in popular fictions of 369 Tabloid. According to the collection of different types of popular fictions, this chapter displayed the phenomenon of the fixed patterns in popular fictions of 369 Tabloid; the first section, “Narrative mode of fictions”, indicated that the phenomenon of the fixed patterns in popular fictions showed a great number of repetitive messages, reflecting an interesting angle in choosing the material among common writers; and the intensity of interference from the writer’s viewpoint to the story could be observed through the relative position of the writer/narrator; furthermore, 369 Tabloid was mostly written through the view of an onlooker, employing the narrative technique of 全知敘事 or 限制敘事，and thus developed a totally different narrative style. The second section, “Description of female appearance”, explored the formation of female image in the fictions of 369 Tabloid according to the meaning of the characters’ names, description of their body, image design, imagery metaphor and so on. Chapter three was about the female status in culture. In light of the way women were presented in the text, we could see the relationship between gender and culture; the first section “Oppression from the fatherhood system”, illustrated that due to traditional values, the concept that male was better than female, and female had a lower status than male had on the one hand made female face the destiny of being materialized and on the other made them construct a false self-recognition because of being confined by “female virtues”; the second section, “The accusation toward society”, showed that living in a colonial society which advocated capitalism, women faced difficulties in life, and the difficult situations and miserable destiny surrounding them let them become victims of multiple oppression; the third section, “Reflection on marriage and love”, pointed out that under the impact of new/old culture, new women with education/ child bride, had mostly failed in free love or been distressful in traditional marriage, and these all revealed that writers of 369 Tabloid were in a transitional stage—they felt worried, suspicious, and uneasy whether in traditional love and marriage or new love and marriage. Chapter four consisted of different writing strategies used in displaying “female” images—the comparison between 369 Tabloid and other popular fictions. In chapter two and three, the discussion about the text itself had already made the female images of the fictions in 369 Tabloid clear, and to go a step further, this chapter included the comparison between 369 Tabloid and other classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese popular fictions, no matter at the same period or other times; in the first section, “The comparison between 369 Tabloid and previous classical Chinese popular fictions”, the compared target were 46 popular fictions written in simple classical Chinese and published in 漢文台灣日日新報 by 李逸濤(1905-1911); in the second section, “The comparison between 369 Tabloid and contemporary or later vernacular Chinese popular fictions”, the compared target were台灣大眾文學系列published by 前衛publisher, and the vernacular Chinese popular fictions in Feng-yue-bao and Nan-fang in the 1940s. After these research, the results that there were both classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese used in 369 Tabloid, and that various materials as well as narrator voices were employed in it were shown. This also revealed that different writing strategies were used in different popular fictions. Chapter five is the conclusion part. This chapter summarized the previous chapters, pointing out the gist and significance of this study, finally showing that 369 Tabloid is at the transitional stage of popular fictions; that is, we can see the changing, entangled, and blended phase in the developmental history of classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese popular fictions in 369 Tabloid; besides, under the special modernized condition in the 1930s, the literary narrative and cultural vision in 369 Tabloid made it distinctive in its cultural atmosphere and historical background. And the female images it had constructed during that time had provided us with an interesting view toward the gender issue.

Em que pese o papel fundamental da tributação no âmbito de um Estado Democrático de Direito (Estado Fiscal), no qual o dever de pagar tributos é considerado um dever fundamental, persistem na doutrina e jurisprudência nacionais posicionamentos que associam aos tributos um caráter odioso. Essa repulsa aos tributos decorre de uma ideologia ultraliberal que não se justifica à luz do sistema de direitos e garantias desenhado em nossa Constituição. Essa disseminada postura ideológica influencia de forma equivocada a interpretação e a aplicação de inúmeros institutos e normas tributárias, como ocorre em relação às sanções administrativas não pecuniárias (restritivas de direitos) utilizadas para punir o inadimplemento de uma obrigação tributária principal, denominadas de sanções políticas, morais ou indiretas. A presente dissertação busca analisar de forma crítica como a doutrina nacional e a jurisprudência histórica e atual dos nossos tribunais superiores vêm se posicionando acerca da constitucionalidade dessas sanções, de modo a apontar a inconsistência teórica do entendimento ainda prevalecente, seja à luz da teoria da sanção, seja à luz do neoconstitucionalismo, demonstrando ser juridicamente injustificável considerar inconstitucional de plano uma sanção tributária pelo só fato de ser não pecuniária, já que esse juízo demanda uma análise específica da proporcionalidade em cada caso, atentando-se para os princípios e circunstâncias envolvidos. Além de importantes julgados sobre o tema e posições de renomados autores, são analisadas separadamente as ADIs n. 5.135 e 5.161, que tratam, respectivamente, das polêmicas questões do protesto das Certidões da Dívida Ativa e da vedação da distribuição de lucros e bonificações em empresas com débito em aberto junto à União Federal.

Em que pese o papel fundamental da tributação no âmbito de um Estado Democrático de Direito (Estado Fiscal), no qual o dever de pagar tributos é considerado um dever fundamental, persistem na doutrina e jurisprudência nacionais posicionamentos que associam aos tributos um caráter odioso. Essa repulsa aos tributos decorre de uma ideologia ultraliberal que não se justifica à luz do sistema de direitos e garantias desenhado em nossa Constituição. Essa disseminada postura ideológica influencia de forma equivocada a interpretação e a aplicação de inúmeros institutos e normas tributárias, como ocorre em relação às sanções administrativas não pecuniárias (restritivas de direitos) utilizadas para punir o inadimplemento de uma obrigação tributária principal, denominadas de sanções políticas, morais ou indiretas. A presente dissertação busca analisar de forma crítica como a doutrina nacional e a jurisprudência histórica e atual dos nossos tribunais superiores vêm se posicionando acerca da constitucionalidade dessas sanções, de modo a apontar a inconsistência teórica do entendimento ainda prevalecente, seja à luz da teoria da sanção, seja à luz do neoconstitucionalismo, demonstrando ser juridicamente injustificável considerar inconstitucional de plano uma sanção tributária pelo só fato de ser não pecuniária, já que esse juízo demanda uma análise específica da proporcionalidade em cada caso, atentando-se para os princípios e circunstâncias envolvidos. Além de importantes julgados sobre o tema e posições de renomados autores, são analisadas separadamente as ADIs n. 5.135 e 5.161, que tratam, respectivamente, das polêmicas questões do protesto das Certidões da Dívida Ativa e da vedação da distribuição de lucros e bonificações em empresas com débito em aberto junto à União Federal.

Schalentragwerke werden derzeit häufig aus Stahl oder Holz gebaut, dagegen findet Beton aus diversen Gründen selten Verwendung. Dies liegt unter anderem an der aufwändigen und daher kostenintensiven Schalungsherstellung [1], [2]. Werden Schalen mit einer Regelflächengeometrie entworfen, kann die Anwendung von Beton wieder wirtschaftlich sein. Regelflächen werden aus Geraden erzeugt und weisen dennoch eine doppelte Krümmung auf. Dadurch kann die Schalung aus geradlinigen Elementen (z. B. Holzbrettern) oder für eine höhere Präzision mit einer Heißdrahtschneidemaschine hergestellt werden. Somit lässt sich das effiziente Tragverhalten doppelt gekrümmter Schalen mit einer vergleichsweise einfachen Herstellung vereinen [3], [4]. [Aus: Einführung] / These days, shell structures are generally made of steel or wood, whereas concrete is rarely used. One reason for this is the complex and therefore cost-intensive production of formwork [1], [2]. However, with the use of ruled surface geometries, the use of concrete can once again become economical. Ruled surfaces are created from straight lines and still can have a double curvature. This allows the formwork to be made from straight elements (e.g. wooden boards) or for greater precision, with a hot wire cutting machine. Thus, the effcient load-bearing behaviour of doubly curved shells can be combined with a comparatively simple production process [3], [4]. [Off: Introduction]

In a Minkowski three dimensional space, whose metric is based on a strictly convex and centrally symmetric unit ball , we deal with ruled surfaces Φ in the sense of E. Kruppa. This means that we have to look for Minkowski analogues of the classical differential invariants of ruled surfaces in a Euclidean space. Here, at first – after an introduction to concepts of a Minkowski space, like semi-orthogonalities and a semi-inner-product based on the so-called cosine-Minkowski function - we construct an orthogonal 3D moving frame using Birkhoff’s left-orthogonality. This moving frame is canonically connected to ruled surfaces: beginning with the generator direction and the asymptotic plane of this generator g we complete this flag to a frame using the left-orthogonality defined by ; ( is described either by its supporting function or a parameter representation). The plane left-orthogonal to the asymptotic plane through generator g(t) is called Minkowski central plane and touches Φ in the striction point s(t) of g(t). Thus the moving frame defines the Minkowski striction curve S of the considered ruled surface Φ similar to the Euclidean case. The coefficients occurring in the Minkowski analogues to Frenet-Serret formulae of the moving frame of Φ in a Minkowski space are called “M-curvatures” and “M-torsions”. Here we essentially make use of the semi-inner product and the sine-Minkowski and cosine-Minkowski functions. Furthermore we define a covariant differentiation in a Minkowski 3-space using a new vector called “deformation vector” and locally measuring the deviation of the Minkowski space from a Euclidean space. With this covariant differentiation it is possible to declare an “M-geodesicc parallelity” and to show that the vector field of the generators of a skew ruled surface Φ is an M-geodesic parallel field along its Minkowski striction curve s. Finally we also define the Pirondini set of ruled surfaces to a given surface Φ. The surfaces of such a set have the M-striction curve and the strip of M-central planes in common

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In a Minkowski three dimensional space, whose metric is based on a strictly convex and centrally symmetric unit ball , we deal with ruled surfaces Φ in the sense of E. Kruppa. This means that we have to look for Minkowski analogues of the classical differential invariants of ruled surfaces in a Euclidean space. Here, at first – after an introduction to concepts of a Minkowski space, like semi-orthogonalities and a semi-inner-product based on the so-called cosine-Minkowski function - we construct an orthogonal 3D moving frame using Birkhoff’s left-orthogonality. This moving frame is canonically connected to ruled surfaces: beginning with the generator direction and the asymptotic plane of this generator g we complete this flag to a frame using the left-orthogonality defined by ; ( is described either by its supporting function or a parameter representation). The plane left-orthogonal to the asymptotic plane through generator g(t) is called Minkowski central plane and touches Φ in the striction point s(t) of g(t). Thus the moving frame defines the Minkowski striction curve S of the considered ruled surface Φ similar to the Euclidean case. The coefficients occurring in the Minkowski analogues to Frenet-Serret formulae of the moving frame of Φ in a Minkowski space are called “M-curvatures” and “M-torsions”. Here we essentially make use of the semi-inner product and the sine-Minkowski and cosine-Minkowski functions. Furthermore we define a covariant differentiation in a Minkowski 3-space using a new vector called “deformation vector” and locally measuring the deviation of the Minkowski space from a Euclidean space. With this covariant differentiation it is possible to declare an “M-geodesicc parallelity” and to show that the vector field of the generators of a skew ruled surface Φ is an M-geodesic parallel field along its Minkowski striction curve s. Finally we also define the Pirondini set of ruled surfaces to a given surface Φ. The surfaces of such a set have the M-striction curve and the strip of M-central planes in common

The architectural project of Exhibition Hall is located in a part of Brno-Pisárky, in northern area of BVV. The objective of the land-use planning and architectural proposal was to integrate the Hall in proximity to the second entry of BVV. The pavilion is situated on the primary northen axe, which perpendiculary join the pedestrian bridge. The binding foot-bridge is used for path between the entry of BVV and the western entry into the exhibition section. Surrounding the building is situated green park. There are open areas for pedestrian, tree-hemmed paths and relaxation spots around the entire building. The exhibition hall combines four basic parts: the western entrance connected with the pedestrian bridge, public part, storage part and the multi-purpose exhibition space in between. There are two-floor restaurant and snack bars with an open view to the south part of BVV, in particular to the Hall Z. The pavilion was concieved as a ruled rectangular volume. The creative proposal was to involve the ruled surface geometry, which is formed by connecting two curves with a series of straight lines and covers the entire building. The outer curtain wall is implied «the Curtains», reveals a lightness and airiness by dynamic effect. Geometrical curved profiles clearly point the basic entry spaces outside the exhibition hall. The western entry section allows two different points of entrance: from the pedestrian bridge to the first level and from the ground level. In time of trade fairs there are possibilities to use industrial doors along northern and southern elevations as a secondary entrances. There is a lobby space with the monumental staircase in the centre of public section. The circular shape of staircase rises towards atrium. A collaboration of atrium and natural lighting optically extends and makes easier the foyer space. In addition to the trade fairs, the multi-purpose exhibition hall permits diverse possibilities of using – in time of cultural and sports events u

[pt] A Geometria Diferencial Discreta tem por objetivo desenvolver uma teoria discreta que respeite os aspectos fundamentais da teoria suave. Com isto em mente, são apresentados incialmente resultados da teoria suave da Geometria Afim que terão suas versões discretas tratadas a posteriori. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é construir uma estrutura afim discreta para as redes assintóticas definidas no espaço tridimensional, com métrica de Blaschke indefinida e parâmetros assintóticos. Com este intuito, são definidos um campo conormal, que satisfaz as equações de Lelieuvre e está associado a um parâmetro real, e um normal afim que define a forma cúbica da rede e torna a estrutura bem definida. Esta estrutura permite, por exemplo, o estudo das superfícies regradas, com ênfase nas esferas afins impróprias. Além disso, propõe-se uma definição para as singularidades no caso das esferas afins impróprias discretas a partir da construção centrocorda. Outro objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma definição para as superfícies afins discretas com curvatura afim média constante (CAMC), de forma que englobe as superfícies afins mínimas e as esferas afins. As superfícies afins mínimas discretas recebem uma caracterização geométrica bastante interessane e ligada diretamente às quádricas de Lie discretas. O trabalho se completa com o principal resultado, referente à versão discreta das superfícies de Cayley, esferas afins impróprias regradas caracterizadas a partir da conexão afim induzida: uma rede assintótica com CAMC é congruente equiafim à uma superfície de Cayley se, e somente se, a forma cúbica é não nula e a conexão afim induzida é paralela. / [en] Discrete Differential Geometry aims to develop a discrete theory which respects fundamental aspects of smooth theory. With this in mind, some results of smooth theory of Affine Geometry are firstly introduced since their discrete counterparts shall be treated a posteriori. The first goal of this work is construct a discrete affine structure for nets in a three-dimensional space with indefinite Blaschke metric and asymptotic parameters. For this purpose, one defines a conormal vector field, which satisfies Lelieuvre s equations and it is associated to a real parameter; and an affine normal vector field, which defines the cubic form of the net and makes the structure well defined. This structure allows to study, e.g., ruled surfaces with emphasis on improper affine spheres. Moreover, a definition for singularities is proposed in the case of discrete improper affine spheres from the center-chord construction. Another goal here is to propose a definition for an asymptotic net with constant affine mean curvature (CAMC), in a way that encompasses discrete affine minimal surfaces and discrete affine spheres. Discrete affine minimal surfaces receive a beautiful geometrical characterization directly linked to discrete Lie quadrics. This work is completed with the main result about a discrete version of Cayley surfaces, which are ruled improper affine spheres that can be characterized by the induced connection as: an asymptotic net with CAMC is equiaffinely congruent to a Cayley surface if and only if the cubic form does not vanish and the affine induced connection is parallel.