The impact of lactate producing direct-fed microbial (DFM) on growth performance and rumen fermentation in beef cattle was explored in four studies. Experiment 1 studied the interaction between DFM and degradable intake protein (DIP) supply in receiving cattle. No differences (P≥0.06) in intake, morbidity, or immune response were observed; however, during the first 28 d gain and efficiency responses to DFM were dependent on DIP (DIP×DFM P≤0.05). Experiment 2 showed that in vitro gas production and select endpoint metabolites differed (P≤0.04) with DFM application. Experiment 3 compared lactate producing DFM to a lactate producing/utilizing DFM in finishing cattle. No differences (P≥0.14) in intake, gain, efficiency, or carcass characteristics were observed between control and lactate DFM; however, gain and growth efficiency differed (P≤0.05) between the lactate producing and lactate producing/utilizing DFM during the later portions of feeding. Experiment 4 studied the impact of DFM on ruminal fermentation, lactate utilization, and total tract digestibility. Ruminal pH and molar proportions of acetate were increased (P≤0.05) with DFM; however, lactate utilization and total tract digestibility did not differ (P≥0.33). The studies suggest that DFM improve growth performance during receiving and responses are at least partly mediated through differences in ruminal fermentation.

The impact of supplying a mixed culture of lactate producing bacteria on in-vitro rumen fermentation of forage- (Experiment 1) and concentrate- (Experiment 2) based diets in the presence and absence of monensin was explored. In experiment 1, interactions between DFM and MON were absent (P>0.10) for gas production and fermentative end products. Gas production and fermentative end products were unaffected by DFM alone (P>0.10). Monensin decreased (P<0.001) CH4 and NH3 production, rate and total gas production, as well as total VFA concentration and molar proportions of acetate and butyrate. However, MON increased (P<0.001) proportions of propionate, valerate, isobutyrate and isovalerate. Independently, DFM and MON increased (P<0.001) end point pH. In experiment 2, DFM x MON interactions or tendencies (P=0.07, P<0.01, P<0.01) were present, DFM effects were abated by MON, for rate, total gas production and total VFA concentrations. Acetate:propionate ratio was decreased (P<0.01) with MON and was unaffected by DFM. Ammonia-N concentration was increased (P<0.01) by DFM and unaffected (P=0.75) by MON. Both DFM and MON treatment increased (P<0.01) ruminal pH levels. These studies suggest the effects of DFM and MON of in-vitro fermentation are dependent on the substrate being fermented and the observed interactions provide means for further research.

Thesis (M. Sc.(Agric.))( Animal Science)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 messana_jd_dr_jabo.pdf: 516057 bytes, checksum: 5a76bbae8a2f8d295527d5f8dc5edcd0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A suplementação com teores crescentes de lipídeos na dieta de ruminantes é uma alternativa estudada para aumentar a densidade energética da dieta, e para manipular a fermentação ruminal através da alteração na digestão e absorção dos nutrientes. O fornecimento de lipídeos para ruminantes pode reduzir a produção de metano e conseqüentemente a perda de energia pelo animal, pois os lipídeos na forma de ácidos graxos insaturados sofrem biohidrogenação no rúmen, consumindo H+. A adição de lipídeos poliinsaturados na dieta permite ainda melhorar o desempenho animal e alterar a composição de ácidos graxos na carcaça de bovinos de corte. Desta forma, este trabalho avaliou o efeito de diferentes teores de lipídeos nos parâmetros de fermentação ruminal, desempenho, desenvolvimento e características quantitativas e qualitativas das carcaças de bovinos alimentados com três diferentes teores de lipídeos na dieta (2,4 e 6% na MS). Os consumos e digestibilidade totais de MS, MO, EB, FDN e FDA não foram influenciados (P> 0,05) pela utilização de diferentes teores de lipídeos. No entanto, o tratamento com maior teor de lipídeo (6%) na dieta proporcionou tendência de diminuição linear (P< 0,1) na digestibilidade total da PB e CHOT com médias de 67,14 e 72,76%, respectivamente, quando comparada ao tratamento com menor teor de lipídeo (2%), que apresentou, nas respectivas variáveis citadas, médias de 71,6 e 75,95%. O fornecimento da dieta com 2% de lipídeos resultou em menor concentração média de amônia (9,13 mg/dL) no rúmen quando comparado com 4 e 6% de lipídeos (13,04 e 12,66% respectivamente). Verificou-se menor valor médio de pH ruminal (6,39) nos animais que receberam maior teor de lipídeos na dieta (6%), quando comparado aos animais que receberam 2 e 4% de lipídeo que apresentaram pH de 6,58 e 6,54, respectivamente. As concentrações ruminais... / The supplementation with increasing levels of fat in the diet of ruminants is considered an alternative to increasing energy density of the diet, and to manipulate the rumen fermentation through the change in digestion and absorption of nutrients. The supply of fat for ruminants may reduce the production of methane and consequently the loss of energy by the animal, because the fat in the form of unsaturated fatty acids undergo biohydrogenation in the rumen, consuming H+. The addition of polyunsaturated fat in the diet also improved animal performance and change the composition of fatty acids in the carcasses of cattle. This study evaluated the effect of different levels of fat in the parameters of rumen fermentation, performance, development and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cattle fed three different levels of fat in the diet (2.4 and 6% of DM). The intake and total digestibility of DM, OM, GE, NDF and ADF were not affected (P> 0.05) by using different levels of fat. However, the treatment with high fat content (6%) in the diet provided decreasing linear trend (P <0.1) in the total digestibility of CP and TC with averages of 67.14 and 72.76% respectively when compared to treatment with lower fat intake (2%), which presented the respective variables mentioned, averaging 71.6 and 75.95%. Food supply with 2% fat resulted in lower average concentration of ammonia (9.13 mg / dL) in the rumen compared with 4 and 6% fat (13.04 and 12.66% respectively). A lower average rumen pH (6.39) in animals that received higher levels of fat in the diet (6%) compared to animals that received 2 and 4% fat which showed pH of 6.58 and 6.54, respectively. The ruminal concentrations of fatty acids of short chain were not affected (P> 0.05) the levels of fat in the diet. The dry matter intake, feed conversion and feed efficiency were not affected (P> 0.05) between the different levels of fat... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-04-22Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:57:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000791240.pdf: 1034820 bytes, checksum: 4b0b273b843efc0acef3c24358ec0816 (MD5) / Objetivou-se com este estudo caracterizar as alterações na microbiota ruminal, parâmetros ruminais, consumo, digestibilidade das dietas e a eficiência de síntese microbiana, em novilhos Nelore confinados alimentados com diferentes relações volumoso:concentrado, utilizando como fontes de volumoso o feno de Tifton 85 ou cana-de-açúcar. Foram realizados dois experimentos, no experimento 1 utilizou a cana-de-açúcar como fonte de volumoso e no experimento 2 utilizou-se o feno de tifton 85 como volumoso. Em ambos os experimentos foram testadas diferentes relações V:C (70:30; 60:40; 40:60 e 20:80). Em cada experimento, utilizaram-se oito novilhos Nelore (331±8 kg PV), cânulados no rumen, distribuídos em duplo quadrado latino 4x4 balanceados para o controle do efeito residual. No experimento 1 (cana-de-açúcar), o aumento da proporção de concentrado na dieta reduziu a população de Fibrobacter succinogenes e Ruminococus flavefaciens, e aumentou a população de Selenomonas ruminantium e Megasphaera elsdenii, porém o CDFDN não foi alterado. O aumento da participação de carboidratos não estruturais na dieta favoreceu a síntese de proteína microbiana e reduziu a população de bactérias fibrolíticas. A cana-de-açúcar como fonte de volumoso em dieta com proporções crescente de concentrado pode otimizar a síntese de proteína microbiana sem alterar digestibilidade da fibra. No experimento 2 (feno de Tifton 85), o aumento da proporção de concentrado na dieta reduziu a população de Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococus flavefaciens e Ruminococcus albus e aumentou a população de Selenomonas ruminantium e Megasphaera elsdenii e Streptococcus bovis e o CDFDN diminuiu com o aumento da proporção de concentrado na dieta. Feno de Tifton 85 em dietas com altas proporções de concentrado pode minimizar o risco de distúrbios ruminais em novilhos confinados / This trial aimed to characterize the changes in ruminal microbiota, ruminal fermentation, intake, diet digestibility and microbial efficiency in Nellore steers fed with different forage:concentrate proportions, using as sources of forage Tifton 85 hay or sugar cane. Two experiments were conducted: in experiment 1 the sugar cane was used as forage source and in Experiment 2 the Tifton 85 hay was used as forage source. In both experiments were tested different F:C proportions (70:30, 60:40, 40:60 and 20:80). On each experiment were usedeight Nellore steers ( 331 ± 8 kg BW) cannulated in the rumen, in a double latin square 4x4 balanced to control the residual effect. In experiment 1 (sugar cane), increasing the proportion of concentrate in the diet reduced the population of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococus flavefaciens, and increased the population of Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii, but the digestibility of NDF has not changed. The increased participation of non-structural carbohydrates in the diet favored microbial protein synthesis and reduced the population of fibrolytic bacteria. The use of sugar cane as forage source associated with the increases of concentrate proportions in the diet can optimize microbial protein synthesis without change the fiber digestibility. In experiment 2 (Tifton 85 hay), increasing the proportion of concentrate in the diet reduced the population of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococus flavefaciens and increased the population of Selenomonas ruminantium, Megasphaera elsdenii and Streptococcus bovis and the digestibility of NDF decreased when increases the proportion of concentrate in the diet. Tifton 85 hay in diets with high proportions of concentrate can minimize the risk of ruminal disorders in feedlot steers

PhD. Thesis are structured into two parts - first is comparison of effect of 4 seeds (amaranth, rapeseeds, sunflowerseeds and linseeds) on parametres of rumen fermentation and composition of fatty acids. Seeds were modified by milling, grinding or microwave heating.Findings of their effect on rumen fermentation were compared by control diet without seeds. The second part was specialised on effect of different amount of concentrate and forage in diet on fermentation parametres and amount of fatty acids. Diets were composed by barley and hay and then 3 diets for lactating cows were observed. Experiments were made on RUSITEC, which was apparature simulating environment in rumen of ruminants.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de um preparado de anticorpos policlonais (PAP) contra bactérias ruminais específicas, Streptococcus bovis e Fusobacterium necrophorum, em parâmetros ruminais da fermentação, em vacas canuladas, adaptadas ou não a uma dieta de alta proporção de carboidratos prontamente fermentescíveis, após indução à acidose. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 3X3 replicado em arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 3X2, sendo 2 aditivos alimentares (PAP na apresentação em pó - PAPP e PAP na apresentação líquida - PAPL) mais um grupo controle (CON) e dois manejos de adaptação à dieta, resultando em seis tratamentos. O primeiro quadrado latino foi submetido a um protocolo de adaptação à dieta do tipo gradual ou step-up: dos dias D0 a D4 os animais receberam 100% de forragem; do D5 ao D9, 30% de concentrados e do D10 ao D14, 60% de concentrados. O segundo quadrado latino recebeu 100% de forragem do D0 ao D14 (sem adaptação). Nos D15 e D16, todos os animais receberam dieta com 80% de concentrados. Para as análises foram coletadas amostras de líquido ruminal a cada 3 horas a partir da 0h antes da alimentação até as 36h (D15 e D16) durante o desafio com uma dieta de 80% de concentrados. Os dados foram analisados pelo procedimento Mixed do SAS com nível de significância de 0,05. Foi observada interação entre tempo e adaptação (P<0,05) para pH ruminal com diferença entre método de adaptação nas 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 36 horas pós alimentação, quando o grupo não adaptado teve valores maiores que o grupo adaptado, sendo que na hora 24 ocorreu o contrário. Para a concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), nas horas 0, 3, 6, 9 e 36 pós alimentação o grupo adaptado obteve maiores valores comparado ao grupo não adaptado. Para proporção molar de acetato, a 0 hora o grupo sem adaptação obteve valores maiores comparado ao grupo adaptado. Já nas horas 24, 27 e 30 o grupo com adaptação que obteve maiores valores. Para a proporção molar de propionato o grupo sem adaptação teve valores mais altos em comparação ao outro grupo das 3 às 36 horas pós alimentação. Quanto à proporção acetato:propionato (Ac:Pr) às 6, 12, 24, 27, 30 e 36 horas pós alimentação, o grupo de animais adaptados teve valores mais altos que o grupo não adaptado. Na proporção molar de butirato, o grupo de animais adaptados obteve maiores valores nas horas 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 33 e 36. Para os valores de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3), às 6 horas pós alimentação, o grupo não adaptado obteve maiores valores que o grupo adaptado (26,1 vs. 19,3, respectivamente). Nas horas 9, 30, 33 e 36 ocorreu o contrário. Observou-se também interação entre tempo e aditivo (P=0,0430) para a proporção molar de butirato. Porém, quando a análise foi realizada por tempo, nenhum efeito foi observado. Para os valores relativos de protozoários mensurados (Dasytricha, Isotricha, Epidinium, Diplodinium e Entodinium) apenas o Entodinium apresentou efeito de adaptação (P<0,0236) tendo sua proporção maior no grupo adaptado. Os valores de haptoglobina também não foram influenciados nem por aditivo nem por adaptação. O preparado de anticorpos policlonais não foi tão eficaz quanto a adaptação gradual à dieta de alto concentrado para controlar alterações dos parâmetros ruminais. / The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of polyclonal antibodies preparation (PAP) against specific rumen bacteria Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum on rumen fermentation parameters in ruminally cannulated cows adapted or not to highly fermentable carbohydrates diets (HFC) after an acidosis challenge. The experimental design was two 3X3 Latin squares in a factorial arrangement of treatments 3X2 regarding two feed additives (PAP in powder presentation - PAPP and PAP in liquid presentation - PAPL) plus control group (CON) and two managements of diets adaptation, resulting in six treatments. The first Latin square had a step-up diet adaptation: from D0 to D4 100% forage; D5 to D9 30% of concentrates and D10 to D14 60% of concentrates. The second Latin square received 100% forage from D0 to D14. On D15 and D16, all animals received a diet with 80% of concentrates. For analysis, rumen fluid was sampled at 0 and every 3 h posfeeding totaling 36 h (D15 and D16) of challenge with a diet with 80% of concentrates. Data were analyzed by MIXED procedure with a significance level of 0.05. An interaction between time and adaptation (P<0,05) was observed for ruminal pH. At 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 36 h postfeeding, the non-adapted group had higher values compared to the adapted group and at 24 h postfeeding, the inverse was observed. For total short-chain fatty acids concentration, at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 36 h postfeeding, the adapted group had higher values compared to non-adapted group. For molar proportion of acetate at 0h postfeeding, the non-adapted group had higher values than the adapted group, and at 24, 27 and 30h, the adapted group had greater values than the non-adapted group. For molar proportion of propionate the non-adapted group had greater values compared to the adapted group from 3 to 36h postfeeding. For acetate:propionate (Ac:Pr) ratio at 6, 12, 24, 27, 30 and 36 h postfeeding, the adapted group had greater values compared to the nonadapted group. For butyrate molar proportion at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 33 and 36h postfeeding the adapted group had greater values than the non-adapted group. For ammonia nitrogen (NH3- N) concentration at 6h, the non-adapted group had greater values than the adapted group (26.1 vs. 19.3, respectively), however at 9, 30, 33 and 36h postfeeding, the adapted group had higher values compared to the non-adapted group. It was also observed an interaction between time and additive (P=0.0430) for butyrate molar proportion, but when the analysis was performed by time no effect was observed. For the relative values of protozoa measured (Dasytricha, Isotricha, Epidinium, Diplodinium and Entodinium) only Entodinium presented adaptation effect (P<0.0236) with a higher proportion in the adapted group. Haptoglobin values was also not influenced (P>0.05) by additive or adaptation effect. Polyclonal antibodies preparation was not as effective as the gradual adaptation to the diet high concentrate to control changes of ruminal parameters.

Rumen acidosis is a metabolic disorder of ruminants, characterized by a severe drop in rumen pH. This is due to an accumulation of acids, especially lactic acid in the rumen. Lactic acid is one of the strongest acids with a major effect on rumen pH. A low and / or fluctuating rumen pH can have a severe impact on the productivity and health of dairy cattle, especially during the early lactation period. Rumen acidosis can, for example, occur during the rapid change from a low concentrate to a high concentrate diet. Megasphaera elsdenii (Me) is a lactate-utilizing micro-organism that converts the lactic acid that is produced from the fermentation of starch in the rumen, to propionic acid. Based on the ability of Me to convert lactic acid to propionic acid, a study was conducted to determine the effect of dosing live sources of Me on the level of rumen acidosis, general health and productivity. Sixty high-producing multiparous dairy cows were used in a randomized complete block design experiment. Cows were blocked according to milk production during the previous lactation and, thereafter, randomly allocated, within each block, to one of the following treatments: <ol> <li> 60% concentrate TMR;</li> <li> 60% concentrate TMR with Me dosing;</li> <li> 70% concentrate TMR;</li> <li> 70% concentrate TMR with Me dosing.</li></ol> The experimental period was 60 days and cows were dosed on day 2, 10 and 20 post-partum. Cows were housed in a semi-intensive housing unit equipped with Calan gates for determining individual feed intake. Daily milk production and dry matter intake were measured, as well as body mass and body condition score. Milk was analyzed for fat, protein, lactose and MUN; rumen fluid for pH, volatile fatty acids and lactic acid; faecal samples for pH and starch and feed refusal samples for nutrient components. In addition the health statuses of the cows were also monitored. In general the results did not show a clear advantage of dosing Me, regardless of the level of concentrate. Dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition, feed efficiency, body mass and body condition score were not affected by treatment (P > 0.05). Contrary to expectation, treatment did not affect rumen pH, rumen lactic acid or volatile fatty acid concentrations (P > 0.05). Faecal pH, however, was higher and the starch content lower in cows dosed with Me (P < 0.05) suggesting a positive effect on rumen fermentation and more efficient total tract starch fermentation. Furthermore only two cows were culled from the dosed group, compare to eleven from the control group, suggesting a positive influence of Me on the general health of stress, early lactation cows. Further research is needed to better quantify the potential role of Me in preventing SARA. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20434号 / 農博第2219号 / 新制||農||1049(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5055(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 廣岡 博之, 教授 松井 徹, 教授 久米 新一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The effects of quantity of dietary starch and type of dietary protein on hindgut fermentation were evaluated. Thirty-two Holstein bull calves were fed diets containing variable amounts of orchardgrass hay and a grain mixture. The amount of starch and types of protein were: [L1] low starch, soybean meal (SBM); [L2] low starch, fishmeal plus dried brewers' grains (FBG); [Hl] high starch and SBM; [H2] high starch, FBG. The percentages of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and crude protein were: [L1] 19.2%, 15.1%; [L2] 18.0%, 15.6%; [H1] 9.5%, 14.9%; [H2] 9.6%, 15.4%. After calves were fed the diets for 17 days, they were slaughtered to obtain their intestinal tracts. Ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta and feces of calves fed Hl and H2 versus Ll and L2 contained less water and ADF. Concentration of nitrogen in digesta and feces did not differ. Ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta from calves fed H1 and H2 had significantly greater numbers of viable anaerobic bacteria and lower pH._ Cecal digesta from calves fed high fiber diets (L1 and L2) had lower total VFA, propionate, and buytrate concentrations than calves fed high starch diets. Colonic and cecal digesta of calves fed diets H1 and H2 contained less ammonia. Acetate and propionate flux across cecal epithelium ro vrtro was faster for diets H1 and H2. Results indicate that high dietary starch stimulated anaerobic bacterial growth and fermentation in the hindgut, and enhanced acetate and propionate flux across the cecal epithelium. Acetate and propionate transport across the cecal wall probably is not due solely to passive diffusion, but it may involve a carrier. Replacement of SBM by FBG also altered cecal fermentation to a lesser extent. Calves fed H2 had significantly greater numbers of viable anaerobic bacteria in cecal and ileal digesta and 2 to 10 times the number of bacteria associated with cecal epithelium than calves fed the other diets. Butyrate cecal concentration and production was significantly increased when calves were fed diets containing FBG. Cecal VFA production may account for approximately 3 to 5% of digestible energy intake. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata