This research investigates the commercialisation processes of handicraft producers in Sabah, Malaysia, and the factors influencing their development and performance. The Malaysian government encourages handicraft production as a full-time activity in dedicated workshops, but the vast majority of producers stay part-time and home-based. The aim of this research is to understand why so few producers switch to a greater level of commercialisation, despite government support. From the literature review, it is found that a combination of person-related and contextual factors influences small enterprise development and performance, but handicraft producers in a developing country context have different characteristics to the firms usually studied in entrepreneurship, so they may follow different development paths. Therefore, qualitative research was carried out (in-depth interviews with 16 handicraft producers), which aimed to understand deeply from the producers’ point of view how they made choices about their enterprises, and the factors that encouraged or inhibited their move to full-time status or workshop premises. It was found that interviewees perceived part-time domestic production to be convenient and flexible, and workshop production to be a big commitment, although factors such as level of perseverance and social networking were influential to these. In the interviews, a complicated relationship between status, premises and enterprise performance was also found. A face-to-face survey was then conducted of 210 handicraft producers in Sabah region, which aimed to test quantitatively the factors that influence producers’ status, premises and performance, and the relationships between them. Through cluster analysis, three groups of producers were identified: (i) ‘high performance full-timers’, (ii)‘part-time professionals’ and (iii) ‘part-time home workers’. The first group contained both domestic and workshop-based producers, all full-time status, and showed highest levels of sales and profits. It was interesting to find that part-time professionals had lower profit levels than part-time home workers, even though almost all part-time professionals produced in workshops, half of them in government assisted workshops. One way ANOVA tests found significant differences between the clusters on thirteen person-related and contextual factors, including producers’ (i)education level, attendance in craft incubator, previous income activity, (ii)self-confidence, perseverance, (iii)skills relating to production, organising and networking, (iv)income maximisation motivation and (v)access to government supports, financial resources and reliable workers. The evidence from the research shows that handicraft producers in Sabah region see many advantages in domestic production, and profit levels can be higher than in workshops. By identifying the different profiles of handicraft producers in Sabah, and the person-related and contextual factors that influence them, this research may help the Malaysian government to develop effective support policies for different types of handicraft producer, including how to encourage more individuals to become ‘high performing full-timers’.

According to World Bank Report published in 2012, the rural population in Sweden is 15.3 %. Rural population is calculated as difference between total populations minus urban population. 15.3 % clearly shows how important rural areas are for Sweden’s future development. Entrepreneurship plays the integral role in rural area development. However, earlier research has shown only economic perspective of rural development. On the other hand, the new ways to discover the challenges and opportunities for entrepreneurs in small firms were needed.

This paper examines the incidence of innovation and the configuration of innovation systems in rural areas, which are viewed as possessing weak knowledge-generating subsystems. Drawing on the results of a microlevel study in rural Cumbria, North West England, the paper shows that entrepreneurs were able to access nonlocal knowledge infrastructure. Thus, the emergent actor-constructed regional innovation system stretched well beyond the confines of Cumbria. This configuration can be explained, in large part, by considering entrepreneurial origin. New arrivals (especially immigrants) demonstrated the greatest propensity to innovate, using innovation systems which cut across the regional and national boundaries. Locally born and returnee entrepreneurs demonstrated a low incidence of innovation. The paper concludes that a distinction between regional innovation systems (as macrolevel analytical units with a normative dimension) and actor-constructed regional innovation systems (as microlevel descriptive units) offers scope for the advancement of research in this field of study.

Submitted by Juliana Tregnago (julianatregnago@gmail.com) on 2018-06-18T15:59:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCASA 2018 - PEDRO HENRIQUE MARIOSA.pdf: 3738839 bytes, checksum: 9e429b941945959a448e4d96c25b9591 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-06-19T13:29:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCASA 2018 - PEDRO HENRIQUE MARIOSA.pdf: 3738839 bytes, checksum: 9e429b941945959a448e4d96c25b9591 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-06-19T13:35:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCASA 2018 - PEDRO HENRIQUE MARIOSA.pdf: 3738839 bytes, checksum: 9e429b941945959a448e4d96c25b9591 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-19T13:35:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCASA 2018 - PEDRO HENRIQUE MARIOSA.pdf: 3738839 bytes, checksum: 9e429b941945959a448e4d96c25b9591 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Restrictions on economic activities, imposed by the State, are often necessary to prevent the suppression of land, water and forests. In areas where the natural environment and traditional peoples coexist, such as the Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR) of Tupé, it is desirable that economic activities cause the lowest possible impact on ecosystems, while ensuring the physical and social reproduction of those people in these ecosystems. In this connection, the present study aimed to show how rural non-farm activities, undertaken by social agents, can represent a strategy for the Good Living of Communities in an SDR. For that, a multi-method approach was chosen, composed of thematic interviews and direct observation with social agents of the headquarter district of the Comunidade Nossa Senhora do Livramento, located on the SDR of Tupé internal perimeter. We interviewed 20 social agents responsible for developing rural non-farm activities in 21 different spaces called Non-Rural Non-Farm Ventures (RNFV). For the analysis of the data, predominantly qualitative methods were used to extract the perception of these social agents about: the socioeconomic characteristics of the ERNA's, their pluriactivity and the contribution of these to the Community's Good Living. As a result, 14 different rural non-farm activities were identified as self-pronounce as the main activity of RNFV, which are predominantly pluriactives in a relationships social network of high transitivity. These social agents see the contribution of their ventures, in a positive way, mainly in the dimensions: Community Vitality, Culture, Environment and Education. It was concluded that rural non-farm activities can be adopted as a strategy for the promotion of Good Living and should be articulated in the SDR of Tupé management processes as an alternative to the direct exploration of lands, waters and forests. / Restrições às atividades econômicas, impostas pelo Estado, muitas vezes são necessárias para evitar a supressão de terras, águas e florestas. Em áreas onde coexistem o ambiente natural e os povos tradicionais, como na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) do Tupé, é desejável que as atividades econômicas causem o mínimo de impacto possível aos ecossistemas, ao mesmo tempo que garantam a reprodução física e social destes povos. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo evidenciar como as atividades rurais não-agrícolas, empreendidas por agentes sociais, podem representar uma estratégia para o Bem Viver das Comunidades de uma RDS. Para tanto, optou-se por uma abordagem multimétodos, composta de entrevistas temáticas e observação direta com agentes sociais da Sede da Comunidade Nossa Senhora do Livramento, localizada no perímetro interno da RDS do Tupé. Foram entrevistados 20 agentes sociais responsáveis por desenvolver atividades rurais não-agrícolas em 21 espaços diferentes denominados de Empreendimentos Rurais Não-Agrícolas (ERNA’s). Para análise dos dados foram utilizados métodos predominantemente qualitativos para extrair a percepção destes agentes sociais sobre: as características socioeconômicas dos ERNA’s, sua pluriatividade e a contribuição destes para o Bem Viver da Comunidade. Como resultado, foram identificadas 14 atividades rurais não-agrícolas diferentes, autodeclaradas como atividade principal dos ERNA’s, estes predominantemente pluriativos em uma rede de relações sociais de alta transitividade. Estes agentes sociais percebem a contribuição de seus empreendimentos, de forma positiva, principalmente nas dimensões: Vitalidade Comunitária, Cultura, Ambiente e Educação. Concluiu-se que as atividades rurais não-agrícolas podem ser adotadas como uma estratégia para a promoção do Bem Viver e deveriam estar articuladas nos processos de gestão da RDS do Tupé, como alternativa à exploração direta das terras, águas e florestas.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Development Planning and Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2023 / Rural entrepreneurship is a relatively young sector in the entrepreneurship field, but it has emerged as one of the most important tools for rural economic growth in developing nations like South Africa. A majority of poor people live in the rural areas and face the challenges of extreme poverty levels, high unemployment rates, appalling socio-economic conditions, and inequalities. Therefore, rural entrepreneurship is regarded as a vital tool for accelerating Local Economic Development (LED) and improvement of the quality of life of the rural people and their communities. Rural entrepreneurship stimulates economic development by improving economic conditions, creating employment, reducing poverty and improving the overall standard of living of the rural populace. Theoretically, there is clear consensus that rural entrepreneurship has the potential to reduce poverty, unemployment, economic inequalities and low income as well as value creation and improving standards of life in rural areas through the creation of new enterprises. Entrepreneurial activities stimulate the local economy and create employment opportunities through the creation of new enterprises in the rural areas. Thus, entrepreneurship development is seen as one of the important components of LED and the development agenda in most developing countries. However, entrepreneurial success is dependent on various factors, internal or external, such as the need for achievement, locus of control and desire for personal control of business, human capital, infrastructure, training, communication network, financial support, business environment, economic climate, competitiveness, risk-taking propensity, confidence, and regulatory environment. These factors may determine or influence the success of enterprises, thereby hampering LED efforts in a particular locality. Literature further reiterates the importance of rural entrepreneurship development towards accelerating economic development of local communities in the developing countries. Entrepreneurship development is regarded as a driving force of local economic growth and development in the developing countries. Many developing countries are faced with numerous socio-economic challenges of extreme poverty levels, high unemployment rates, stagnant economic growth and poor living conditions. Entrepreneurship development has become an important policy agenda and priority for employment creation, poverty reduction and economic growth and development of communities in many developing countries. Thus, many developing countries have turned their focus on entrepreneurship development as an important mechanism and driver of economic development with expectations of addressing these challenges. Despite such efforts, entrepreneurship development in developing countries faces challenges such as financial, human, management, lack of access to markets, lack of capacity, lack of infrastructure and appropriate regulations. These challenges affect and undermine the potential of entrepreneurship to stimulate LED and address challenges affecting many developing countries. The role of local government in creating an enabling environment for entrepreneurial activities and LED to thrive is widely acknowledged in most developing countries. Local governments in developing countries have become important vehicles for the promotion and implementation of LED and the creation of enabling environment for entrepreneurial activities to take place. LED in these developing countries is driven mainly by globalisation and decentralisation as an important strategy to local development. Globalisation and decentralisation play an important role in reconfiguring of planning approaches to local and regional development in developing countries. The observations above are also prevalent in South Africa, where entrepreneurship development is one of the national development policy imperatives. However, South Africa has a low entrepreneurial rate compared to other developing countries because of various factors including those highlighted above. Lack of entrepreneurial spirit or culture is increasing highly in the country. Entrepreneurship development and LED practice in South Africa is shaped by overwhelming policies and legislations, which seek to support and encourage entrepreneurship and LED. These regulatory frameworks are aimed at creating conducive and enabling environment for LED and entrepreneurial activities to take place. Local governments have a constitutional obligation to promote social and economic development as well as improving the overall standard of living of local communities within the municipal area. In the process, municipalities must work collectively with local people and local stakeholders to develop their communities. LED has been adopted as one of the strategies to local growth and development of communities in South Africa. Despite LED efforts, the country continues to grapple with societal challenges of poverty, unemployment, inequality and stagnant growth of the economy. Currently, municipalities are plagued with various challenges and are in a dire state that threatens the ability to fulfil their constitutional and developmental mandate of promoting social and economic development. The aim of this study was to investigate rural entrepreneurship and its implications towards LED in the Mogalakwena Local Municipality, Limpopo Province. To achieve this aim, the study adopted descriptive, positivist case study design, and used the concurrent mixed methods approach to achieve the aim and objectives of the study. The study sampled 54 rural entrepreneurs around three Service Delivery Areas (SDAs) of Mokopane, Mapela and Bakenberg in Mogalakwena Local Municipality as well as key informants from Small Enterprise Development Agency, Local Economic Development Agency (LEDA) and Municipal LED Unit. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to solicit data from rural entrepreneurs whereas an interview schedule was used to solicit data from key informants. The study findings affirm that rural entrepreneurship plays a significant role towards LED through poverty alleviation, employment creation, economic opportunities, income generation, value or wealth creation, migration and overall improvement of the standard of living of local communities in Mogalakwena Local Municipality. Rural entrepreneurship is seen as one of the stimulators of economic activities in rural areas within the municipality. Despite the affirmation, the study found that rural entrepreneurs are faced with persistent challenges such as lack of access to finance and markets, lack of skills or capacity, stiff regulations and completion, crime, lack of infrastructure, lack of support by the municipality and poor participation or integration in LED. These challenges inhibit entrepreneurial activities to take place, thereby threatening the survival and success of rural enterprises. Therefore, the study recommends measures such as creation of an enabling regulatory environment, financial support models for entrepreneurs, skills development and training, recognition and integration of rural entrepreneurs in LED fora and promotion of entrepreneurship culture to maximize the potential of rural entrepreneurship in Mogalakwena Local Municipality. Additionally, future research is also important to tap into the niche area of rural entrepreneurship.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-01T13:03:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-09-01T14:36:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-09-01T14:36:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T14:37:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to analyze the Social Entrepreneurship in the Rural Context in organizations in the countryside of Paraíba. To achieve this goal, the following specific objectives were established: i) characterize social entrepreneurship in the rural context; Ii) identify determining factors in the configuration of social entrepreneurship in the rural context; Iii) identify links between social entrepreneurship and the traits of solidarity entrepreneurship in the rural context; and iv) delimit the elements that characterize the solidarity entrepreneurship in the rural context. Therefore, a review of literature on a critical analysis of economic entrepreneurship was carried out, the question of citizenship in a historical-conceptual perspective, the Social Entrepreneurship (ES) as concept and unfolding, as well as from bibliometric studies, the possible links between the ES and citizenship, and, finally, solidarity entrepreneurship and possible articulations with the ES, since its peculiar aspects are closer to the empirical context studied. The analysis process was guided by the interpretative paradigm and adopted a qualitative approach, since the discussion of the theme was constructed from the analysis of narratives from presidents and participants of organizations originated or belonged to the rural context. The emerged categories, classified in this work as tension mediators, complemented the analysis of social entrepreneurship in the investigated environment in some aspects: the role of the association leader, the community space, the family succession and the role of public agents. The main contributions of this study were: a) the elaboration of a continuum of social entrepreneurship, which presents in an integrated way several unfoldings of the phenomenon and situates one that was evidenced from the empirical studies developed; b) the identification that Solidarity-based Entrepreneurship in the Rural context (ESR) is a phenomenon that dialogues with other variations of the central phenomenon studied, so that we can understand it as a combination of perspectives on the theme, adding as factors of distinction the influence of the stress mediators that play a major role in the (non) development of ESR; c) the elaboration of a framework of reference for a better understanding of the studied phenomenon, which presents the links of the phenomenon itself with elements of other perspectives of social entrepreneurship. The theoretical novelty is also realized in the way the phenomenon is presented, which was not seen in the specific literature related to the subject. So this research offers a contribution that can lead to the development of new reference structures. / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o Empreendedorismo Social no Contexto Rural em organizações do interior da Paraíba. Para alcançar este propósito, foram estabelecidos os seguintes objetivos específicos: i) caracterizar o empreendedorismo social no contexto rural; ii) identificar fatores determinantes na configuração do empreendedorismo social no contexto rural; iii) identificar vínculos entre o empreendedorismo social e os traços do empreendedorismo solidário no contexto rural; e iv) delimitar os elementos que caracterizam o empreendedorismo solidário no contexto rural. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura acerca de uma análise crítica do empreendedorismo econômico; da questão da cidadania em uma perspectiva histórico-conceitual; do empreendedorismo social (ES) enquanto conceito e suas manifestações, bem como a partir de estudos bibliométricos; de possíveis vínculos do ES com a cidadania; e, por fim, do empreendedorismo solidário e possíveis articulações com o ES, visto que seus aspectos peculiares estão mais próximos do contexto empírico estudado. O processo de análise orientou-se pelo paradigma interpretativo e adotou uma abordagem qualitativa, uma vez que a discussão da temática foi construída a partir da análise de narrativas realizadas com presidentes e participantes de organizações oriundas ou pertencentes ao contexto rural. Emergiram categorias que complementam a análise do empreendedorismo social no meio investigado, classificadas neste trabalho como mediadores de tensão: o papel do líder da associação, o espaço comunitário, a sucessão familiar e o papel dos agentes públicos. As principais contribuições deste estudo foram: a) a elaboração de um continuum do empreendedorismo social, o qual apresenta de forma integrada diversos representações do fenômeno e situa aquele que foi evidenciado a partir dos estudos empíricos desenvolvidos; b) a constatação de que o empreendedorismo solidário no contexto rural (ESR) é um fenômeno que dialoga com outras variações do fenômeno central estudado, de forma que podemos entendê-lo como uma combinação de perspectivas a respeito do tema, acrescentando como fatores de distinção teórica a influência dos mediadores de tensão que exercem papel de grande relevância para o (não) desenvolvimento do ESR; c) a elaboração de uma estrutura de referência para melhor compreensão do fenômeno estudado, o qual apresenta os vínculos do fenômeno com elementos de outras perspectivas de empreendedorismo social. Percebe-se o ineditismo teórico também na forma como o fenômeno é apresentado, a qual não foi vislumbrada na literatura sobre o tema, contribuição que pode levar ao desenvolvimento de novas estruturas de referência.

Dans les régions rurales, la gestion de l'eau induit des changements techniques et des transformations des pratiques agricoles auxquels font face les agriculteurs. Leurs comportements mitigés comprennent à la fois un désir d'innovation et un attachement au terroir à travers des usages, des pratiques et des représentations. Cet attachement identitaire a été souvent considéré comme obstacle à l'introduction de nouvelles techniques et non comme opportunité à saisir. Le présent travail, fondé sur le cas de Diar Hojjej (zone côtière du Cap Bon, Tunisie), se propose, en tenant compte de l'identité du territoire, de comprendre dans quelle mesure l’entrepreneuriat rural peut constituer un moteur pour porter une zone à contrainte environnementale forte – l’eau d’irrigation- vers un développement agricole durable. L'identité du territoire serait-elle uniquement un frein à l'entreprenariat rural? Et quel serait le modèle d'entreprenariat le plus pertinent? [etc.] / In rural areas, water management induces changes in technologies and in agricultural practices that face farmers. Farmers’ behaviors include both a desire for innovation and a land attachment through local customs, practices and representations. This identity attachment has often been regarded as an obstacle to the introduction of new techniques rather than an opportunity to be seized. This work, based on the case of Diar Hojjej (a coastal area of Cap Bon, Tunisia) aims to understand how rural entrepreneurship can be an engine to convey a strong environmental constraint area (water irrigation) to sustainable agricultural development, while taking into account the territory’s identity. The territory’s identity would it only be an obstacle to rural entrepreneurship? And what would be the most relevant model of entrepreneurship? [etc.]

[ES] El emprendimiento rural es un área en desarrollo y motiva el interés de los gobiernos y los actores involucrados en la búsqueda de revitalizar espacios que históricamente se han venido marginando por la migración de la población en busca de oportunidades a las zonas urbanas y el escape a un conflicto armado de más de 50 años como el caso de Colombia, siendo un país que cuenta con una amplia extensión rural que llega al 96% del territorio. La mejora en la percepción de la seguridad debido al proceso de paz firmado en 2016 en la Habana (Cuba) y la disminución del conflicto armado en Departamentos como Antioquia presenta una vocación rural importante permite que se desarrollen nuevas apuestas empresariales en zonas que antes estaban vedadas por el conflicto armado. Motivado en lo anterior, en esta tesis se explora la actividad emprendedora de los estudiantes conectados con la ruralidad como lo son los de las Facultades de Ciencias Agrarias del Departamento de Antioquia. La primera parte de la tesis se centra en una revisión bibliográfica sobre la evolución del rol del emprendedor rural y del concepto del emprendimiento en sí, en esta parte se denota un cambio en la concepción de pasar de la creación de empresas solo pensando en la función agrícola, para transitar hacia la creación de empresas que no necesariamente son agrícolas, pero se ubican en un territorio rural, lo que da cabida a otro tipo de emprendimientos y una nueva forma de ver al emprendimiento rural. La segunda parte de la tesis realiza la exploración del marco normativo en Colombia para el emprendimiento, dejando ver que a pesar de tener una amplia extensión rural que llega al 99% del territorio del país, el desarrollo legislativo y de apoyo al emprendimiento rural es pobre, razón por la cual se convierte en una oportunidad para desarrollar estos territorios en un marco de posconflicto en Colombia. En tercer lugar, a través del examen preliminar del desarrollo de una fase exploratoria de trabajo de campo de estudios de caso, se pudo notar que los jóvenes participantes tienen interés por desarrollar apuestas empresariales en la ruralidad y generar empleo, no necesariamente se motivan por dinero, utilizan la innovación y la creatividad para compensar los desequilibrios del mercado. Aunque existen dificultades debido a la falta de apoyo estatal, marco normativo, dificultades para acceder al financiamiento y que no existe un ecosistema de emprendimiento rural. En cuarto lugar, se identificaron los impulsores, las barreras y las motivaciones para el emprendimiento rural. Se realizó mediante la consulta a expertos y el método Delphi que permitió la construcción de un instrumento al cual se realizaron las respectivas pruebas de fiabilidad tanto a la idoneidad de los expertos como al resultado de las variables en sí. En quinto lugar, el desarrollo del trabajo de campo, permite conocer la incidencia de los aspectos sociodemográficos en la actividad emprendedora de los jóvenes denominados "millennials" en la ruralidad de Antioquia, encontrándose que quienes tienen una mayor actividad son personas pertenecientes a clases altas mayoritariamente hombres, con estudios de posgrado, provenientes de familias donde los padres tienen al menos titulación universitaria, con situación distinta a soltero y con un rango de edad que oscila entre los 32 a 38 años. En sexto lugar, se analizó la competitividad de las empresas reportadas por los participantes del estudio, mediante un índice multidimensional encontrándose que la competitividad de las iniciativas se podría catalogar como media, solo exceptuándose alta en pocos casos como algunas empresas dedicadas a servicios para el agro, notándose que los puntos con mayor dificultad son la estrategia competitiva y el marketing. Por último, se analizó la actividad emprendedora en función de la intención emprendedora, la edad del encuestado, la edad de la empresa definida según los cr / [CA] L'emprendiment rural és una àrea en desenrotllament i motiva l'interés dels governs i els actors involucrats en la busca de revitalitzar espais que històricament s'han marginat per la migració de la població a la cerca d'oportunitats en les zones urbanes i la fuga a un conflicte armat de més de 50 anys com el cas de Colòmbia, sent un país que compta amb una àmplia extensió rural que arriba al 96% del territori La millora en la percepció de la seguretat a causa del procés de pau firmat en 2016 en l'Havana (Cuba) i la disminució del conflicte armat en Departaments com Antiòquia que també presenta una vocació rural important permet que es desenrotllen noves apostes empresarials en zones que abans estaven vedades pel conflicte armat Motivat en l'anterior, este treball s'explora l'activitat emprenedora d'estudiants connectats amb la ruralitat com ho són els de les Facultats de Ciències Agràries del Departament d'Antiòquia La primera part de la tesi se centra a fer una revisió bibliogràfica sobre l'evolució del rol de l'emprenedor rural i del concepte de l'emprenedoria en si, en esta part es denota un canvi en la concepció de passar de la creació d'empreses només pensant en la funció agrícola, per a transitar cap a la creació d'empreses que no necessàriament són agrícoles, però s'ubiquen en un territori rural, la qual cosa dóna cabuda a un altre tipus d'emprenedories i una nova forma de veure a l'emprenedoria rural. La segona part de la tesi realitza l'exploració del marc normatiu a Colòmbia per a l'emprenedoria, deixant veure que a pesar de tindre una àmplia extensió rural que arriba al 99% del territori del país, el desenrotllament legislatiu i de suport a l'emprendimiento rural és pobre, raó per la qual es convertix en una oportunitat per a desenrotllar estos territoris en un marc de postconflicte a Colòmbia En tercer lloc, l'exploració preliminar a través del desenrotllament d'una fase exploradora de treball de camp per mitjà de la documentació d'estudis de cas, es va poder notar que els jóvens participants tenen interés per desenrotllar apostes empresarials en la ruralitat i generar ocupació, no necessàriament es motiven per diners, utilitzen la innovació i la creativitat per a compensar els desequilibris del mercat, encara que hi ha dificultats degut a la falta de suport estatal, marc normatiu, dificultats per a accedir al finançament i la no existència d'un ecosistema d'emprenedoria rural. En quart lloc, es van identificar impulsors, barreres i motivacions per a l'emprenedoria rural per mitjà de la consulta a experts i el mètode Delphi que va permetre la construcció d'un instrument al qual es van realitzar les respectives proves de fiabilitat tant a la idoneïtat dels experts com al resultat de les variables en si. En quint lloc el desenrotllament del treball de camp, permet conéixer la incidència dels aspectes sociodemogràfics en l'activitat emprenedora dels jóvens denominats millennials; en la ruralitat d'Antiòquia, trobant-se que els que tenen una major activitat són persones pertanyents a classes altes majoritàriament hòmens, amb estudis de postgrau, provinents de famílies on els pares tenen almenys titulació universitària, amb situació diferent de la solteria i amb un rang d'edat que oscil·la entre els 32 a 38 anys. En sext lloc, s'analitze la competitivitat de les empreses reportades pels participants de l'estudi, per mitjà d'un índex multidimensional trobant-se que la competitivitat de les iniciatives es podria catalogar com mitja, només exceptuant-se alta en pocs casos i notant-se que els punts amb més dificultat són estratègia competitiva i màrqueting. Finalment, s'analitze l'activitat emprenedora en funció de la intenció emprenedora, l'edat de l'enquestat, l'edat de l'empresa definida segons els criteris del projecte GEM i l'índex de fre, el qual abrivament un model logit multinomial que mostra la incidència d'estos factors en / [EN] Rural entrepreneurship is a developing area and motivates the interest of governments and actors involved in the search to revitalize spaces that have historically been marginalized by the migration of the population in search of opportunities in urban areas and the escape from an armed conflict of more than 50 years as is the case of Colombia, being a country that has a large rural area that reaches 96% of the territory. The improvement in the perception of security due to the peace process signed in 2016 in Havana (Cuba) and the decrease in the armed conflict in departments such as Antioquia, which also has an important rural vocation, allows the development of new business ventures in areas previously closed to the armed conflict. Motivated by the above, this work explores the entrepreneurial activity of students connected to rurality, such as those from the Faculties of Agrarian Sciences of the Department of Antioquia. The first part of the thesis focuses on a bibliographic review of the evolution of the role of the rural entrepreneur and the concept of entrepreneurship itself. This part shows a change in the concept of moving from the creation of companies only thinking about the agricultural function, to the creation of companies that are not necessarily agricultural but are located in a rural territory, which allows for other types of enterprises and a new way of seeing rural entrepreneurship. The second part of the thesis explores the regulatory framework in Colombia for entrepreneurship, showing that despite having a large rural extension that reaches 99% of the country's territory, legislative development and support for rural entrepreneurship is poor, which is why it becomes an opportunity to develop these territories in a post-conflict framework in Colombia. Thirdly, the preliminary exploration through the development of an exploratory phase of fieldwork through the documentation of case studies, it could be noted that the young participants are interested in developing entrepreneurial bets in rurality and generate employment, they are not necessarily motivated by money, they use innovation and creativity to compensate for market imbalances, although there are difficulties due to the lack of state support, regulatory framework, difficulties in accessing funding and the non-existence of an ecosystem of rural entrepreneurship. Fourth, the drivers, barriers, and motivations for rural entrepreneurship were identified through consultation with experts and the Delphi method, which made it possible to construct an instrument for which the respective reliability tests were carried out on both the suitability of the experts and the outcome of the variables themselves. Fifthly, the development of the fieldwork, allows us to know the incidence of the sociodemographic aspects in the enterprising activity of the young people called "millennials" in the rural areas of Antioquia, being found that those who have a greater activity are people belonging to high classes, mainly men, with postgraduate studies, coming from families where the parents have at least a university degree, with a situation different from that of being single and with an age range that oscillates between 32 and 38 years old. In sixth place, it was analyzed the competitiveness of the companies reported by the participants of the study, through a multidimensional index being found that the competitiveness of the initiatives could be cataloged as average, only excepting high in few cases and noticing that the points with greater difficulty are competitive strategy and marketing. Finally, the entrepreneurial activity was analyzed according to the entrepreneurial intention, the age of the respondent, the age of the company defined by the criteria of the GEM project, and the braking index, which gave a multinomial logit model that shows the impact of these factors on the probability of entrepreneurial activity... / Arias Vargas, FJ. (2021). Actividad emprendedora de los millennials en Antioquia (Colombia) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/164046 / TESIS

Landsbygderna är en stor del av vårt samhälle och en resurs som kan bidra till en långsiktigt hållbar samhällsutveckling. Dock finns det rådande problem på landsbygderna som bland annat nedläggning av skolor och minskad kollektivtrafik. På senare tid har det börjat komma positiva initiativ på landsbygderna.  Arbetet syftar till att inspirera om landsbygd och samhälle genom att peka på positiva initiativ men också belysa de problem och hinder som finns på landsbygden. Arbetet genomförs i form av intervjuer och en fallstudie med tre stycken landsbygdsprojekt. I fallstudien undersöktes olika projekt och processer som ligger i tiden och hur de kan skapa en mer levande landsbygd. Resultatet visar att positiva initiativ tillsammans med processerna som ligger i tiden kan bidra till mer levande landsbygder. Landsbygdsprojekten i fallstuiden tillsammans med intervjuerna visar att det finns potential för hållbar samhällsutveckling på landsbygden. Resultatet visar också att de tre hållbarhetsdimensionerna berörs i de olika landsbygdsprojekten.  Slutsatserna som dragits baseras på det framkomna resultatet av både fallstudien och intervjuerna. Utifrån arbetet går det se att det finns flera faktorer såsom synergier, entreprenörskap och gräsrotsinnovationer som påverkar landsbygden positivt men också vad som kan bidra till en mer levande landsbygd. / The countryside is an important part of our society and a resource that can contribute to long-term sustainable development. However, there are prevailing problems in rural areas such as the closure of schools and reduced public transport. In recent times, there have been positive initiatives in rural areas.  The work aims to inspire about the countryside and society by pointing to positive initiatives but also highlighting the problems and obstacles that exist in the countryside. The work is carries out in the form of interviews and a case study with three rural projects. The case study examined various projects and processes that are in time and how they can creare a more vibrant countryside.  The results showed that positive initiatives together with the processes that lie in time can contribute to a more vibrant rural area. The rural projects in the case study together with the interviews show that there is potential for sustainable dimensions are affected in the various rural projects.  The conclusions drawn are based on the results obtained from both the case study and the interviews. Based on the work, it can be seen that there are several factors such as synergies, entrepreneurship and grassroots innovation that affect the countryside positively but also what can contribute to more vibrant countryside.

The thesis searches for driving forces behind structural changes of rural employment in the example of Czechia subject to changing rural paradigm and the related question of rural economic viability represented by the employment performance. The research elaborates on the territorial approaches which categorises regions according to their degree of rurality. In addition, the detailed classification is made according to the change of non-agricultural employment in the period 2001-2011 in order to identify dynamic regions which showed performance above national average (leading) and those which lacked behind (lagging). The observations prompt the question why is the performance differentiated. Therefore, the regionally differentiated impact of processes such as deagriculturisation, deindustrialisation and tertiarisation in the period 2001-2011 is analysed by the use of analysis of components (namely shift-share analysis) and multivariate analysis (namely factor and cluster analysis). The thesis aims to provide answers in particular by giving a thorough analysis of how the changing rural paradigm (and regional theories in wider context) conceptualise the driving forces behind employment development in rural areas. The added value is in the analysis of interrelations and correlations of chosen...