Cette thèse propose d’analyser dans la métropole de Lima les réponses des producteurs agropastoraux de la ville face aux renouvellements des fonctions de l’agriculture urbaine. Dans un contexte de forte pression métropolitaine, la capitale péruvienne –incarnée par les autorités, les consommateurs, les citadins- fait preuve d’une attitude ambivalente en ce qui concerne l’activité agricole en ville : entre désintérêt et formulation de nouvelles attentes. Dans une démarche au carrefour de la géographie sociale, de l’étude des relations villes-campagnes et de la place de la nature en ville, la recherche s’attache à identifier les capacités des producteurs –en termes de moyens disponibles et de pratiques– à répondre à des demandes toujours plus complexes, allant de l’engouement pour une consommation locale, en passant par les loisirs, aux exigences de la durabilité urbaine, et émanant d’acteurs extérieurs à l’activité, aussi bien des habitants que des instances internationales.Les attentes autour d’une agriculture de proximité dépassent la seule fonction alimentaire pour intégrer des problématiques d’aménagement du territoire urbain et de création d’espaces de sociabilité par et pour les citadins. Ces attentes impliquent une transformation des espaces agropastoraux des périphéries, et la création de nouveaux territoires agricoles au sein du tissu urbain.Nous analysons d’une part les pratiques des producteurs liméniens et leurs rapports distendus à la ville ; et d’autre part la manière dont ces mêmes acteurs s’approprient les attentes citadines et leurs conséquences sur la construction territoriale métropolitaine. La tension entre les producteurs et la ville, mais également entre les producteurs et les attentes des acteurs urbains permet de mettre en lumière la mise en place de rapports de pouvoir inégaux. / This thesis draws on fieldwork conducted in Greater Lima, Peru, to examine how the city’s farmers have responded to recent changes in the role ascribed to urban agriculture. Amidst a context of severe urban pressure, the metropolis has shown an ambivalent attitude towards agricultural activities, with a norm of indifference stirred to a certain degree of interest as new expectations arise. This investigation is based on an approach that stands at the crossroads of social geography, research into relationships between urban and rural frames of reference, and examination of the natural world’s place within the city environment, in order to characterize the strategies available to farmers – in line with their material resources and traditional or innovative practices – to meet the increasingly complex demands of the city, imposed by other stakeholders: both residents and international bodies now see urban agriculture as a means of responding to the growing significance of urban sustainability. Expectations for local agriculture transcend the function of food production, expanding to include urban planning issues and the creation of spaces for social interaction by and for the city’s inhabitants. These multifaceted objectives demand the transformation of farmland areas located around the outskirts, and the creation of new agricultural spaces within the fabric of the city. This study first addresses the current practices of Lima’s farmers and their weak linkages with the city, before going on to analyze how they have adapted to the expectations placed on them, and resultant effects on both the manner in which urban land is conceptualized and the ways in which unequal power balances can emerge. Municipal policies aspire to integrate the city’s agriculture with urban planning and residents’ quality of life, and must therefore be designed and assessed taking into account local stakeholders’ personal experiences and specific characteristics. / A partir del caso de la ciudad de Lima, esta tesis se interesa en las repuestas de los productores agropecuarios de la ciudad frente a la reestructuración de funciones de la agricultura urbana: en un contexto de fuertes presiones de la ciudad, la capital peruana muestra una actitud ambivalente en lo que se refiere a la actividad agropecuaria, entre la indiferencia y la formulación de nuevas necesidades. Siguiendo una línea reflexiva que combina la geografía social, el estudio de las relaciones ciudad-campo y el rol de la naturaleza en la ciudad; la investigación se centra en identificar las capacidades de los productores – en términos de recursos disponibles y de prácticas – para cumplir demandas urbanas cada vez más complejas, que provienen de actores externos a la actividad (tanto de los habitantes como de organizaciones internacionales que ven en la agricultura urbana una repuesta a la exigencia de la sostenibilidad urbana). Las expectativas alrededor de una agricultura de proximidad van más allá de su función de producir alimentos al integrar las problemáticas relacionadas al ordenamiento del territorio urbano y a la creación de espacios de sociabilidad por y para los habitantes de la ciudad. Estas expectativas implican una transformación de los espacios agropecuarios ubicados en las periferias, y la creación de nuevos territorios agrícolas dentro de la mancha urbana. De un lado, analizamos las prácticas de los productores limeños y sus vínculos débiles con la ciudad; y de otro lado, estudiamos las apropiaciones de las demandas de los productores et las consecuencias en la construcción territorial metropolitana así como en la creación de relaciones de poderes desiguales. Las políticas públicas de la ciudad aspiran a una integración de la agricultura urbana con el ordenamiento territorial urbano y la calidad de vida de los habitantes, por lo que no pueden ser pensadas sin tomar en cuenta las historias y las particularidades de los actores locales.

Using a mixed methods, interdisciplinary case study approach, this research project explores the benefits, risks, and challenges of male migration for women who reside in San Juan Guelavía, Oaxaca, Mexico. In a unique approach in the field of migration studies, this project considers not only women whose husbands have migrated--absent husbands--but also the impact of male migration on women whose husbands have returned as well as women whose husbands have never left--anchored husbands. Women with returned husbands and even women with anchored husbands feel the threat, worry, and fear that male migration could, at an unknown point in the future, fragment their family. This case study approach looks at how women's work responses are differentiated by husbands' migration status, by age, and by husband's control over women's activities. Women with absent husbands tend be income-producing women as well as women ages 35 to 50 far more than women 35 and under and 50 and over. With motherhood as a cultured priority of rural Mexican women, women's income-producing opportunities are primarily limited to options within the home or in venues that can accommodate their children until the children enter school. Although this case study showed little or no connection between male migration and educational attainment, substantial policy-worthy findings suggest that the lack of value that residents of San Juan Guelavía place on the local public high school curriculum negatively impacts educational attainment of children beyond middle school. Women's traditional and cultural emphasis of marriage for their daughters as well as their reluctance to expose daughters to the negative influences of the city sway the decisions that women make for their daughters.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

La mobilité rurale-urbaine est sans contredit l’un des phénomènes les plus marquants que la Chine a connus depuis ses réformes des années 1980. D’une ampleur colossale, elle a constitué un fondement essentiel de sa transition et de son développement économiques. Or, si l’impact social de cette mobilité a été abondamment étudié dans les villes où séjournent les paysans, il demeure peu connu dans leur communauté d’origine, et encore moins en contexte de « nationalité minoritaire ». Reposant sur une enquête de terrain de plus d’une année, cette thèse en géographie sociale examine la (re)construction sociale dans une communauté rurale et minoritaire (c.àd. Hmong ou Miao) de Chine en lien avec le phénomène de la mobilité de travail. D’une intensité croissante, la pratique de la mobilité de travail par les membres de cette communauté est double. Les migrants sont soit des herboristes ambulants dans les villes de l’espace régional, soit des travailleurs salariés dans les villes orientales du pays. L’utilisation d’une approche du changement social intégrant les sphères du réel et de l’imagination et prenant en compte les dimensions territoriale et économique du phénomène migratoire est originale. De même, l’importance égale portée aux discours et aux actions des migrants et des non-migrants dans le processus de transformation sociale se veut novatrice. Dans ses résultats, cette thèse fait état, premièrement, d’une refonte des logiques territoriales et économiques de la communauté étudiée sous l’effet du phénomène migratoire. De toute évidence, les fondements géographiques de son territoire se sont récemment complexifiés et multipliés. Désormais, une variété de lieux, de frontières, de réseaux sociaux et d’échelles se dessine dans les configurations territoriales de ses membres. Les implications économiques sont tout aussi patentes. Outre la forte dominance des transferts d’argent des migrants dans les budgets familiaux, les questions du développement et des inégalités aux différentes échelles de la communauté renvoient aujourd’hui essentiellement au fait migratoire. Deuxièmement, cette thèse montre la forte empreinte laissée par la mobilité dans la sphère sociale. Nécessitant soutien aux extrémités de leur parcours, les migrants sollicitent de plus en plus l’aide de leurs réseaux lignagers, claniques, villageois et matrilinéaires. Et dans ce processus, il n’est pas rare qu’ils enfreignent consciemment les principes hiérarchiques traditionnels de leurs rapports familiaux. Aussi, au travers de la mobilité, des groupes longtemps marginalisés, tels les femmes et les jeunes adultes, ont acquis estime, autonomie et pouvoir décisionnel. Parallèlement, l’ordre social s’est bouleversé. Ce n’est plus le volume de la production agricole, mais le nombre de travailleurs migrants qui détermine aujourd’hui les différentes classes sociales de la communauté. Finalement, dans le contexte plus large des populations rurales et minoritaires de Chine et du Massif sud-est asiatique, cette thèse fait ressortir l’importance d’aborder la question de l’impact social de la mobilité au-delà des paradigmes de la modernisation et de l’intégration. Contrairement à la plupart des écrits touchant à cette question, il ne suffit pas de porter le regard sur l’influence que les urbains et leur mode de vie soi-disant moderne exercent sur les migrants. Il est également nécessaire de reconnaître les capacités d’initiative et d’innovation sociale des membres de ces populations, migrants et non-migrants. Mais aussi, cette recherche démontre que la question identitaire se doit d’être prise en compte. Les sentiments de marginalité et de subordination demeurent vivaces au travers du phénomène migratoire. Et de tels sentiments semblent se traduire, le plus souvent, par un renforcement des liens sociaux et intracommunautaires au sein même de ces populations minoritaires. / Rural-urban mobility is unquestionably one of the most striking phenomena that China has experienced since the wide-ranging reforms of the 1980s. Besides its unparalleled magnitude, it has been an essential foundation of its economic transition and development. But if the social impact of mobility has been extensively studied in cities where ‘peasants’ (as farmers are called in China) sojourn, little is known of the effects of mobility in their community of origin, and even less when the community belongs to a ‘minority nationality’. Based on fieldwork conducted over an 18-month period, this dissertation examines the impact of labor migration on the social (re)construction of a Hmong (Miao) community in rural China. Practices of mobility for work purposes are twofold in the studied community: migrants are either itinerant herbalists in close-by cities or factory workers in the eastern cities of the country. An original approach to social change has been used, integrating the spheres of imagination and practice, and takes into account the economic and spatial components of the migration phenomenon. Moreover, this research proposes an innovative theoretical model, by giving equal importance to the discourses and the actions in the process of social change of both migrants and non-migrants. First, this study reveals the recent remodeling of the spatial and the economic foundations of the studied community. It shows that places, scales, social networks and borders all structure the community’s territory – in both real and imaginary spheres – and that they have become more complex and numerous as a result of the unprecedented circular migration of its inhabitants to and from their village. At the economic level, besides confirming dominance of remittances at the household level, it also appears that development and inequality issues are now addressed by members of the community primarily through the phenomenon of migration. Second, the results expose the strong imprint of mobility in the social sphere. In need of support, migrants and left-behinds are increasingly seeking help within their lineage, clan, village, and matrilineal networks. In this process, it is not uncommon for them to consciously go against the traditional family hierarchies. Through mobility, long marginalized groups such as women and young adults, have now gained esteem, autonomy and decision-making power. Meanwhile, the social order has shifted. It is no longer the volume of agricultural production, but the number of migrant workers, which now determine the social classes within the community. Finally, in the broader context of minorities in China and the Southeast Asian Massif, this dissertation addresses the debate about the social impact of mobility beyond the paradigms of modernization and integration. Unlike most of the literature pertaining to this issue, this research provides evidence that it is not enough to focus on the changes experienced by migrants through contact with urban dwellers and their so-called modern way of life. It shows that it is necessary to recognize the capacity for initiative and social innovation of all the members of these minorities, migrants or non-migrants. It also stresses the centrality of the question of identity. Feelings of marginality and subordination remain strong and they do not seem to fade as a result of migration. On the contrary, these feelings seem to most often result in a strengthening of social and community bonds within these minorities.

As a result of the economic reforms that were introduced in Vietnam in 1986, the country has grown economically. However, due to a bias toward development policies which have been mainly concentrated in urban areas, the economic gap between rural and urban areas has rapidly widened over time. More job opportunities and better living conditions in the city, as well as low productivity in agriculture, have caused people to move to the major cities. Consequently, rural to urban migration has become one of the dominant flows of internal migration in the country in recent years. This migration stream not only has increased in scale but also in its complexity. Particularly, the age of the migrants has become younger as many young people, especially females, become involved in this flow. Moreover, this migration flow has become less selective in terms of education as both more and less educated people migrate. Also, not only the rich but the poor take part in this movement. This thesis considers the determinants of moving and the experiences of young migrants to Ho Chi Minh City in terms of their economic, social and cultural adjustment in order to provide deep insights into the lives of young people when they migrate. This thesis has used the migration model of Scharping (1997) as the theoretical framework to investigate the decision to move as well as their living experiences in the city. A multiple method approach has been used to the study as both quantitative and qualitative data were analysed. Quantitative data such as secondary data from censuses and data from large-scale surveys at the national and the city levels and primary data from the author’s survey with 300 young migrants were applied. Qualitative data from 25 in-depth interviews with young migrants, 5 with authorities and 5 with migrant returnees were used in this study, to provide detailed information on migrants’ lives. While the city has attracted a large number of youth from rural areas because of its development advantages, the city’s government has applied policies to limit this flow. Yet, this migration control policy has proved costly and ineffective in restricting the flows of people to the major cities. This policy has created many difficulties for migrants in the city. In addition, low levels of education and limited work skills force many young migrants to work in the informal sector where their human rights are heavily violated. Other young migrants work in cheap intensive-labour factories. Low pay and hard work, but without labour and medical insurance, lead these young migrants to live on the margins of urban society. These findings suggest that if the local people do not accept these migrants, and urban policies make no effort to assistance them, it is impossible for young migrants in the city to be successful in building new lives and careers. Instead of trying to limit rural to urban migration, the national government should put more effort into narrowing the rural-urban gap by improving development in rural areas. More jobs with better pay in rural areas may be the most effective and sustainable way of reducing rural to urban migration flows. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1331422 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, 2008

The study deals with the migration of large numbers of black workers from white-owned farms in the Albany and Bathurst districts to Grahamstown. In South Africa the migration of farm residents to the towns has not yet received much attention from researchers. Instead, most migrant studies have concentrated on the migration from the 'homeland' areas and for this reason little is known about the people who have been associated with the farms in some cases for five generations. From the 1940s these farms were rapidly losing labour largely on account of the introduction of mechanization and land rationalization. At that time many farm dwellers were migrating to Grahamstown and, to same extent, Port Elizabeth. The past few decades witnessed a massive further migration from these farms and this, together with natural increase, contributed to the 53,9% increase in Graharnstown's black population in the 1970-80 decade. The study has these aims: 1. To consider the factors that have promoted the move away from the farms , especially as from the end of the Second World War. 2. To account for the overwhelming attraction of Grahamstown as a destination among those who must, or decide to, migrate. 3. To assess the mode of adaptation of those who settle in Grahamstown pennanently. Those who have been in town for several decades provide a background for the central focus of the study, the new irrmigrants who came to town a decade ago or more recently. The latter include people who migrated to town from August 1984, i.e. during a period of extra-ordinary political developments and serious unrest in Grahamstown. The study places an emphasis on the way the imnigrants themselves perceive the process. The aims of the study which have been mentioned above revolve around the impoverishment of rural inhabitants who must now work for wages with hardly any measure of autonomy over the major aspects of their lives while those who go and live in town must contend with a competitive urban economy in which economic opportunities are scarce. This is the central problem of this thesis.

The study describes the formation and the establishment of the first urban congregation of the Berlin Mission in the Cape at the turn of the century. The establishment of the Cape Town Congregation was not a result of urban mission work but rather a result of the townward movement of rural coloured people who already belonged to the Berlin Mission Church. At first the mission headquarters in Berlin resisted an involvement in Cape Town, but the members there and the missionaries of the Cape Synod urged the Berl in Mission to accept the responsibility. Fol lowing the advice of the Moravian Mission the Berliners finally sent a missionary, and declared the congregation as a proper mission station on May 7, 1907. The study closes with the consecration of the church building in Searle Street in 1923 as a visible sign for the establishment of the Berlin Mission Church in Cape Town. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

Dans un contexte d’intérêt renouvelé pour les questions alimentaires et notamment les circuits de production, de distribution et de commercialisation des produits, cette thèse s’intéresse à une forme du commerce non sédentaire : le marché de plein vent alimentaire. Ce dernier ne représente plus qu’une part marginale dans les dépenses des ménages et au sein du commerce de détail alimentaire. Alors que dans les années 1980, plusieurs indices semblaient indiquer sa disparition prochaine, ce commerce s’est maintenu et connaît même des formes de renouveau déjà identifiées par quelques chercheurs. Malgré son caractère éphémère et mobile, le marché de plein vent alimentaire participe notamment à un discours sur les lieux. Perçu comme un événement local, ses fonctions non marchandes se diversifient, tout comme les acteurs qui s’y intéressent. En s’appuyant sur des enquêtes qualitatives réalisées à Lyon, en Ardèche méridionale et dans le Pays roannais, la thèse tente de répondre à la question du rôle du marché de plein vent alimentaire dans la fabrique des lieux. Elle questionne la pertinence des catégories spatiales et des distinctions urbain/rural. Elle montre que malgré les mobilités commerçantes sur lesquelles se fonde cet événement, des formes d’ancrages se construisent. Essai de géographie sociale pour l’intérêt porté aux acteurs et au fonctionnement interne du marché, la thèse s’inscrit aussi dans la lignée des travaux de la géographie du commerce, lorsqu’elle tente d’identifier les localisations privilégiées du marché de plein vent alimentaire, de définir ces lieux spécifiques et leur rôle dans la centralité commerciale. Par l’étude approfondie des pratiques de mobilité des commerçants de marché, l’analyse des modalités de gestion publique de ces espaces commerciaux et l’hypothèse d’une nouvelle gouvernance, le marché de plein vent alimentaire est appréhendé dans ce travail comme un symbole, un kaléidoscope des processus de qualification des lieux et de construction du local. / Within the context of renewed interest in issues surrounding food, particularly how food products are produced, distributed, and sold, the topic of this thesis is a form of temporary commercial spaces: open-air food markets. These markets represent only a very small portion of both household expenditures and the food industry. Even though there were many indications in the 1980s that these markets would soon disappear, this form of commerce has survived and has even experienced a resurgence, as some researchers have described. Despite their temporary and mobile character, open-air food markets play an important role in the narrative of places. The non-commercial roles of these markets, which are perceived as local events, have become more diverse, as well as the people who participate in them. Using data from qualitative studies conducted in Lyon, southern Ardèche and Roanne, the goal of this thesis was to determine the role of open-air food markets in the making of places. This study addresses the relevance of spatial categories and urban/rural differences. The results show that despite the mobile nature of the businesses that these events are based on, the markets become anchored due to regional characteristics. This thesis is not only a socio-geographical study of the participants in and inner workings of these markets, but also represents a study of commercial geography, as it attempts to identify preferred locations for open-air food markets and to define these specific areas and the role they play in establishing a commercial center. By closely studying the mobility of the market sellers, analyzing the public management of these commercial spaces and hypothesizing a new form of governance, this study shows that the open-air food market can be understood as a symbol, a kaleidoscope of the regeneration of spaces and local development.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Solicitud de envio de manuscrito como artículo científico. / Objetivo. Identificar si la migración interna de mujeres en edad fértil, considerando los flujos migratorios y tiempo de residencia, se asocia con mayor Violencia Física reciente por la Pareja (VFP). Metodología. Diseño transversal analítico secundario a la ENDES 2015 a 2017. La exposición fue Migración Interna Establecida en mujeres de 15 a 49 años, clasificándola en Migrante Rural-Rural, Urbano-Urbano, Urbano-Rural, Rural-Urbano y No Migrante. La variable resultado fue Violencia Física y/o Sexual reciente de pareja. Se utilizo un Modelo Lineal Generalizado de la familia y opción de enlace Log Poisson para estimar la asociación entre flujos de migración y la VFP en forma de PR. Resultados. En comparación con mujeres no migrantes, las mujeres migrantes Rural – Urbano tuvieron 14% más probabilidad de VFP (PRa 1.14 IC95 1.02 a 1.28 p=0.016), mientras la diferencia de probabilidades de VFP en mujeres migrantes Urbano-Rural, Rural-Rural y Urbano-Urbano no fue significativa (PRa 1.16 IC95 0.93 a 1.44 p=0.164, PRa= 0.94 IC95 0.83 a 1.05 p=0.309 y PRa 0.99 IC95 0.86 a 1.14 p=0.961 respectivamente). Residentes post-migración de 5 a 12 y de 13 a 20 años tuvieron 19% y 13% más de probabilidad de VFP que las no migrantes (PRc 1.19 IC95 1.07 a 1.31 p=0.001 y PRc=1.13 IC95 1.01 a 1.28 p=0.031 respectivamente). Conclusión. La migración rural-urbana en mujeres en edad fértil es un factor asociado a mayor probabilidad de VFP en los últimos 12 meses. El tiempo de residencia después de la migración estuvo relacionado a mayor VFP. / Background. In latest decades women internal migration in developing countries increased, mostly related to urbanization process: gender relations and IPV (Intimate Partner Violence) dynamics changed. The aim of this study was to identify whether women internal migration flows were related with recent IPV. Method. Analitical cross-sectional study based on peruvian DHS conducted from 2015 to 2017. The exposure was Intern migration established in women from 15 to 49 years old. The classification was set as Rural-Rural migrant, Urban-Urban migrant, Urban-Rural migrant, Rural-Urban migrant and Non-migrant. The outcome variable was Recent Physical and/or Sexual Intimate Partner Violence report. A generalized linear model of the family and a Log Poisson link option were used in order to estimate the association between migration flows and IPV by means of PR (Prevalence Ratio). Results. In contrast to non-migrant women, Rural-Urban migrant women had 14% higher probabilities of IPV (PRa 1.14 CI95 1.02 a 1.28 p=0.016), meanwhile the probabilities difference of IPV in Urban-Rural migrant women, Rural-Rural migrant women, and Urban-Urban migrant women was not meaningful (PRa 1.16 CI95 0.93 to 1.44 p=0.164, PRa= 0.94 CI95 0.83 a 1.05 p=0.309 and PRa 0.99 CI95 0.86 to 1.14 p=0.961 respectively) Post-migration residents from 5 to 12 years old and from 13 to 20 years old had 19% and 13% more probabilities of IPV than the non-migrants (PRc 1.19 CI95 1.07 to 1.31 p=0.001 and PRc=1.13 CI95 1.01 to 1.28 p=0.031 respectively) Conclusion. During the last 12 months, Rural-Urban migration in women during fertile age is an associated factor to a higher probability of IPV. The residence time after migration was related to a higher IPV. / Tesis