African countries have for a long time undergone a series of problems that include; genocide, racism, economic depression, colonisation, civil wars, and so on. These have left many African societies in hopeless situations that entail considerable intervention. This study will explore the possible causes of conflicts mainly genocide and collective violence, in which the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda will be the main focus. This genocide which led to the massacres of one million Tutsi and moderate Hutus in approximately one hundred days left the entire Rwandan society fragile and divided. It is perhaps the worst of its kind in recent history. After the 1994 genocide, Rwanda was characterised with a tattered social fabric, dilapidated infrastructure, economic repression, and as a consequence massive refugees displacement into neighbour countries. Despite the tragic consequences of this genocide, the government of Rwanda has been working tirelessly to find lasting peace arid reconciliation for its broken and divided society. In order to understand the possible causes of this tragic event in Rwanda, this study will explore' the situation in Rwanda in pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial periods, and in this case, the 1994 genocide. This analysis will then become a basis on which tools that can foster peace and reconciliation will be sought. Architectural expression among others will be explored as a tool that can promote reconciliation and unity among people. As a tool that shapes peoples way of living, architecture will be the emphasis of this study in order to achieve the above these goals. An appropriate architectural expression will thus sought, that which not only acts as medium for the memory of genocide, but also as a tool to achieve reconciliation and reconstruction of Rwanda's broken society. / Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

A stable money demand function and exogeneity of prices is at the core of planning and implementing a monetary policy of monetary targets. This thesis examines both the stability of M2 money demand and price exogeneity in Rwanda for the years 1980 to 2000. We estimate and test the elasticities of the determinants of Rwandan money demand function. We include in this demand function those variables which economic theory indicates must be part of any empirical investigation of money demand. All coefficients had the signs as required by economic theory. We estimate the money demand function for Rwanda using cointegration analysis and an error correction mechanism. The results show real income, prices and M2 to be cointegrated. We employ three tests to show that the estimated demand function for Rwanda is stable. We then test the second requirement for coherence in monetary aggregate targeting that money determines prices. The results show that prices are exogenous to money. But before we can definitely conclude that an inflation targeting regime is feasible from monetary policy perspective, we point out that future research on this important topic must account for exchange rate movements, measure permanent income and specify interest rate changes correctly. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

Assessment of clinical learning is imperative in order to ensure that those who become registered nurses are safe and competent practitioners. Assessment of clinical skills requires evaluation of the development of appropriate knowledge, skills and attitudes. Literature however reveals that the measurement of clinical skills performance continues to pose a challenge for nurse educators, the debate around the best assessment method in clinical learning, as well as, validity and reliability in assessing clinical learning is ongoing. This study was therefore aimed at exploring and describing current practices in assessment of clinical learning in a nursing diploma programme in Kigali Health Institute in Rwanda. The study was a quantitative descriptive exploratory design. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires. Nurse educators, students and external examiners were asked to report on the assessment strategies commonly used in Kigali Health Institute, their views about assessment strategies, and the strengths and weaknesses of clinical assessment strategies used in a nursing diploma programme in assessing practical competences of nursing students. The total number of participants who returned questionnaires in this study was 117. The results of this study revealed the commonly used assessment strategies included OSCEs (100%), case presentations (66%), direct observations (38%), standardized patients (31 %) and reflective diaries (2%). Furthermore, assessments were based on clinical learning outcomes. Assessments were conducted formatively and summatively to ensure validity in assessments and to ensure that a variety of clinical learning areas were assessed. Although there was no documented structured process of conducting clinical assessments, the findings revealed that the process included a number of phases; planning, preparation, implementation and evaluation phases. There were measures in place to ensure validity and reliability in assessments. The need for a policy on clinical learning assessment emerged so as to serve as a guide to ensure consistency in conducting assessments. The need to build the capacity of nurse educators and external examiners also came up as very few had educational preparation for their roles. Most of them were specialists in the discipline not in nursing education. The findings also revealed that not all nurse educators were involved in decision making regarding clinical assessments for quality assurance purposes. Issues such as welcoming of students on the assessment day, giving of instructions to students, time spent on performing tasks, feedback to students, returning to tasks which were not completed and improvising during assessments due to limited resources emerged as areas of concern. Recommendations made are related to the assessment process, the building of capacity of nurse educators and external examiners, preparation of students for clinical learning assessment, and further research for the in-depth exploration of this area. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2007.

This study deals with the problem of transitional justice in post-genocide Rwanda in the light of South African experience. Transitional justice, a kind of justice pertinent to societies in transition from dictatorship to democracy where the new democratic regime faces the challenge of how to redress the abuses of the past, varies according to each case. While South African transitional justice has taken a form of mixed memory and punishment with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the case of Rwanda still presents a number of difficulties. First and foremost, unlike South Africa, Rwanda is a case of genocide and so far there is no agreement about how to think of and understand this genocide. Of the three different sources considered in this study, Adedeji and the Human Rights Watch Report argue that genocide was planned in advance, while Mamdani contends that it was a result of the failure of governmental forces to win the war and the advancement of the rebels, and nothing as such was planned before. . Besides the genocide, the continuation of human rights violations and the lack of will to change, the lack of democracy, the continuation of international support despite the lack of transparency in governance, along with other elements, hold Rwanda in the pretransition stage. In this study, I examine the close links between transitional justice and Truth and Reconciliation Commission, I raise the question of what it would mean for Rwanda to have a successful Truth and Reconciliation Commission; given the history of genocide, and I discuss the failure of the Commission in Arusha. For transitional justice to take place in Rwanda, every form of armed struggle must stop so as to allow Rwandans (all conflicting parties involved) to take the genocide seriously and face its entire truth with courage and honesty. The truth of genocide would clarify the misconception of Rwandan history and would allow Rwandans to change their mentality and belief that ethnic majority means necessarily political majority and to embrace a more transethnic political identity. Then the establishment of a judiciary system capable of dealing with the abuses of the past would be possible. This new democratic regime, which would be democratically organized when all these requirements are met, would determine what kind of transitional justice would be pertinent to the Rwandan case. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

Basketball continues to increase in popularity worldwide as a participation sport at all levels of play, from recreational to professional. Each year, more than 1.6 million basketball-related injuries are treated in hospitals, doctor's offices and emergency rooms in North America. In Rwanda, basketball and volleyball are the second popular sports, following football. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence, mechanisms, nature and management of basketball-related injuries in Rwanda. / Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio)

1994 genomfördes ett av de mest brutala folkmord som världen har skådat. Platsen var Rwanda, ochlandets medier spelade en avgörande roll i att hetsa folkgruppen hutuer mot tutsier. Den här studien utfördes i Sverige och Rwanda 19 år efter att folkmordet startade, under våren2013, med syftet att undersöka hur medieklimatet i landet ser ut i dag. Totalt sju informanterintervjuades, varav två exiljournalister som i dag befinner sig i Sverige och fem journalister iRwanda. Frågeställningarna var som följer: 1) Hur kan det rwandiska medieklimatet klassificeras,utifrån intervjuer med rwandiska journalister? 2) Hur kan den rwandiska medieetiken beskrivas,utifrån intervjuer med rwandiska journalister? 3) Hur påverkar de rwandiska exiljournalisternamedieklimatet i landet, enligt de rwandiska journalisterna?Som teoretisk grund i studien används dels teorier om offentlighet, dels teorier omklassificering av mediesystem och dels normativa teorier om medieetik. Utifrån intervjuernaanalyseras och diskuteras hur mediesystemet i Rwanda ser ut i dag, hur det kan klassificeras, hurmedieetiken ser ut, vilken påverkan exiljournalisterna kan tänkas ha på utvecklingen avmedieklimatet – och avslutningsvis, vart Rwandas medieklimat kan tänkas vara på väg. Resultaten av studien visar att mediesystemet i Rwanda först och främst är i konstantförändring. De senaste åren har, att döma av de fem inhemska journalisternas syn på saken, flerasteg tagits mot ett öppnare medieklimat. I dag har det flera likheter med länder som hör hemma iHallin & Mancinis (2004) Polarized Pluralist Model. Men det är lång väg kvar innan landet kansägas fylla samtliga kriterier, eller motsvarar de västliga ideal som finns inom journalistisk etik.Medierna är inte någon tredje statsmakt, de är fortfarande starkt begränsade och journalisterna ärfortfarande rädda i vissa situationer. Lågt förtroende för journalistkåren är ett problem. Brist påkompetens hos medierna och oseriösa aktörer är ytterligare ett problem som journalisterna pekar på.Samtidigt finns tecken på att medieklimatet fortsätter att röra sig i riktning mot ett mer västligtideal, även om det finns motstridiga krafter. Såväl teknikutveckling, till exempel genom ökatgenomslag av sociala medier, och indirekt påverkan från exiljournalister genom internationellaorganisationer, drar i riktningen mot ett öppnare medieklimat. Ytterligare en kraft är journalisternasegna utmaningar av de uttalade eller outtalade gränserna för yttrandefriheten. Att döma avjournalisternas svar är en stark kraft som verkar i den motsatta riktningen den politiskt oroligasituationen i regionen, med konflikten i grannlandet Kongo som största problem. Direkta hot ochvåld mot journalister har minskat de senaste åren, men rädslan finns kvar och leder till självcensur.

För att åstadkomma ett effektivt utvecklingsarbete är det av yttersta vikt att undersöka vilka faktorer som leder till stärkt kvinnlig egenmakt. Med hjälp av ekonometrisk analys jämför denna uppsats kvinnlig egenmakt i Rwanda år 2000 respektive 2010. Trots Rwandas omfattande ekonomiska och jämställdhetsfrämjande reformer kan denna uppsats inte visa på mer än marginella ökningar vad gäller kvinnlig egenmakt. Ökningen hittas endast för kvinnor med hög utbildning. I linje med tidigare forskning indikerar resultatet att Rwandas utveckling i många avseenden främst verkar ha gynnat en mer privilegierad minoritet. Inte heller verkar utbildning vara det självskrivna tillvägagångssätt för att öka kvinnors egenmakt som man hade kunnat förvänta sig.

No description available.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Paris 1, 1986. / Bibliogr. p. 291-307.