251 |
Uncertainty and private sector response to economic development policy in post-genocide RwandaNsanzabaganwa, Monique 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research explored factors underlying successful implementation of development policy. It
applied new institutional economic analysis to policy-making processes viewed from the
theory, methodology and practice perspectives. Two important results came out of the
analysis. Firstly, policy performance depends on private actors’ optimization processes that
may or may not end up in conflict with the policy prescriptions. This constitutes a major
source of uncertainty. Secondly, getting the policy content right is a necessary but not
sufficient condition for success. How policy actions are delivered (implemented by private
agents) matters a lot. The policy maker is therefore invited to devise an appropriate
mechanism design to that effect.
The study proposes the Connectedness model as a normative methodology to minimize
uncertainty and increase the likelihood of policy success. The model was inspired by a
retroductive inference from some Rwandan living experiments in policy management, which
have assisted the country to quickly recover from the 1994 Genocide of the Tutsi and achieve
high economic performance in a record time. The Connectedness model defines four actors of
a policy process – the politician, the policy expert/bureaucrat, the change
manager/consciousness nurturer and the private actor– and describes the nature of interactions
between and among them susceptible to guarantee success. The more role players are
coordinated, share the same vision and implement consensus building mechanisms, the higher
the likelihood for the policy to deliver according to plans.
The study proposes three recommendations. Firstly, further research is needed to
operationalize leadership, private sector spirit and connectedness institutions as endogenous
variables in the new growth theory models. Secondly, new methodologies are to be devised to
capture behaviour of individuals and the dynamic nature of policy making processes in macroeconomic modeling. Thirdly, economists and policy makers ought to value more the
contribution of social science disciplines such as sociology and psychology in gathering
evidence and tools to handle change effectively. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing het faktore ondersoek wat onderliggend is aan die suksesvolle
implementering van ontwikkelingsbeleid. Dit het nuwe institusionele ekonomiese analise op
beleidmakingsprosesse toegepas, gesien vanuit die perspektiewe van teorie, metodologie en
die praktyk. Daar het twee belangrike gevolge vanuit hierdie analise voortgevloei. Eerstens,
beleidsprestasie hang af van die private rolspelers se optimaliseringsprosesse wat aan die
einde van die dag in stryd met beleidsvoorskrifte mag wees – of dalk nie. Dit is dus ‘n groot
bron van onsekerheid. Tweedens is die regkry van die beleidsinhoud ‘n noodsaaklike maar nie
genoegsame voorwaarde vir sukses nie. Hoe beleidsaksies gelewer word (geïmplementeer
word deur privaatagente) is baie belangrik. Die beleidmaker word dus uitgenooi om ‘n
toepaslike meganisme-ontwerp te dien effekte te skep.
Die navorsingstudie stel die verbondenheidsmodel voor as ‘n normatiewe metodologie om
onsekerheid te minimaliseer en die waarskynlikheid van beleidsukses te verhoog. Die model is
geïnspireer deur ‘n retroduktiewe afleiding wat gemaak is na aanleiding van ‘n paar Rwandese
lewende eksperimente in beleidsbestuur wat die land gehelp het om vinnig te herstel na die
menseslagting van die Tutsi’s gedurende 1994 en om hoë ekonomiese prestasie in ‘n
rekordtyd te bereik. Die verbondenheidsmodel omskryf vier rolspelers van ‘n beleidsproses –
die politikus, die beleidskundige/burokraat, die veranderingbestuurder/bewussynsversorger en
die private rolspeler – en beskryf die aard van die interaksies tussen hulle wat na alle
waarskynlikheid sukses kan waarborg. Hoe meer die rolspelers gekoördineer word, dieselfde
visie deel en konsensusbouende meganismes implementeer, hoe hoër is die waarskynlikheid
dat die beleid volgens plan sal lewer.
Die navorsingstudie stel drie aanbevelings voor. Eerstens is verdere navorsing nodig om
leierskap, die gees van die privaatsektor sowel as die verbondenheidsinstellings te operasionaliseer as endogene veranderlikes in die nuwe groeiteoriemodelle. Tweedens behoort
daar nuwe metodologieë geskep te word om die gedrag van individue sowel as die dinamiese
aard van beleidmakingsprosesse in makro-ekonomiese modellering vas te vang. Derdens
behoort ekonome en beleidmakers die bydraes van dissiplines in die Sosiale Wetenskappe
byvoorbeeld Sosiologie en Sielkunde hoër aan te slaan wanneer bewyse en instrumente
bymekaar gemaak word om verandering op ‘n effektiewe manier te hanteer.
|
252 |
Quantification of transport demand of hybrid lighter than air in Rwanda through stated preference methodsRwunguko, Jean d'Amour 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)-- Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Today, development of innovative modes of transport is taking place in order to accelerate the economic
growth of transport users as well as reducing the environmental pollution, through an improved
transport system. These new transport modes are associated with advances in modern technologies that
are able to provide solutions to different problems in the transport industry of developing countries.
This research was motivated by the cost reduction and environmental benefits, accruing from the use
of new technology of Hybrid Lighter Than Air (HLTA) transport mode. The intention then, was to
evaluate the modes choice preference of transport users in the case where the HLTA is introduced in
Rwanda. The new mode of HLTA is believed to make a contribution in solving transport challenges
stemming from the fact that Rwanda is a landlocked country. The landlockedness is associated with
lack of access to seaports, remoteness and isolation from major markets. This continues to impede the
development of the country and the problem is exacerbated by the fact that, road transport mode
dominates the transport operations in Rwanda. From an economic point of view, road transport causes
high transport economic costs for both passengers and freight, and increases, to a large extent,
environmental pollution.
In order to achieve the transport users’ modes choice preferences, this study has developed and used an
efficient survey design process of Stated Preference. Drawing from current literature, Stated Preference
is an accurate tool for data collection of studies that relate to choice preferences. This technique made
it possible to design questionnaires by hypothetically creating choice games using three attributes; i.e.
In Vehicle Travel Time, Waiting Time and Travel Cost for available alternative modes of transport.
Thereafter, the collection of data took place by interviewing the transport users of three routes that
accommodate heavy traffic in the study area, Rwanda.
The SPSS version 21 computer programme was used to analyse mode choice preference data and then
for a matter of checking the results, STATA S/E 11.1 was used. Among the results, these computer
programmes reported coefficients of attributes and these were applied in the Binomial logistic
regression mathematical structure in the model building process. The model refinement and validation
processes that followed, have suggested a removal of Waiting Time from the explanatory variables.
This was due to poor performance that Waiting Time has demonstrated in terms of prediction and
significance. Then, magnitudes of utilities of models were determined based on the two remaining
variables. The choice probability value of each alternative on different routes was calculated; and thus
transport demand of each mode was quantified.
According to the results, transport users in Rwanda would prefer and use HLTA in case it starts
operating. For both cargo and passenger transport, HLTA was chosen above other modes set into choice
process, with probabilities of 79.7%, 86.1%, and 58% for HLTA-Passenger on long, medium and short routes respectively and 71%, 56% and 77% for HLTA-Cargo on long, medium and short route
respectively. The passenger transport volume share of HLTA-Passenger projected in the year 2014 was
found to be 6269256 passengers against a total annual passenger traffic demand of 7941752 passengers
on the three routes considered. The annual freight volume of HLTA-Cargo was 10947921 tonnes
against a total of 16935637 tonnes on all the routes considered. These high demand volumes of HLTA
were due to high choice probabilities which in turn, were due to small values of attributes that HLTA
has got compared to those of other modes. It is, therefore, proposed that more research should be
conducted to study the viability of HLTA use in Rwanda. While doing so, such studies should consider
issues of economic viability, environmental benefit research and other studies engaging demand data,
since these data items would be published as the main results of this current work. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwikkeling van innoverende vervoermiddels vind deesdae plaas ten einde die ekonomiese groei
van die gebruikers van vervoer te versnel, asook om maniere te soek om omgewingsbesoedeling te
bekamp deur die verbetering van vervoerstelsels. Hierdie nuwe vervoermiddels word geassosieer met
vooruitgang in moderne tegnologie, wat ten doel het om oplossings te voorsien vir verskeie probleme
in die vervoerindustrie van ontwikkelende lande. Hierdie navorsing is gemotiveer deur
kostevermindering en omgewingsvoordele, wat uit die gebruik van die nuwe tegnologie van Hibriede
Ligter as Lug vervoermiddels (lugskip) voortspruit. Die bedoeling was dan om die keuse van
vervoermiddelvoorkeure deur gebruikers, te evalueer ingeval die bogenoemde lugskip in Rwanda as
vervoermiddel implementeer sou word. Daar word beweer dat hierdie nuwe lugskip vervoermiddel ‘n
aandeel sal hê om die vervoeruitdagingsprobleme van Rwanda, wat landingeslote is, te help oplos.
Hierdie landingeslotenheid word geassosieer met ‘n gebrek aan toegang tot seehawens, afstand en
afsondering van groot markte. Voorts belemmer dit die ontwikkeling van die land en die probleem word
vererger deur die feit dat padvervoer die vervoer bedrywighede in die land oorheers. Padvervoer
veroorsaak hoë vervoer onkoste in die land se ekonomie, vir beide passasiers- en vragvervoer, en daar
is ‘n aansienlike toename in omgewingsbesoedeling.
Ten einde die vervoergebruikers se vervoermiddelkeuse voorkeure te bereik, het hierdie studie 'n
doeltreffende opname-ontwerp proses van Verklaarde Voorkeur ontwikkel en gebruik. Uit kennis van
huidige literatuur, word aanvaar dat Verklaarde Voorkeur 'n akkurate instrument is vir data-versameling
vir studies wat verband hou met die keuse van voorkeure. Hierdie tegniek het dit moontlik gemaak om
vraelyste te ontwerp deur die hipotetiese skepping van keuse speletjies wat drie eienskappe gebruik,
naamlik In-Voertuig Reistyd, Wagtyd en Reiskoste vir beskikbare alternatiewe vervoermiddels. Daarna
het dataversameling plaasgevind deurdat onderhoude met vervoergebruikers van drie swaarverkeerroetes
in Rwanda gevoer is.
Die SPSS weergawe 21 rekenaarprogram is gebruik om die vervoermiddel-keuse voorkeurdata te
analiseer, en daarna, ten einde die uitslae te ondersoek, is die STATA S/E 11.1 program gebruik. As
deel van die uitslae het hierdie rekenaarprogramme berig oor eienskappe van koëffisiënte. Hierdie
uitslae is toegepas in die Binomiale logistieke regressie wiskundige struktuur in ‘n modelbou-proses.
Die model validasieproses wat gevolg het, het voorgestel dat wagtyd weggelaat word as een van die
verklarende veranderlikes. Dit was as gevolg van swak prestasie wat wagtyd getoon het in terme van
voorspelling en betekenis. Daarna is groottes van modelle se nuttigheid bepaal op grond van die twee
oorblywende veranderlikes. Laastens is die keuse waarskynlikheidswaardes van elke alternatief op
verskillende roetes bereken, en sodoende is die vervoeraanvraag van elke vervoermiddel
gekwantifiseer. Volgens die uitslae sou vervoergebruikers in Rwanda die lugskip as vervoermiddel verkies en gebruik,
indien dit implementer sou word. Vir beide vrag- en passasiersvervoer, is die lugskip bo ander vorme
gekies wat in die keuse proses beskikbaar was, met waarskynlikhede van 79.7%, 86.1%, en 58 vir
lugskip-passasier op 'n lang, medium en kort roete onderskeidelik, en waarskynlikhede van 71%, 56%
en 77% vir lugskip-vrag op die lang, medium en kort roetes onderskeidelik. Die projeksie van die
passasier vervoer volume gedeelte van lugskip-passasier vir die jaar 2014 het bevind dat 6269256
passasiers uit 'n totale passasiersverkeer aanvraag van 7941752, geprojekteer vir 2014, op die drie
oorweegde roetes voorspel was. Die vrag volume van lugskip-vrag was 10947921 ton, teenoor 'n totaal
van 16935637 ton op al die oorweegde roetes. Hierdie hoë aanvraag volumes van lugskip vervoer was
as gevolg van hoë keuse waarskynlikhede wat op hul beurt, as gevolg van die klein waardes van
eienskappe van die lugskip in vergelyking met dié van ander vervoermiddels veroorsaak is. Die voorstel
is dus dat meer navorsing gedoen moet word om die lewensvatbaarheid van die gebruik van lugskip
vervoer in Rwanda te bestudeer. Terselfdertyd moet sodanige studies kwessies oorweeg wat die
ekonomiese lewensvatbaar van die vervoermiddel ondersoek, voordele vir die omgewing inhou en
ander studies waar aanvraagdata oorweeg word, aangesien sulke data alreeds gepubliseer sal wees as
die belangrikste resultate van hierdie huidige studie.
|
253 |
Beyond dichotomies : the quest for justice and reconciliation and the politics of national identity building in post-genocide RwandaSasaki, Kazuyuki January 2009 (has links)
Justice and reconciliation are both highly complex concepts that are often described as incompatible alternatives in the aftermath of violent conflicts, despite the fact that both are fundamental to peacebuilding in societies divided by the legacies of political violence, oppression and exclusion. This thesis examines the relationship between justice and reconciliation, pursued as essential ingredients of peacebuilding. After advancing an inclusive working conceptual framework in which seemingly competing conceptions regarding justice and reconciliation are reconceived to work compatibly for building peace, the thesis presents the results of an in-depth case study of Rwanda's post-genocide justice and reconciliation endeavour. The thesis focuses on Rwanda's justice and reconciliation efforts and their relationship to the ongoing challenge of reformulating Rwandans' social identities. A field research conducted for this study revealed that issues of victimhood, justice and reconciliation were highly contested among individuals and groups with varied experiences of the country's violent history. Resolving these conflicting narratives so that each Rwandan's narrative/identity is dissociated from the negation of the other's victimhood emerged as a paramount challenge in Rwanda's quest for justice and reconciliation. Rwanda's approach to justice and reconciliation can be seen as an innovative both/and approach that seeks to overcome dichotomous thinking by addressing various justice and reconciliation concerns in compatible ways. However, by limiting its efforts to the issues that arose from crimes committed under the former regimes, the justice and reconciliation endeavour of the Rwandan government fails to reconcile people's conflicting narratives of victimhood, which will be essential to transform the existing racialised and politicised ethnic identities of Rwandan people.
|
254 |
Génocide via les ondes : reconsidération de l'effet radiophonique au Rwanda, 1994Vinet-Thibault, Julie January 2009 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
|
255 |
Le génocide des tutsi au Rwanda dans les productions littéraires et cinématogaphiques : construction, transmission et médiatisation de la mémoire face aux enjeux contemporains de la représentation de l’événement / The Tutsi genocide in Rwanda in literary and cinematic work : construction, transmission and media coverage of memory in the throes of the contemporary stakes of the event representationBrinker, Virginie 10 December 2011 (has links)
Des auteurs africains subsahariens francophones de l’opération « Rwanda : écrire par devoir de mémoire », au réalisateur haïtien Raoul Peck, en passant par nombre d’auteurs belges ou québécois, le génocide des Tutsi du Rwanda est devenu, en une quinzaine d’années, un véritable objet de création littéraire et cinématographique, et le centre d’œuvres qui construisent, perpétuent mais aussi questionnent sans fin sa mémoire. En effet, souvent considéré comme le premier génocide « télévisé », une mémoire médiatique du génocide de 1994 préexiste à ce travail de l’écriture et a contribué à « informer » les cadres collectifs de sa représentation, une représentation souvent tronquée et partielle. Il s’agit donc de questionner, d’un point de vue éthique et esthétique, les rapports à la construction et à la transmission de la mémoire que peuvent entretenir la littérature et les images médiatiques. Il s’agit surtout de produire une théorie littéraire de la transmission résolument contemporaine, de mettre à jour une poétique de la transmission propre à la littérature et à ses enjeux dans notre monde de l’image, en prenant le génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda comme champ d’analyse emblématique. Cette théorie met à jour deux concepts majeurs : la médiation et la passation de la mémoire dans leurs enjeux éthiques, esthétiques et proprement stylistiques. C’est ainsi en se faisant agent de la traversée de l’espace, du temps, des frontières entre auteur et lecteur, autrui et moi, visible et invisible, conscience et inconscient, c’est-à-dire passeur, que le médiateur-scripteur parachève l’entreprise de transmission et redonne à la littérature sa place de choix dans la société contemporaine. / For at least the last fifteen years, the Tutsi genocide which happened in Rwanda triggered a wide array of literary and cinematographic works, ranging from the francophone African Sub-Saharan writers who took part in the initiative “Rwanda: writing out of the duty of remembrance” to the Haitian director Raoul Peck and numerous authors from Belgium and Quebec. All these works construct, transmit and also endlessly challenge the memory of the genocide. Indeed, the genocide in Rwanda being often considered as the first “TV live” genocide, the media-staged memory of the 1994 events comes before the literary work and has greatly impacted the collective framing of its – often biased and partial – depiction. Subsequently it matters to question, from an ethical and aesthetical point of view, the dynamics of memory construction and transmission which are at stake between literature and images from the media. More importantly, it matters to define a contemporary literary theory of transmission that particularly addresses the poetics of literary transmission at the age of the media ineluctability: the case of the Tutsi genocide in Rwanda will help articulate this theory. The latter relies on two major concepts: the mediation and the passation of memory from ethical, aesthetic and stylistic perspectives. By building a bridge crossing space and time, beyond the frontier between authorship and readership, the other and I, the visible and the invisible, consciousness and unconsciousness, by becoming a passeur, the mediator and scriptwriter brings his contribution to the project of transmission and associates literature with a mission of its own in the throes of current issues.
|
256 |
The Indian Ocean journey of Rwandan coffee to JohannesburgBerman, Abigayle Raine January 2016 (has links)
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement of M.A. (Anthropology) at the University of the Witwatersrand
March 2016 / The aim of this thesis is to understand the way in which the Indian Ocean is seen to be a key influencer within African trade, and most importantly African coffee trade. The Indian Ocean has long been viewed as a contributor within global trade, but it is through this ethnography that I specifically showcase the impact it has within the continent. This ethnography highlights key routes which are taken for coffee which is produced in East Africa, how it leaves a landlocked country and passes through borders to a port city on the Eastern littoral, its life at the port city until it enters South Africa. It further explores various ways to understand the complex nature of the containerisation of a commodity and how African trade is able to be looked at not only via trade across or through the continent but through the Indian Ocean. This paper therefore aims to create a new narrative of the Indian Ocean. / MT2017
|
257 |
Enquête, Histoire et Fiction : Jean Hatzfeld au prisme de l'écriture. / Investigation, history and fiction : the writing of the track in Jean Hatzfeld's trilogy on the Rwandan genocide.Mimboui Nguema, Ida Paola 15 December 2016 (has links)
Penser l’écriture par rapport à l’histoire c’est mettre en relation deux moments importants de l’activité. On peut considérer que ce qui est écrit, c’est ce qui reste, c’est-à-dire jugé digne d’être transmis. Il en va ainsi des événements historiques qui grâce à l’écriture sont transmis de génération en génération. L’écriture est ainsi une trace, une mémoire de l’histoire. Toutefois, l’histoire semble s’opposer à l’écriture littéraire. Car il est généralement admis qu’on ne trouve guère dans les œuvres littéraires que ce qui s´oppose à la réalité et ce point de vue relèverait de l’imaginaire voire de la simulation. Cette approche du texte littéraire se trouve désormais quelque peu ébranlée, si l’on intègre les témoignages, les biographies, notamment les témoignages de survivants de génocide et même ceux des « assassins ».Cette question est d’autant plus présente que ces dernières décennies on assiste à l’émergence dans le débat critique d’une question, que la poétique n’avait jamais explicitée en tant que telle : celle des frontières de la fiction. Toutes choses qui ont permis de repenser la poétique de l’œuvre littéraire fondée comme l’indique les organisateurs d’un colloque en ligne « sur une prescription de distanciation et de subordination du réel concret ou factuel au profit de la fiction ». Il apparaît donc que c’est dans le déploiement même du texte que la difficulté à définir le statut du texte se dévoile dans toute sa complexité. Loin des approches structuralistes du milieu du XXe siècle qui concevaient encore le texte comme un système de relations clos sur lui-même, la critique contemporaine pense le texte dans son rapport avec le hors texte. Ainsi, on redécouvre la nécessité non seulement d’inclure les sciences humaines dans le travail critique mais aussi de lire les faits historiques et sociologiques à partir du texte littéraire. Comment concilier histoire et écriture ?Ce questionnement général s’applique également à toutes les littératures, notamment aux textes sur le génocide rwandais. Ici se pose identiquement la question de la mise en écriture d’une page tragique de l’Histoire. Comment dire sans totalement sublimer le factuel ? Le langage est-il apte à saisir les horreurs de ce génocide, comment écrire ? Telles sont en quelques mots les questions que pose cette littérature. Dans cette perspective Jean Hatzfeld se présente comme enquêteur qui transmet les résultats d’une profonde expérience sur le génocide du Rwanda. Son texte Une Saison de machettes : La parole des assassins, le deuxième récit d’une trilogie consacrée au génocide Rwandais, révèle un processus de reconstitution des traces de l’histoire à travers le témoignage presque naturel de Hutus ayant participés aux massacre des Tutsi. La particularité de ce texte est la mise en discours du récit des bourreaux. C’est-à-dire ceux-là qui ont pleinement participé aux massacres humains en tant qu’acteurs, meneurs de troupes. Il s’agit pour l’auteur de faire parler des personnes qui ont fait l’expérience du pouvoir de vie ou de mort sur leur semblable. Ici, l’homme est d’abord perçu selon la formule de Thomas Hobbes comme un ‘‘loup pour l’homme.’’ Le voisin ou l’ami d’enfance qui devient cet être diabolique capable des pires atrocités.Nous allons orienter notre analyse vers trois principaux axes de recherche que sont : l’étude du texte, celui du contexte et du métatexte. / To look at writing in relation to history is to link two important moments of the activity. It might be considered that what is written is that which lasts, that is, worthy of being transmitted. It goes the same with historical events which are transmitted through writing from generation to generation. Writing is thus a sign, a memory of history. However, history seems to be opposed to literary writing. It is a common opinion that only the things which are opposed to reality are found in literary works and this idea comes close to being an imagination or even a simulation. This literary text approach is henceforth a little bit rattled if testimonies and biographies are included, especially the testimonies of the genocide survivors and not to say those of the “killers”.This general questioning equally applies to all literatures, notably to the texts about the Rwandan genocide. The issue of the putting down in writing of a tragic page of History identically arises here. How to tell without transcending the factual? Is language capable of grasping the horrors of this genocide, how should one write? These are in few words the issues addressed in this literature. In this regard, Jean Hatzfeld presents himself as an investigator who passes down the results of a profound experience about the Rwandan genocide. His book “Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak”, a second narrative of a trilogy concerning the Rwandan genocide, reveals a process of reconstituting the traces of history through an almost natural testimony by the Hutus who took part in the massacre of the Tutsi. What makes this text unusual is the setting down in terms of discourse of the executioners’ narrative. That is, those who fully took part in the massacre of humans as actors and troop leaders. To the author, it is a question of getting people to speak, who had the power of life or of death over their fellow. Man is seen here by Thomas Hobbes formula as “a wolf to man”. The neighbour or childhood friend becomes that diabolic being capable of the worst atrocities.Our analysis will be focussed on the following three main aspects: text, context and metatext studies.
|
258 |
La presse catholique et son rôle dans la vie politique et sociale du Rwanda (1931-1961) / The catholic print media and its role in political and social life of Rwanda (1931-1961)Munyakayanza, Jean-François 06 March 2013 (has links)
Les missionnaires catholiques arrivent au Rwanda en 1900. En collaboration avec le pouvoir colonial, ils entreprirent des transformations économiques, sociales, politiques et culturelles. Le rôle de l'Église était l'évangélisation, elle avait aussi en charge l'instruction de la société rwandaise. Au fur et à mesure que les années avançaient, les rwandais étaient initiés à la culture de récrit aux dépens de l'oralité. Très vite le besoin de vouloir entretenir les néophytes dans la foi chrétienne et surtout prolonger la formation dispensée au rabais dans les catéchuménats, ils décident de mettre en place une presse catholique en fondant une série de journaux publiés dans la langue vernaculaire et en français. En plus des enseignements religieux, les articles publiés abordaient les problèmes sociaux, politiques. A titre d'exemple grâce au premier journal "Kinyamateka", les autorités tant de l'administration coloniale qu'autochtones faisaient parvenir leurs directives à la population. La ligne éditoriale a subi des modifications s'intéressant davantage aux problèmes sociaux et politiques du pays sans laisser de côté les aspects de la vie chrétienne. Cette presse a contribué grandement dans la conscientisation des lecteurs face aux courants politiques déclenchés à la veille de l'accession à l'indépendance. Pendant une trentaine d'années (1931-1961) elle est parvenue à jouer son rôle de former, d'informer et d'orienter l'opinion de ses lecteurs. / Roman Catholic missionaries arrived in Rwanda in 1900. ln collaboration with the colonial power, they began with economic, social., political and cultural transformations. The role of the Church was evangelization : it was also in charge of the education of the Rwandan society. As the years progressed, the Rwandans were introduced to the culture of writing at the expense of oral practices. Soon the need of wanting to maintain those new baptized people to the Christian faith and especially to extend the training of catechumen which were not efficiently formed, they decided to set up a PRINT MEDIA based in a series of papers published either in the vernacular or in French language. ln addition to the religious teachings, the articles addressed the social and political problems. For example with the first newspaper to be implemented, " Kinyamateka", the authorities the colonial as indigenous used it to send their instructions to the population. After several years the editorial line has been modified and became more concerned with social and political problems of the country without neglecting aspects of the Christian life. This catholic press has contributed greatly to the awareness of readers deal with political currents triggered the eve of independence. For thirty years (1931-1961) it was able to play its role to educate, inform and guide the opinion of its readers.
|
259 |
La parole pulvérisée : émergence et singularité d’une littérature de témoignage sur le génocide du Rwanda / The dramatic change in Rwandan expression : the newness and singularity of a "witness literature" about the Rwandan genocideTalayssat, Anne-Sophie 19 June 2017 (has links)
Dès 1997, des témoins rwandais rescapés d'un des événements les plus sombres du XXème siècle ont témoigné de leur expérience au cœur du génocide Tutsi survenu trois ans auparavant. La nécessité de mettre en récit l’horreur traversée a fait naître, en langue française, une littérature d’« un genre nouveau » qui n’existait pas dans le pays. En analysant seize récits rwandais de témoins directs du génocide, la thèse discute l’obstacle présupposé de leur co-écriture et met en évidence l’émergence et la singularité de cette littérature de témoignage : sa naissance dans la déchirure ; son mode spécifique d’élaboration ; sa poéticité ; sa rhétorique de la pulvérisation inhérente au traumatisme et, spécificité remarquable dans une culture où l’expression du « moi » n’est guère encouragée, son hybridation entre témoignage et autobiographie. Au confluent de l’histoire personnelle et de l’Histoire collective, certains témoins rescapés ont en effet exploré la voie d’une narration intime afin de reconstruire ce que le génocide a fait voler en éclats : le rapport à soi-même et à une communauté qui, après les avoir niés en tant qu’êtres humains, a tardé à les reconnaître en tant que victimes. Ce projet testimonial constitue tout autant une tentative de résilience qu’une quête de justice, un acte conclusif du deuil et une difficile progression de la survie vers la vie. Cette thèse inscrit de plein droit dans la littérature des œuvres essentielles et irremplaçables pour approcher au plus près la vérité du traumatisme et des faits génocidaires endurés. / Since 1997 Rwandan witnesses who have survived the Tutsi genocide in Rwanda in 1994 have related their dreadful experience of one of the worst events of the 20th century. The urge to write about this terrible event was the starting point of a new genre of writing in French in the country. By analysing sixteen direct witnesses' accounts this thesis examines the assumption that the need to resort to another person to transcribe their oral testimonies could present an obstacle. It reveals the newness and singularity of this " witness literature " : a dramatic break from all traditional artistic forms, the specific technique with a note of poetry, the way it describes the devastation caused by the traumatic events. Moreover what is remarkable in a culture in which self- expression is not encouraged is how it combines testimony and autobiography. Indeed where personal history and collective history meet, by telling their private accounts some surviving witnesses have been able to rebuild what the genocide had destroyed, that is to say introspection and the relationship with the community which not only had not considered them as human beings but had also delayed recognising them as victims. This " testimony project" is an attempt at resilience and a demand for justice as well, a way of coming out of mourning in order to be able to go on living. This thesis intends to fully acknowledge the literary quality of these very important, essential writings and to understand the intensity of the trauma caused by the criminal acts they had to endure during the genocide.
|
260 |
Quality in Learning in Rwandan Higher Education : Different stakeholders’ perceptions of students’ learning and employability / Kvalitet i lärande i högre utbildning i Rwanda : Olika aktörers uppfattningar om studenters lärande ochanställningsbarhetMbabazi, Penelope B. January 2013 (has links)
The aim of the thesis is to investigate quality in learning in higher education in Rwanda by focusing on students’ learning and their employability. This focus allows for an understanding of key challenges for Rwandan higher education to emerge, at a time when more and more students are enrolling. Higher education is being rebuilt after the genocide of 1994 in Rwanda and the focus on quality in learning and preparing students for work life is thus timely and important. The empirical material comprises interviews with students, teachers and employers. Interpretation of this material is guided by perspectives on quality in learning: students’ approaches to learning, learning as transformation and employability. A meta-ethnographic analysis of the four articles on which the thesis is based generated five themes as central quality aspects of learning that could enhance the employability of graduates: becoming professional, skillful practices, becoming a learner, becoming responsible and international experience. The results illustrate that students have to some extent different views from employers and teachers regarding questions about quality in learning. Thus, it could be of value for policy makers and teachers to listen to what the students have to say when designing policy and curriculum in higher education in Rwanda. / Syftet med denna avhandling är att studera kvalitet i lärande i högre utbildning i Rwanda med fokus på studenters lärande och deras anställningsbarhet. Den förra som ett sätt att identifiera de mest centrala utmaningarna för studenters lärande i högre utbildning i Rwanda i en tid då fler och fler studenter deltar i högre utbildning. Den andra som ett sätt att få kunskap om hur väl förberedda studenter är efter avslutad utbildning i en tid då högre utbildning i Rwanda återbyggs efter folkmorden 1994. Det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer med studenter, lärare och arbetsgivare. Perspektiv på kvalitet i lärande i termer av studenters förhållningssätt till lärande, lärande som transformativt och anställningsbarhet, användes för att tolka materialet. En meta-etnografisk analys genomfördes av de fyra artiklar på vilka denna avhandling baseras. Fem kategorier centrala för kvalitet i lärande och något som kan bidra till ökad anställningsbarhet genererades: att bli professionell, skickliga praktiker, att bli en lärande person, att bli ansvarstagande, och internationellt erfarenhet. Resultaten illustrerar hur studenter i viss mån har annan syn på kvalitet i lärande i högre utbildning än vad lärarna och arbetsgivarna har. Därmed kan det vara viktigt för policymakare och lärare att lyssna på vad studenterna har att säga när policy och läroplan för högre utbildning i Rwanda revideras.
|
Page generated in 0.0572 seconds