HIV/AIDS Education in Butare- Ville Secondary Schools (Rwanda): Analyzing current Pedagogic Discourse using a Bernsteinian framework. This thesis is concerned with the questions of "the what and how of HIV/AIDS school education". This study is located in three secondary schools in Butare-Ville, Rwanda, which were selected to show the picture of current pedagogic practices of fighting the pandemic in various schools. The first part of the study is concerned with the analysis of National policy of HIV/AIDS education of grade 9. This analysis examines how HIV/AIDS education is planned and integrated in various school subjects and what the Ministry of Education's policy is on how it should be implemented. I examined the instructional and regulative discourses within the national policy. Through curricula of other subjects which integrate into HIV/ AIDS education, I also examined how the knowledge of instruction is organized in terms of vertical and horizontal organization. The second part of the study is concerned with how the National HIV/AIDS Policy of HIV/AIDS education is transmitted in the classrooms in terms of classification and framing. In consideration of how students are educated about the disease, I explored students' grouping in terms of gender for getting knowledge and life skills to protect themselves from the pandemic. The theoretical resources for the analysis are drawn from Bernstein. The contribution of this thesis is two-fold. Firstly, it offers methodological techniques for evaluating of HIV/AIDS discourse with regard to how it is constructed and distributed in the classroom using a Bernsteinian framework. Secondly, the thesis points forward to further research in HIV/AIDS education for change in curriculum and pedagogic practices. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

Toute la population du Rwanda parle une même langue, le kinyarwanda, à la fois langue nationale et officielle. Cette homogénéité linguistique « de surface » se présente comme l’arbre qui cache la forêt d’une relative diversité linguistique « en profondeur » (dialectes, langues africaines et européennes en présence). L’heure n’est pas encore au chaos, mais l’adoption du trilinguisme officielle en 1996 [(kinyarwanda-français-anglais) impose, plus que par le passé, la définition d’une politique de gestion de la situation sociolinguistique du Rwanda, notamment par la détermination claire, par une loi linguistique, des fonctions des langues officielles dans les différents domaines, pour régler les problèmes qui se posent depuis le bilinguisme kinyarwanda-français adopté vers les années 1930. Les problèmes linguistiques et sociolinguistiques intéressent diverses catégories de personnes depuis le début du 20ème siècle. Cependant, la question de l’utilisation des langues dans les différents domaines et de leur connaissance approximative reste entièrement posée. Ce travail analyse les politiques linguistiques appliquées au Rwanda jusqu’à ce jour pour en dégager les enjeux et en établir le bilan afin de proposer de nouvelles stratégies de gestion de la situation sociolinguistique du Rwanda. Il s’agit en effet d’une politologie linguistique qui s’inscrit dans le cadre théorique et conceptuel déjà très rodé et dont l’efficacité a pu être testée sur le terrain dans différents pays ; cadre théorique qui est emprunté pour l’essentiel au linguiste québécois Jean-Claude Corbeil. Il est enrichi des analyses d’autres auteurs comme Robert Chaudenson, Louis-Jean Calvet, Loïc Depecker, Henri Boyer, etc. sur le concept d’aménagement linguistique et sur des situations concrètes. L’étude s’appuie à la fois sur une recherche documentaire minutieuse, une enquête de terrain qui a été effectuée au Rwanda auprès des diverses catégories de personnes et quelques entretiens informels avec certains intervenants en matière d’aménagement linguistique (linguistes et décideurs). / The whole population of Rwanda speaks the same language, Kinyarwanda, which is both the national and official language. This “surface” linguistic homogeneity is seen as a tree that hides a forest of a relatively “in depth” linguistic diversity (dialects, African and European languages). It is not yet time for chaos but the adoption of official trilingualism (Kinyarwanda-French-English) requires more than ever before the definition of the policy of managing the sociolinguistic situation of Rwanda, namely by clear determination, by a linguistic law, of the roles of official languages in various areas in order to solve the problems that have remained unanswered since the adoption of Kinyarwanda-French bilingualism in the 1930’s. From early the 20th century, the linguistic and sociolinguistic issues have interested various researchers. However, the question of the use of languages in various domains and their approximate mastery is still posed. This work analyses the linguistic policies that have been adopted in Rwanda with aim to bring out the stakes and assess the situation geared towards suggesting the new management strategies of the sociolinguistic situation of Rwanda. This is indeed a linguistic “politology” which falls within the theoretical and conceptual framework already explored whose efficiency has been tested on the ground in different countries. The theoretical framework has essentially been borrowed from the Quebec linguist Jean-Claude Corbeil. It is enriched with analyses of such other authors as Robert Chaudenson, Louis- Jean Calvet, Loïc Depecker, Henri Boyer, etc. on the concept of language planning and concrete situations. The study is based on both a meticulous documentary research and field work that have been carried out in Rwanda with various categories of people and some informal interviews with some stakeholders in language policy and planning [linguists and decision-makers].

"This study will demonstrate how the ICTR is developing and enforcing international humanitarian law (IHL). Already it has successfully sent out a clear message to leaders worldwide that gross human rights violations of this nature will no longer go unpunished, providing a form of deterrence. The ICTR continues to develop a rich jurisprudence on IHL that will be examined in this study. Being the first international tribunal to convict a person of genocide, the first to recognise rape as an element of genocide, and to try a woman for the crime of genocide, the ICTR jurisprudence will prove invaluable. The rules of procedure adopted by the ICTR that have greatly facilitated bringing to justice high ranking officials shall also be examined. The study will contribute to the ongoing discussion on the role of the ICTR in developing and enforcing IHL. The study will specifically give insight on how the ICTR helps the development of IHL from an African perspective, thus contributing to ending impunity not only in Rwanda but in Africa as a whole. ... Chapter two will give a background to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, which led to the establishment of the ICTR. This section will discuss the jurisdiction, structure, and procedures of the ICTR. Chapter three will examine the development and nature of IHL and the problems regarding its enforceability. Chpater four will address the contribution made by the ICTR to the development and enforcement of IHL. Chapter five will offer some concluding remarks." -- Chapter 1. / Supervised by Mr. Emmanuel Yaw Benneh at the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2001. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

ICT based health care policies in developing countries must be targeted at the poorest most rural member of the population where there is demand but little or no supply of health care. This is achieved through ICT4RD program which mainly focus on provisioning of ICT access to rural areas. In this regard, ICT4RD Tanzania built a local broadband which pass through fifteen villages around Serengeti district to benefit health, government and education sectors. There have been a number of discussions between countries located alongside the African great lakes to build a sustainable rural community networks providing basic public services as a research infrastructure network. The main motivation is to facilitate first mile initiatives to explore and demonstrate methods and solutions that could eventually be used to commercial actors to build production networks in areas where there is demand but little or no supply. The discussion has passed all the way and become a project called AGLARBRI(African Great Lakes Broadband Research Infrastructure). At this critical time, it is of technical interests to see if rural regions around the African great lakes could benefit from previous similar projects like Tanzanian ICT4RD project. This thesis addresses the aforementioned basic interest and uses a comparative case study tool to formulate and analyze the reproducibility of technical solutions produced by ICT4RD Tanzania program to a selected district in Rwanda. Intensive study on ICT4RD Tanzania technical solutions, on-site survey and radio mobile simulation analysis has been performed. Interview with health center employees, IT support personnel’s, and stakeholders, online questionnaires, direct observation while performing site survey and online official resources are used as primary and secondary source of data. The outcome of the thesis reveals that infrastructure design proposed by ICT4RD Tanzania program using fiber-wireless technology can also be used for a rural district in Rwanda in a similar fashion after considering local telecommunication regulations. It also proves that a great care needs to be taken while reproducing services between regions. Service reproducibility has also shown a failure to some extent. This is revealed by the use of Drug Management Application (DMA) and webmail applications. DMA application couldn’t be reproduced because the two rural areas used for comparison have different work flow for drug management. Reproducibility of webmail application has also shown a filer due to the fact that webmail system is not current interest for Kirehe district healthcare system. The outcome of the thesis also proves that ICT4RD Tanzania proposed infrastructure design solutions can be scaled and extended for similar rural areas along the AGLARBRI ring. Furthermore, service demand and work flow analysis is crucial to reproduce services along the area. / ICT-baserad hälso-och sjukvård politiken i utvecklingsländerna måste riktas mot de fattigaste mest lantliga medlem av befolkningen där det finns efterfrågan, men liten eller ingen utbudet av hälso-och sjukvården. Detta arkiveras genom ICT4RD program som främst inriktas på tillhandahållande av ICT tillgång till landsbygden. I detta avseende byggde ICT4RD Tanzania en lokal bredband som passerar genom femton byar i närheten av Serengeti distriktet till att förbättra hälsan, myndigheter och utbildningssektorerna. Det har förekommit ett antal diskussioner mellan länder som ligger vid sidan av de afrikanska stora sjöarna att skapa en hållbar landsbygd med nätverk som ger viktigaste offentliga tjänster som en forskningsinfrastruktur nätverk. De viktigaste motiven är för att underlätta första milen initiativ att undersöka och demonstrera metoder och lösningar som kan så småningom skulle användas för att kommersiella aktörerna bygga upp produktions nätverket i områden där det finns efterfrågan, men liten eller någon leverans. Diskussionen har gått hela vägen och bli ett projekt som kallas AGLARBRI. På hans kritiska tiden är det av tekniska intresse att se om landsbygden runt de afrikanska stora sjöarna kan dra nytta av tidigare liknande projekt som Tanzanias ICT4RD projekt. Denna avhandling behandlar tidigare nämnda grundläggande intresse och använder en jämförande fallstudie verktyg för att formulera och analysera reproducerbarhet av tekniska lösningar som produceras av ICT4RD Tanzania för en vald distrikt i Rwanda. Intensiva studier på ICT4RD Tanzania tekniska lösningar, plats undersökning och radio mobil simulering analys har utförts. Intervju med hälso center, IT-stöd Personalens och intressenter, online frågeformulär, direkt observation under utföra platsundersökning och online officiella resurser används som primär och sekundär datakälla. Resultatet av thesis visar att konstruktionen av infrastruktur som föreslagits av ICT4RD Tanzania programmet med fiber-trådlös teknik kan också användas för en kommun i Rwanda på ett liknande sätt. Den visar också att en stor försiktighet måste tas samtidigt reproducerar tjänster mellan regionerna. Tjänsten reproducerbarhet har också visat ett misslyckande till viss del. Det visar med hjälp av DMA och webb post tillämpnngar . DMA tillämpning kunde inte reproduceras eftersom de två landsbygden används för Jämförelsen har olika arbetsflöde för läkemedel förvaltningen. Reproducerbarhet av webb post tillämpningar har också visat ett Filer på grund av att webbmail systemet inte är ett intresse för Kirehe distriktet hälso-och sjukvården. Avhandlingen visar också att ICT4RD Tanzania föreslagna infrastrukturen utformning lösningar kan skalas och förlängas liknande landsbygden längs AGLARBRI ringen. Dessutom är efterfrågan på tjänster och arbete flödesanalys är avgörande för att reproducera tjänster längs området.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / Nous avons tenté dans ce travail d expliquer un phénomène d êvolution humaine, c'est-à-dire de biologie par un processus ne dépendant pas de la sélection naturelle mais des comportements et de l'histoire. Pourquoi les Tutsi du Rwanda sont-ils plus élancés que les Hima de l'Ankole, les Hutu et les Twa plus grands que leurs congénaires habitant l'autre rive du lac Kivu? Aucune contrainte climatique ne peut expliquer en ce cas précis ces différences morphologiques. Il faut chercher la solution au niveau de la structure sociale du Rwanda, seul point de référence commun aux trois groupes. Deux idéologies apparemment contradictoires y occupaient toute la place: système clanique et esprit de caste. Afin de dêteraiiner la responsabilité de chacune dans le développement du processus de tutstisation (allongement de la taille), elles furent examinées dans une perspective historique. Le gradiant géographique de l'influence Tutsi sur la morphologie des Twa (consitua.nt la caste inférieure), la répartition de ces derniers dans les clans en fonction de leurs métiers, ainsi que la localisation des sous-clans historiquement les plus importants nous ont permis d'affirmer que l'avênement du régime de castes et son corollaire, la tutsiisation datait d'une époque relativement récente. Après la chute des Renge dominant le clan Singa déjà multiracial et la défaite du peuple réfractaire Banda, l'esprit de caste envahit la partie méridionale du territoire a partir d'un foyer oriental très probablement alimenté par les Hima de l Ankole. En ces régions ou les Hima gouvemaient, les Iru (Hutu), incorporés aux clans des éleveurs étaient totalament exclus de l'univers pastoral. Au Rwanda, par contre, les Hutu pouvalent accéder a l'univers pastoral. De plus, le clan avait perdu sa fonction exogamique et était devenu multiracial. En principe, tout le monde aurait pu devenir Tutsi (ime dénomination politique) si ime nouvelle barrière n avait pas été érigée par l'aristocratie pour défendre sa position. Ce qu elle fit en survalorisant son morphotype et en instaurant un contrôle sur la circulation de ses propres femiaes, nors du système dotal. Dorénavant, elle n'avait pas seulement des vaches a donner, mais aussi et surtout des femmes dont la fonction était de reproduire les différences sociales.

This study aimed to highlight factors used by the Belgian authorities to divide Rwandans during the Colonial Reform Process between 1926 and 1931. More specially, it is aimed at identifying how they mobilised Hutu, Tutsi and Twa social classes and transformed the ethnic identities. To achieve this goal, unstructured interviews and a questionnaire were used. In addition, several data analyses were also used to measure and decipher the attitudes of both the interview and survey's respondents. The results indicated the conflict started when the Belgian colonisers implemented indirect rules that highlighted a selected elite from the Tutsi Tribe. This group benefited from social and economic advantages which totally excluded the Hutu and Twa tribes. With the reform, the previous traditional structure was destroyed, and with the new administration only Tutsi chiefs remained whereas Hutu and Twa chiefs were rendered obsolete. Tutsi were seen as born chiefs. On the contrary, they judged the Hutu good for manual work and exploited them as a labour force. For a deep acceptance of this new order, colonisers reinforced ethnic policies with ideological assumptions which defined Tutsi as the superior race. In this regard, several ethnologists and anthropologists attempted to prove the Hamitic origin of the Tutsi, allowing Belgians to use the "Hamitic Myth", which assumed that the Tutsi was the only group able to understand development and to command at the request of the colonial state. In addition, Belgians decided to issue identity cards which clearly stated the bearer's tribal origin. This undoubtedly influenced people to develop ethnic feelings and disposed the most fiercely rival groups (Hutu and Tutsi) to ethnic competition that led to outbreaks of violence in 1959 when Belgians shifted their allegiance from Tutsi to Hutu as the fomer was asking for independence. The scarcity of environmental resources increased the desire to monopolise control of the country as this was continually perceived as only means of access to resources. This led Rwandan politicians to use ethnicity as a way to secure power. Consequently, a culture of ethnic violence became entrenched. This culminated in genocide from April to July 1994. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.

L'histoire récente de l'humanité est marquée par des violences organisées sur le territoire du Rwanda, allant jusqu'au génocide en 1994, qui ont laissé des inscriptions profondes dans les trajectoires individuelles, familiales et sociales. Afin de rendre compte de l'expérience de violence et de ses conséquences, la psychologie clinique a souvent recours au concept de traumatisme. De nombreuses recherches abordent sa transmission et ses effets chez les descendants. Cette étude qualitative a pour objectif d'explorer la perspective des parents. Menée auprès de participants d'origine rwandaise habitant la région de Québec, nous explorons leur représentation de leur vécu du génocide et de la transmission intergénérationnelle de celui-ci. Nous avons réalisé 15 entretiens semidirectifs et des analyses thématiques des verbatims. L'articulation entre histoire individuelle et histoire collective apparaît comme centrale dans l'expression du vécu affectif et relationnel. Les événements du génocide sont associés à une souffrance, mais aussi à une source de savoir. Les participants évoquent un changement de la représentation de « l'autre », comme une figure désormais capable de violence extrême et d'indifférence. Associés à un sentiment d'étrangeté, le génocide et ses effets sont et relèvent de l'indicible. Pour tenter de les nommer, les participants se tournent vers la langue du kinyarwanda. L'acte de transmission, et de la « non-transmission », détiennent une importance particulière pour les « parents-rescapés », liée à la nécessité de retisser trois types de continuités (narcissique, de filiation et d'affiliation) menacées par le génocide. Les mécanismes de transmission intergénérationnelle respectent les règles culturelles et sont guidés par la position du parenttémoin et sa capacité de mentalisation. Le silence contribue à la reconstruction et à la transmission des codes de conduite et des interdits. Les objets de la transmission se réfèrent à l'imaginaire culturel, notamment à la place de l'ancêtre, aux rituels de mort et au code de vengeance et d'honneur. / The recent history of humanity is marked by organized violence in the territory of Rwanda which has reached the extent of genocide in 1994. These events have left deep impacts in the trajectories of individuals, families and society as a whole. In order to approach the experience of violence and its consequences, the concept of trauma is often used in clinical psychology. Several research studies show its intergenerational effects and transmission based on data collected from offspring’s perspective. This qualitative study aims to explore the parental perspective. We explore the representation of genocide experiences and intergenerational transmission in Rwandan parents living in the region of Quebec. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 parents and the verbatim reports were analyzed. The link between individual history and collective history is central to the expression of emotional and relational experiences. The events of the genocide are represented as a source of suffering but also as a source of knowledge. There is a major change in the representation of the "other" that has become a figure capable of extreme violence and indifference. The genocide and its effects are referred to as unspeakable and associated with a feeling of strangeness. Kinyarwanda language is used by the participants in an attempt to name the genocide and its effects. The act of transmission, as well as the act of "non-transmission", are particularly important for "parents-survivors" who search to maintain continuity on three levels (narcissistic, filiation and affiliation) that have been threatened by the genocide. Intergenerational transmission mechanisms are guided by cultural rules, the parent-witness' position and their capacity of mentalization. Silence helps to restore and transmit codes of conduct and prohibition. The objects of transmission are linked to the cultural imaginary, especially through the position of the ancestor, rituals of death and the code of revenge and honor.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLIAH ABSTRACT: Several indispensable variables for effective community development include, among others: development skills, networking and partnership, and community participation in the development project life cycle. The study aimed to derive relevant lessons about these factors for Rwanda from the South African community development experience. A literature study was first undertaken on key concepts such as participation, rural community, development, and policy and practice. Literature on principles and policies guidelines for community development in both the South African and Rwandan contexts was also reviewed. Within the perspective of comparative analysis, the socio-political and historical backgrounds of both countries served as the basis of criteria for selecting four case studies. From South Africa, three case studies were selected from both the apartheid and post-apartheid periods. One postapartheid study was regarded as unsuccessful and one was successful. The third is a successful ongoing case that straddles the apartheid and post-apartheid periods. From Rwanda, a postgenocide ongoing case was selected on the grounds of its perceived success. A comparative analysis was undertaken of practical results and the South African experience provided actual relevance for Rwanda in specific ways. In complete contrast to the current view that community driven development depends on the political context, the study shows that it depends rather on a number of objective principles for active community participation. What is demonstrated is that community driven development cannot be adequately supported by the developer-centred, consultation, and blueprint approaches because they fail to inspire active community participation. Nor can community participation be seen merely as cheap labour or superficial involvement. Instead, it implies empowering the community with development skills that enable people to acquire more choices and gain control of their community life. To achieve such empowerment, the study stresses the need for a shift toward the bottom-up approach to the planning and implementing of rural-based development projects. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie onmisbare veranderlikes vir doeltreffende gemeenskapsontwikkeling sluit, onder andere, die volgende m: ontwikkelingsvaardighede, netwerk en vennootskap, en gemeenskapsdeelname aan die lewensiklus van die ontwikkelingsprojek. Die studie het gepoog om relevante lesse omtrent hierdie faktore vir Rwanda af te lei uit Suid-Afrika se ondervinding ten opsigte van gemeenskapsontwikkeling. 'n Literatuurstudie oor sleutelbegrippe soos deelname, landelike gemeenskap, ontwikkeling en beleid en praktyk, is eers onderneem. Literatuur oor beginsels en beleidsriglyne vir gemeenskapsontwikkeling in sowel die Suid- Afrikaanse as Rwandese omgewings is ook bestudeer. Binne die perspektief van vergelykende analise, het die sosio-politiese en historiese agtergrond van albei lande gedien as die basis van die kriteria waarvolgens vier gevallestudies gekies is. Drie Suid-Afrikaanse gevallestudies is uit die apartheids- en die post-apartheidsera gekies. Een post-apartheidstudie is as onsuksesvol beskou en een as suksesvol. Die derde geval is 'n suksesvolle, voortgaande een uit die apartheidsera en daarna. Uit Rwanda is 'n voortgaande geval uit die era na die volksmoord op grond van sy sigbare sukses gekies. 'n Vergelykende analise van die praktiese resultate is onderneem, en die Suid-Afrikaanse ondervinding het op spesifieke maniere wesenlike toepassings vir Rwanda verskaf. In algehele teenstelling met die huidige opvatting dat gemeenskapsgedrewe ontwikkeling afhang van die politieke omgewing, wys hierdie studie dat dit eerder van 'n aantalobjektiewe beginsels vir aktiewe gemeenskapsdeelname afhang. Wat gedemonstreer word, is dat gemeenskapsgedrewe ontwikkeling nie voldoende deur ontwikkelaargesentreerde, konsultasie- en bloudrukbenaderings ondersteun kan word nie, aangesien hulle nie daarin slaag om aktiewe gemeenskapsdeelname te inspireer nie. Net so kan gemeenskapsdeelname nie bloot gesien word as goedkoop arbeid of oppervlakkige betrokkenheid nie. Dit impliseer eerder die bemagtiging van die gemeenskap met ontwikkelingsvaardighede wat mense in staat stelom meer keuses te bekom en om beheer oor hulle gemeenskapslewe te verkry. Die studie beklemtoon dat, ten einde hierdie bemagtiging te bereik, daar 'n skuif moet plaasvind na die benadering waar die gemeenskap betrokke is by die beplanning en implementering van landelikgebaseerde ontwikkelingsprojekte.

This paper aimed to analyse the impact of power sharing on democracy. The paper also compared the approach of Burundi and Rwanda in their constitutions to the concept of power sharing.

Le régime politique démocratique est souvent plébiscité dans le discours général reproduit par les institutions internationales et assumé par les principaux acteurs politiques dans le monde, comme étant l’arme par excellence pour l’éradication de la corruption et une bonne gouvernance. L’analyse de deux pays africains le Bénin et le Rwanda, semble toutefois indiquer que c’est le pays avec le système le moins démocratique, à savoir le Rwanda qui réussit le mieux le pari de la lutte contre la corruption. Contre toute attente en effet, le Rwanda malgré l’autoritarisme souvent décrié de son gouvernement surclasse le Bénin, souvent applaudi pour la réussite de sa transition démocratique, en matière de lutte contre la corruption. Cette tendance est confirmée par la plupart des indicateurs de la corruption. Ce constat vient remettre en question les postulats de départ, et nous oblige alors à nous interroger sur les sources de la performance du Rwanda. Le présent mémoire vient justement démontrer que la relation entre la nature du régime politique et l’efficacité de la lutte contre la corruption est loin d’être automatique. Les règles du jeu politique à l’intérieur du régime ainsi que la qualité des institutions de lutte contre la corruption mises en place peuvent avoir une influence majeure sur le succès ou l’échec des mesures de lutte contre la corruption. / Democratic regimes are often praised in the general discourse reproduced by international institutions and assumed by the main political actors in the world as a great weapon for the fight against corruption and good governance. However, the analysis of two african countries, Benin and Rwanda, seems to indicate that it is the country with the least democratic system that succeed the best in the fight against corruption. Against all expectations, in fact, Rwanda despite the often decried authoritarianism of his government, outperforms Benin, often applauded for its successful democratic transition. This trend is confirmed by most indicators of corruption. This finding, challenges the starting assumptions, and then forces us to wonder about the source of the performance of Rwanda. This memory precisely demonstrates that the relationship between the nature of the political regime and the effectiveness of the fight against corruption is far from automatic. The rules of the political game within the regime and the quality of anti-corruption institutions implemented can have a major influence on the success or failure of measures against corruption.