This thesis reviews the background, influences, and evolution of three works that form Posthumous, an exhibit by the thesis candidate. The thesis begins with a series of vignettes that relate a number of personal experiences involving death, and photography, which have influenced the conceptual development of the work. Chapters devoted to each piece follow the vignettes. These chapters refer to the various influences that have led to the development of the following works: Obit to Self: April 10, 2005, Posthumous, and Jay. These influences range from the movie Hotel Rwanda, to handbills for punk-rock shows. The thesis ends with a description of the exhibition at the Anderson Gallery.

The topic of this thesis is Genocide in Rwanda which occurred in 1994 and its reflection in Czech press during that time. The aim is to find out in what way the chosen press reported about the genocide itself, the violence in 1994 that preceded it and events that ensued. The findings are compared mutually. Specifically, it's about Mladá fronta Dnes and Lidové noviny that were chosen to represent right sided press. Rudé právo, a newspaper closer to left side of political spectrum, and weekly prints named Respekt and Reflex all representing non-daily print. The thesis is ment as a probe closely investigating Czech media and painting general picture of how the media reported about the conflict in Rwanda. The thesis is divided into two parts, the theoretical and investigative part, the former describing the general characteristics of the country and the historical causes of the tension between the two ethnic groups, events that preceded the genocide and last but not least the course of events that unfolded afterwards during the same year while the latter analyzes the selected Czech prints.

This thesis investigates the relationship between violent conflicts and sexual and reproductive health in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The aim of the thesis is to investigate how war affects demographic outcomes across individual life courses. The thesis contributes to the research field by linking macro level conflict data measuring the intensity and frequency of violent conflict with micro level data on women’s sexual and birth histories and infant deaths across time and place. The results show that war affects infants’ survival and women’s sexual and reproductive health and behavior. The first study finds an increase of premarital first sexual intercourse during the violent conflicts in Rwanda. The second study finds evidence of a delay in the fertility transition due to the Congolese war and the lingering conflicts in East DRC. The third study suggests that the Congolese war affects infant mortality, but only post-neonatal mortality. Despite consistent evidence that conflict affects the everyday life of women and children, the mechanisms that explain this relationship are largely unknown. This thesis identifies important gaps in the research that limit our understanding of the mechanisms at work. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Submitted.</p>

This thesis deals with the position of the selected countries of East Africa in the world economy and prospects of their future development. The first chapter provides basic information about Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda. The second chapter belongs to the most important ones and deals with the historical context. The third part adds some information about the UN approach to the events in this territory. The fourth chapter is devoted to foreign policy orientation. The next two chapters are the most significant ones: the fifth part deals with development of economy and current economic situation, the sixth part discusses foreign trade. The last chapter provides an outlook for the future of these African countries.

Nachdem im Rahmen einer engen Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Missionsärztlichen Institut in Würzburg und dem Centre de Santé in Gikonko, Ruanda bereits im Vorfeld dieser Arbeit erhebliche Probleme mit falsch positiven HIV-Schnelltestergebnissen aufgefallen waren, wurden 162 Patienten bezüglich ihres HIV-Status untersucht und bei einer kleineren Gruppe (46 Patienten) eine eingehende serologische Analyse durchgeführt. Dabei waren Ziele dieser Arbeit (1) den HIV-Status aller in Gikonko als HIV-positiv geführten Patienten zu überprüfen, um so das diagnostische Problem genauer einschätzen zu können; (2) die Reaktionsmuster der Tests zu analysieren, um mögliche Schwachpunkte der einzelnen Schnelltests zu finden; (3) nach Ursachen sowie potentiellen Kreuzreaktivitäten für uneindeutige oder falsch positive Testergebnisse zu suchen; (4) Risikogruppen zu definieren, in denen HIV-Schnelltests weniger aussagekräftig sind und (5) die angepasste HIV-Diagnostik in einigen ausgewählten Fällen mit genaueren Verfahren in Deutschland zu überprüfen und nach weiteren serologischen Auffälligkeiten zu suchen. Hierfür wurden Blutproben mithilfe der im ruandischen Testalgorithmus verwendeten Schnelltests (DetermineTM, UnigoldTM, CapillusTM, First ResponseTM) vor Ort auf HIV getestet. Von Patienten mit zu Voruntersuchungen abweichenden bzw. wider-sprüchlichen Ergebnissen wurden Serumproben nach Deutschland zu genaueren serologischen Analyse transportiert. Diese umfasste die virologische Untersuchung auf HIV mittels ELISA, Western Blot (im positiven Fall zur Bestätigung) sowie PCR, eine immunologische und autoimmunologische Untersuchung (Bestimmung von IgG, IgM, Rheumafaktor sowie ANCA), sowie eine parasitologische Untersuchung (Bestimmung von Malaria-Antikörper) und die Messung von Werten der klinischen Chemie (Kreatinin, GOT, GPT). Ergänzt wurde die serologische Analyse durch die Erhebung von Daten aus der Kartei des Krankenhauses sowie der Schwangerenambulanz in Gikonko. Es zeigte sich, dass unter Verwendung von HIV-Schnelltests bei nur 79% der Patienten (n = 112) der HIV-positive Status bestätigt werden konnte, 15% (n = 21) erhielten ein klar negatives Ergebnis und in 6% (n = 8) führten die HIV-Schnelltests zu keinem eindeutigen Ergebnis. Bei der virologischen Untersuchung in Deutschland wurden alle negativen Ergebnisse bestätigt; unter den acht uneindeutig getesteten Seren wurde in zwei Fällen eine HIV-Infektion nachgewiesen. Um Schwachpunkte oder Anfälligkeiten einzelner Tests auf Störfaktoren aufzeigen, wurden die Reaktionsmuster der HIV-Schnelltests entsprechend der genaueren serologischen Untersuchungen dargestellt und analysiert. Es zeigte sich, dass besonders DetermineTM und CapillusTM ursächlich für uneindeutige Testergebnisse waren. Bei der genaueren Analyse von Seren von Patienten mit zu Voruntersuchungen abweichenden bzw. widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen wurden bei 7% (n = 3) Rheumafaktoren und bei 16% (n = 5) ANCAs nachgewiesen. Außerdem zeigten 48% der Proben (n = 22) stark erhöhte IgM-Werte. Es waren wiederum vornehmlich die Tests DetermineTM und CapillusTM, welche Probleme bei der Testung der entsprechenden Seren aufwiesen. Der Einfluss zweier äußerer Faktoren hingegen war evident: Zum einen führte die Interpretationsvorschrift der Hersteller, jegliche Reaktion als positiv zu werten, zu vielen falsch positiven Ergebnissen und zum anderen genügten die zur Verfügung stehenden HIV-Schnelltests im ländlich gelegenen Gikonko, mit einer HIV-Prävalenz von 4%, den biomathematischen Anforderungen nicht. Die erhobenen Daten aus der Kartei des Centre de Santé erhärteten die Annahme, dass die Neutralität der interpretierenden Person durch eine verdächtige Familien- oder Eigenanamnese bzw. eine entsprechende Klinik gefährdet wird. Die Analyse der Kartei der Schwangerenambulanz zeigte eine signifikante Häufung falsch positiver Testergebnisse im letzten Trimenon. / To evaluate the problem of false positive rapid HIV test results in resource limited countires, 162 patients of the Centre de Santé in Gikonko, Rwanda were tested using rapid tests and of 46 serum samples further serological analysis were performed. Objectives of this thesis were to quantify the number of patients with a false positive HIV status, to search for possible reasons for the failure of rapid HIV tests (e.g. cross reactivities), and to identify specific risk groups with a reduced reliability of rapid HIV tests.

Student Number: 0514022R Masters of Arts, Department of Sociology FACULTY OF HUMANITIES SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES / This study seeks to investigate the sources and the content of sexual information available to Rwandase youths aged 15 to 20 in Impala district. The rationale of this study is that young people need to have information on sexual development, reproduction, contraception, physical changes and about sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS. By getting such information, young people are likely to avoid a number of sex-related problems, including diseases, unforeseen sexual behaviour (early sexual intercourse and unintended pregnancy). To gather data, this study used in –depth interviews with 20 youths of both sexes and 20 key informants from different groups involved in youth sexual education. The study found that there is a range of sources of sexual information in Impala district such as school, peers, church, community meetings, anti-AIDS clubs, parents and radio. The school and peers emerged as the key sources of sexual education for educated youth, while community meetings and church are pointed to be the primary sources of this information for uneducated youth. However, most youth reported having little or no sexual education from parents. Concerning the content of this information, adolescent’s reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS, gender roles, sexual experience and practice are the most discussed, and vary depending on the source involved. The information provided by those social agents has been well appreciated by most of the youth I interviewed. However, I argue that the interpretation is different in people depending on their beliefs, background, attitudes and so on. The study concludes with a number of recommendations both for policy implications and further research.

This study determined the concentrations of lead and cadmium in edible parts of Colocasia esculenta, Amaranthus spp.and Ipomoea batata cultivated on farms in industrially polluted sections of Nyabugogo Marsh in Kigali, Rwanda. The concentrations in all three crops exceeded European Union (EU) standards for metal concentration in food crops. C. esculenta roots (Taro) contained the highest concentration of lead (1.02 mg kg-1) and cadmium (0.56 mg kg-1), approximately ten and six times over the EU limits, respectively. Even though I. batata (sweet potato) contained the lowest concentrations of lead (0.75 mg kg-1), this is almost eight times the upper limit. The highest bioaccumulation factors (the ratio of plant metal concentration to that of the soil in which it is found growing) for both metals were observed in amaranth plants. The concentrations of lead and cadmium in the farm soils were all acceptable based on EU standards (300mg kg-1 for lead and 3mg kg-1 respectively. The average daily consumption by an adult in the community living around the Marsh and where some of the produce is sold is 50g of amaranth, 120g of taro and 180g of sweet potato. Based on the metal concentration and these rates of consumption, the daily dietary intake of lead by an adult in the community from amaranth, taro and sweet potato is 1 x 10-4, 3 x 10-4 and 4 x 10-4 mg kg-1 respectively. The daily intake of cadmium is 4 x 10-4, 1.7 x 10-4 and 1.2 x 10-4 mg kg-1 for amaranth, taro and sweet potato respectively. These metal intakes are well within the recommendations set forth by the World Health Organisation. The community also has access to multiple sources of dietary and non dietary zinc such as beans, milk and rain water collected from zinc coated roofing sheets, which serves to ameliorate the effects of cadmium. It is however worth noting that survey data may have yielded overestimates of these zinc sources, due to the conditions under which the surveys were conducted i.e. in the hearing of neighbors due to the cramped nature of housing, which may have prompted respondents to inflate consumption quantities of expensive food items. The calculated maximum recommended quantities for daily intake of the crops are very large and are unlikely to be consumed by the population i.e. >2kg of amaranth, >2 kg of taro and 3 kg of sweet potato per day for an adult. Additionally, because this is a poor community, access to such quantities of food on a daily basis is not likely. The community is therefore not exposed to health risks from consuming metal contaminated crops, largely because of the small quantities consumed. The local population is therefore at no immediate risk to exceeding metal consumption limits by consuming vegetables grown in the Nyabugogo Marsh, but the threats will likely increase if the pollution of the Marsh is not addressed.

Thesis ( Ph.D.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Science, 2001.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities School of Social Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment for the degree of Masters in Migration & Displacement. Johannesburg 2016 / Repatriation like any other form of migration is highly gendered. The objective of this research study is to analyze the gendered determinants of repatriation. I will explore various motivations for return and the general literature surrounding repatriation. My interest in the research was inspired by my experience working with Rwandan returnees where I encountered more female returnees than men. The other reason was the invocation of the cessation of Rwandan refugees on the 30th June 2013.The implication of the cessation meant to bring to closure to a close the refugee status of Rwandans who fled the country before 31st December 1998 and to find alternative status for those refugees still in need of international protection. An interesting observation is that despite this invocation by the end of 2013, the number of Rwandan refugees coming back did not increase as was expected. At the time of the interviews, the invocation of the cessation status of Rwandan refugees was a not an issue in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). However, a meeting held on the 2nd of October 2015 came up with new deadlines for the implementation on the cessation clause. This research follows a mini-research for my Honours degree that I conducted in 2014 with Rwandan refugees residing in Johannesburg. This work however differs from my previous pilot study in Johannesburg in two ways; in contrast to this research paper, my interviews in Johannesburg involved Rwandan refugees who had not taken the decision to return to Rwanda. Additionally, the refugee profile in South Africa comprised mostly political asylum-seekers while Rwandan refugees hosted in the DRC (my current research location) are mostly those who fled during the 1994 genocide. Voluntary repatriation is a contested issue. In various instances, refugees feel obliged to return either through active promotion of repatriation, reduction of aid in refugee camps or appalling conditions in countries of asylum. What is also evident is the politics between the countries of asylum and origin and the uncomfortable position the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) finds itself as it seeks to ensure the voluntary character of repatriation as is stipulated by the 1969 OAU convention. The gendered approach taken in migration studies reveals renegotiation of gender relations and roles as a result of displacement. Although the role of women changes considerably; social expectations puts more pressure on men to provide and as the limited livelihood opportunities during displacement curtails their primary role as breadwinners. Gender mainstreaming is one of the approaches employed by the, UNHCR to ensure that women are not only involved in all aspects of planning and development but also in issues of peace and security. The literature on repatriation, suggests that women and men consider different factors in their decision to return; men’s main concern is security while women dwell more on working structures like hospitals and schools for their children. During fieldwork, the household emerged as an important unit for repatriation decision making. The research employed a qualitative design. The tools for data collection included semi-structured in-depth questions for Rwandan refugee participants in Goma and key informants from the UNHCR and their government counterpart in the repatriation exercise the Commission Nationale pour les Réfugiés (CNR). In addition, I engaged in an extensive secondary data search through journals, books, the internet, newspapers and policy documents. Thematic analysis was utilized to analyze the collected data. Based on the findings, it was evident that Rwandan refugee men and women put into consideration different aspects in their decision to return to Rwandan. Men focused mostly on security issues both in the DRC and Rwanda while women considered working structures like schools, hospitals and the hope of reclaiming their spouses’ land for the sake of the children. On the decision to return, single women took the decision on their own while in the case of married couples, the men came up with the idea and discussed it with their wives and children. A cross cutting theme between the interviewed Rwandan refugee men and women was the important function of social networks as a pull factor for return. Social networking was especially important in obtaining information about the specific areas in Rwanda and also acted as assurance for temporary accommodation upon return and therefore reducing the cost of return migration. Based on the findings, access to information for both men and women was not mentioned as a major challenge owing to advances in technology (radios, internet, and mobile phones) and the presence of social networks. Keywords (Returnee, Cessation Clause, Repatriation, Reintegration, Decision-making process, Gender, Identity, Social networking) / MT2017

In the last few decades, many governments around the world—especially in emerging economies—have strayed from neoliberal prescriptions to get closer to a model originating from East Asia: the developmental state. These East Asian countries (Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea and Japan) instead of just regulating market mechanisms, have exercised strong control over their economies and society through highly-ambitious long-term economic and social development programs implemented in tight partnership with the private sector. Indeed, this phenomenon is worth exploring when we ask the question of how governance and political economy is evolving in the world and what are the new approaches that can inform governments. This Ph.D. thesis focuses on the evolution of strategies for social and economic development and more specifically on the emergence of developmental states in Africa. By looking at the case of Rwanda that is often considered as a success story in Africa, the aim of this thesis is to show how much this state is transforming its institutions in line with a model that resembles the developmental state, but with its specificities and perspective. Based on a large selection of primary sources gathered in Rwanda between 2015 and 2016, we argue that the system of governance of Rwanda has evolved in a different direction than the typical neo-liberal model often advocated by the West and is following a developmentalist approach much closer to some early East Asian developmental states. The case of Rwanda is a good starting point to analyze the emergence of alternative governance models in Africa which illustrate the current change in today’s political economy.