The Window to the East. Russian Literature in Swedish Translation 1797-2010, with a Case Study of the Swedish Reception of Nikolay Gogol This thesis examines the translation of Russian literature into Swedish 1797-2010, focusing on the relationship between translations and target culture images of the source culture. The main attention is on the situation in Sweden proper, but the analysis also includes Swedish translations and comments about Russian literature in Finland. Swedish and Western images of Russia are discussed in relation to perspectives from translation studies (Even-Zohar, Lévy, Lindqvist, Toury and others) regarding translation norms. Postcolonial theory (Delanty, Malia, Pickering and others) is combined with dialogical perspectives (Bakhtin, Kleberg) which put the translated literature in relation to Swedish stereotypes of Russia and the Swedish self-image, but also to a more dynamic interest in the translated literature as a complement to source culture literature. Four major translation norms are suggested to have influenced the Swedish reception of Russian literature: cognitive norms (that stress the informative and representative aspects of the source literature), universalistic norms (that stress its universal values), target culture oriented norms (that are governed by internal factors in the target culture), and transnational literary norms.The analysis is carried out on three levels: selection, reception and text. The most extensive part of the thesis is a general history of Russian literature translated into Swedish with a discussion of social, economic, philosophical and political processes that have influenced the changing selections that have been made. In the next part, the subject is the Swedish reception of the works of Nikolay Gogol from the mid-19th century until today. Here, Gogol’s Swedish paratext is analyzed and related341to the question of realism in his works and to images of Russianness and Russian literature in Sweden. In a concluding part, the five Swedish translations of Gogol’s Dead Souls are examined.Especially before 1917, but also later, a cognitive approach to the source literature and negative, politicized ideas of Russia have influenced the selections of Russian literature, the reception of Gogol and the translations of his works. During the 20th century there is a gradual shift from the cognitive norms to a more universalistic interest in the source literature in Sweden, especially thanks to the dominant position of the Russian classics.

This essay presents a comparative analysis of five Swedish translations of three Russian poems: The twelve (Двенадцать) written by Alexander Blok, Requiem (Реквием) written by Anna Akhmatova and End song (Поема конца) written by Marina Tsvetayeva. The introductory readings of the Swedish translations texts are combined with a parallel reading of the Russian original. In addition to the primary literature I execute readings of secondary literature concerning the Russian, modernistic context, the poets’ biographies and the translator’s commentaries concerning the working process of translation. The method used for the analysis is comparative and on the basis of theoretic perspectives including different translation practices, equivalence and literary context the analysis will foreground and discuss how Swedish translators of Russian poetry conduct their work, how they handle the confrontation with the Russian structure and rhyme, the translator’s use of equivalence in translating challenging/untranslatable words, how much place they choose to give the Russian context in the translated poems and what function the Russian origin have for the Swedish readers, how interjections and smaller words are transformed into Swedish text and what place and role the translator’s own context have in the translations. The essay’s fundamental ambition is hence to combine the perspective of linguistic components and translation strategies with the notion of context, historic background and cultural validity and by doing so present conclusions on how these three Russian, modernistic poems have been transformed and are currently transformed into a Swedish existence through the work of translators.

Återkomsten av religion i form av ortodox kristendom är ett intressant fenomen som kommer att undersökas i denna studie. Målet är att försöka förstå vilken roll har Rysk Ortodox Kyrka i identitetsskapandet och värderingsförändringar i ryskt samhälle samt analysera relation mellan kyrkan och de stora politiska aktörerna.

I augusti 2008 utspelades ett litet, men betydelsefullt krig mellan Ryssland och Georgien. Ryssland vann kriget övertygande, men ändå beordrades en nästan total omstrukturering av de ryska väpnade styrkorna. Den nya idén var att initiativ och beslutsfattning skulle tryckas ned på brigad- och bataljonchefer och mycket pekar på ett införande av manöverkrigföring på den taktiska nivån, likt länderna i väst. I den här uppsatsen undersöks vilka förutsättningar som fanns för ett eventuellt införande av manöverkrigföring på den taktiska nivån. Med utgångspunkt i just manöverteorin genomförs en fallstudie av Rysslands senaste reguljära krig, Georgienkriget. Uppsatsens resultat visar att de ryska väpnade styrkorna har stora hinder att överkomma om manöverkrigföring framgångsrikt ska kunna införas på den taktiska nivån. Brister i framförallt officerarnas utbildning måste åtgärdas, men även utrustningsmässigt finns stora brister som försvårar ett eventuellt införande.

This study aims to examine the Russian lessons from the Russo-Japanese War and compare them with the lessons from the Crimean War to understand the larger patterns of Russian military learning during this period. Previous research has enabled this study to identify its research problem by demonstrating that there is most likely a research gap in this field. Previous studies have studied different Russian lessons from the two wars but not their differences and similarities. This research gap, combined with the fact that the research problem is interesting both scientifically and for military history makes the research problem relevant to study. The problem and purpose have been answered by asking what the Russian lessons from the Russo-Japanese War were and what the differences and similarities are compared with the lessons from the Crimean War. The material used to answer this question is taken from translated and published lectures held at the Russian General Staff Academy shortly after the war. This study uses Stephen Peter Rosen’s book about how and why military organizations change and innovate as its theoretical framework and a qualitative comparative analysis as its method. The study then answered its question by highlighting the different lessons from the two wars and the differences and similarities between them. Furthermore, it showed that Russian military learning during this period did not function optimally because several lessons from the first war reappeared together with new lessons after the Russo-Japanese war, indicating that they did not learn. This result is relevant and important for understanding Russian military learning during this period and in general.

The matter of placing Russia in a cultural and historical context has ever since Peter the Great´s reforms in the 17th century permeated the country´s philosophical and historiographical evolution. Nowhere has this been as clear cut and caustic as the question of Norse influence in Viking-age Russia. In tandem with every major historiographical and political transition in Russia, archaeologists, philosophers and politicians alike have been forced to reassess the role of the Norse seafarers, Varangians, in the wider cultural and political development of the Russian state. Previous research has in this regard predominantly focused on the archaeology of the Varangians without considering the consequences of Russia´s political upheavals and its direct impact on the archaeological research itself. Thus, rooted in the ambition to examine the reciprocity between archaeology and politics, this essay explores how Russia´s political history has influenced the archaeological research regarding the Varangians. What his essay has tried to demonstrate, by investigating Russia's political development from the late 17th century to the modern-day in conjunction with the politically entrenched archaeology, is thus the occurrence of an ever-shifting archaeological attitude towards the Varangians.

<p>Den ryska marknaden intresserar många svenska företag för att etableras och starta sin verksamhet där. Vad påverkar företagets utvecklingen och vilka etableringsprocesser som är viktiga för de svenska företag som jobbar på den ryska marknaden. Genom att studera några svenska företag kommer författarna fram till några viktiga synpunkter som kan hjälpa att förstå hur den ryska markanden ser ut från de svenska företag perspektiv.</p>

Den ryska marknaden intresserar många svenska företag för att etableras och starta sin verksamhet där. Vad påverkar företagets utvecklingen och vilka etableringsprocesser som är viktiga för de svenska företag som jobbar på den ryska marknaden. Genom att studera några svenska företag kommer författarna fram till några viktiga synpunkter som kan hjälpa att förstå hur den ryska markanden ser ut från de svenska företag perspektiv.

No description available.

The war between Georgia and Russia awakened the world pretty brutally when a small country like Georgia tried to restore order in South Ossetia. The war between the two countries took place over five days in August 2008. This paper discusses the Russian operational art and its development after the war. The starting point is to test the traditional and classic Russian theory of operational art. The aim is to describe and discuss the Russian operational experience and any developments and trends in the Russian Federation's armed forces. The purpose of describing the theory behind the operational art is to create an independent analysis model. The essay’s analysis is based entirely from qualitative research with the collection of qualitative data in the form of texts and documents with a holistic perspective. Initially, the theory chapter is created from an inductive approach to identify, define and describe the operational concept and principles, creating a theoretical model of explanation. The developed analytical model is based on the Russian theory of operational art and takes off from a deductive approach to the collected empirical data. The results of the performed analysis results are interpreted and the product of this presented in the operational conclusions. Russia had a strategic ability to win the war by means of strategic resources related to tempo, simplicity and shock effect on the Georgian troops. Russia carries out a variety of reforms and the outcome of the war demonstrates the importance of Russia having a strategic capacity to make use of one in the type of conflict that Georgia represents. This success shows that the strategic capabilities are initially a success factor, while the deficiencies in the operational and tactical levels cannot be accepted in the long run, but must be developed. Not least relating of the armed forces. These deficiencies were primarily in intelligence, command and in the sustainment capabilities. It turned out pretty clearly that the Russian armed forces used the classical Russian operational art during the war, but they make use of more modern features such as information operations. / Kriget mellan Georgien och Ryssland väckte världen ganska brutalt då ett litet land som Georgien försökte återställa ordningen i Sydossetien. Kriget mellan länderna utspelades under fem dagar i augusti 2008. Uppsatsen avhandlar den ryska operationskonsten och dess utveckling efter kriget. Utgångspunkten är att pröva den traditionella och klassiska ryska teorin kring operationskonst. Syftet är att beskriva och diskutera ryska operativa erfarenheter samt pågående utvecklingar och trender inom ryska federationens väpnade styrkor. Uppsatsens analysmetod utgår i sin helhet från kvalitativ forskning med insamling av kvalitativa data i form av texter och dokument utifrån ett holistiskt perspektiv. Inledningsvis kommer teorikapitlet skapas utifrån en induktiv metod i syfte att identifiera, definiera samt beskriva operativa begrepp och principer, vilket bygger upp en teoretisk förklaringsmodell och utvecklar en analysmodell. Den framtagna analysmodellen utgående från den ryska teorin kring rysk operationskonst tar avstamp utifrån ett deduktivt förhållningssätt mot insamlad empiri. Resultaten av den genomförda analysen tolkas och produkten av detta presenteras i operativa slutsatser. Ryssland uppvisade en strategisk förmåga att vinna kriget med hjälp av strategiska resurser kopplat till tempo, enkelhet och chockverkan på de georgiska förbanden. I den ryska försvarsmakten pågår sedan 2008 en omfattande reform, resultatet från kriget påvisar vikten av att Ryssland har en strategisk kapacitet att använda sig av i en konflikt som Georgien. Framgången visar att strategiska förmågor initialt är en framgångsfaktor medan bristen på operativ och taktisk nivå inte fungerar i längden utan måste utvecklas. Detta gäller inte minst operationskonsten hos de väpnade styrkorna. Bristerna var främst inom underrättelsetjänst, ledning samt inom uthållighetsfunktionerna. Det visade sig ganska tydligt att de ryska väpnade styrkorna använde sig av klassisk rysk operationskonst under kriget, men de använde även mer moderna funktioner som informationsoperationer.