There are many factors why military organizations transform, for example politics, changes in society, changed strategic environment, technology and economics. Do one or several of these factors explain why Sweden changed its military officer corps during the Cold War to a unique one-tier system, which later was changed to a two-tier system? By analysing the Government’s proposals to the Riksdag, this case study can confirm that changes in the society, changed strategic environment and budget pressure were the main reasons for the changes in the Swedish Armed Forces officer corps.

Syftet med denna fallstudie har varit att, med hänsyn till rådande försämrat säkerhetsläge, granska hur anställda inom försvarsindustrin beskriver företags brottsutsatthet. Vidare har syftet varit att diskutera hur brottsutsattheten kan förklaras utifrån kriminologisk teori. Detta har gjorts med semistrukturerade intervjuer, där anställda inom försvarsindustrin varit intervjudeltagare. Intervjudatan relaterades sedan till rutinaktivitetsteorin samt strainteorin. Av studiens huvudresultat har det framgått att anställda på företag i försvarsindustrin upplevde att företagens brottsutsatthet i huvudsak bestod av verkstadsstölder, cyberbrott, IP-intrång samt otillåten informationsspridning. Denna brottsutsatthet kunde förklaras av rutinaktivitetsteorin i vissa fall, samt i kombination med strain i andra fall. Brottsutsattheten upplevdes ha ökat i samband med att landets säkerhetsläge försämrades samt det huvudsakliga företaget expanderade personellt. Studiens viktigaste slutsatser var att brottsutsattheten i stort upplevdes ha ökat gällande samtliga ovan nämnda brott, men att orsaken till ökningen skiljde sig åt och att endast för cyberbrott upplevdes det föreligga ett samband med säkerhetsläget. / This case study examined how defense industry employees perceive crimes against their companies, in the context of a deteriorating security situation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees, and the data was analyzed in relation to routine activity theory and strain theory. The main findings show that employees perceived the companies' exposure to crime mainly as a result of workshop thefts, cybercrime, IP infringement, and unauthorized dissemination of information. This crime exposure can be explained by routine activity theory in some cases and strain theory in others. The crime exposure increased as the country's security situation deteriorated and the main company expanded its personnel. The most important conclusions of the study were that crime exposure was generally perceived to have increased for all the above-mentioned crimes, but that the reason for the increase differed and that only for cybercrime was there perceived to be a connection with the security situation.

This thesis investigates the risks associated with connected inverters in solar power installations, focusing on properties owned by Vasakronan, a real estate company with 166 properties, that has invested in solar panel installations on a majority of its buildings. The thesis explores the potential security measures related to both energy and information. Energy security encompasses multiple aspects of ensuring a reliable supply of energy within an infrastructure, necessitating tools for balancing energy production and usage and minimizing dependence on single resources. Robust information security requires the preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability, which is considered given the organization, cloud and communication security. Interviews were conducted with representatives from Vasakronan’s suppliers of inverters, IT service provider, employees and external field experts. One property served as a case study to understand the internal real estate network structure and data on energy consumption, production and prices was collected. The risk of security breaches was assessed as the sum of factors influencing the likelihood of intrusion, as well as the consequences of such breach. Interviews with employees and IT service providers revealed Vasakronan’s awareness of information security and continuous efforts to enhance it. Interviews with inverter suppliers show varying levels of commitment to information security, with a general recognition of its importance but inconsistent knowledge of mitigation strategies. Many suppliers are cautious about production location, expressing skepticism about Chinese intelligence activities. However, the current risk for Vasakronan and the Swedish power grid is considered low, though the increasing use of solar panels may heighten this risk in the future. Specific threats such as extortion attempts, are identified as more probable, potentially resulting in production interruptions and increased energy costs. The importance of risk diversification through security measures and supplier diversification is concluded from the interviews with field experts. Data analysis indicates that security breaches primarily entail economic losses for Vasakronan, while the societal consequences are seen as potentially serious but unlikely in the short term. The thesis contributes to understanding the risks and the necessity of security measures in solar power installations through an analysis of potential energy and economic consequences of data breaches.