FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Os solos afetados por sais sÃo conhecidos hà muito tempo, no entanto, sua extensÃo e intensidade tÃm aumentado consideravelmente, resultando na expansÃo da Ãrea degradada por salinidade e sodicidade. Assim, prÃticas de manejo adequadas para controlar a salinidade dos solos tornam-se fundamentais principalmente visando à sustentabilidade, alÃm de constituÃrem alternativas de uso e recuperaÃÃo do solo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso integrado de prÃticas de manejo na recuperaÃÃo de um solo salino-sÃdico no PerÃmetro Irrigado Curu-Pentecoste, CearÃ, e em seguida proceder uma anÃlise de viabilidade econÃmica, utilizando indicadores de rentabilidade do processo de recuperaÃÃo. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma Ãrea cultivada com coqueiro com cerca de 2 anos de idade e que se encontrava com desenvolvimento bastante reduzido. Inicialmente foi instalado um sistema de drenagem subterrÃneo constituÃdo de um dreno coletor aberto de 135 m, dez drenos laterais de 45 m, compostos por tubos drenoflex DN 65 mm, manta bidim OP-20 e uma caixa de brita n 01. O experimento com culturas anuais foi instalado entre as fileiras de coqueiro, com os tratamentos sendo dispostos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetiÃÃes, durante dois ciclos (2009/2010 e 2010/2011). As parcelas foram formadas pelos tratamentos: T1. Subsolagem (S); T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 de gesso; T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 de matÃria orgÃnica; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 de gesso + 20 Mg ha-1 de matÃria orgÃnica; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 de gesso + 40 Mg ha-1 de matÃria orgÃnica, e as subparcelas corresponderam Ãs rotaÃÃes culturais algodÃo-feijÃo-de-corda (AL/FC) e girassol-feijÃo-decorda (GI/FC). A utilizaÃÃo da subsolagem juntamente com a instalaÃÃo do sistema de drenagem subterrÃneo proporcionou um rebaixamento mÃdio do lenÃol freÃtico de 0,3 m e promoveu melhorias nas condiÃÃes fÃsicas do solo aumentando a condutividade hidrÃulica. A produÃÃo do coqueiro desde a primeira colheita realizada apresentou evoluÃÃo crescente passando de 33,3 fruto/planta/ano em 2010/2011 para 152,4 frutos/planta/ ano em 2011/2012. Os resultados demonstram que o emprego dos corretivos quÃmicos e orgÃnicos contribuiu para a diminuiÃÃo dos nÃveis de salinidade e sodicidade do solo, sendo seus efeitos mais evidenciados para reduÃÃo da sodicidade, com o gesso se mostrando mais eficiente nesse processo. As maiores doses de gesso e matÃria orgÃnica aplicadas no tratamento T5 promoveram a maior produtividade do girassol e do feijÃo-de-corda. NÃo se observou diferenÃas na produÃÃo de matÃria seca da parte aÃrea entre as espÃcies nos dois anos de cultivo; no entanto, no ciclo 2010/2011 observou-se um aumento mÃdio de 114% (algodÃo) e 89% (girassol) na produÃÃo de matÃria seca, em relaÃÃo ao ciclo 2009/2010, sendo um indicativo da recuperaÃÃo progressiva do solo. Observaram diferenÃas estatÃsticas nas mediÃÃes de condutÃncia estomÃtica e das taxas de fotossÃntese e de transpiraÃÃo apenas entre Ãpocas de mediÃÃes. Os teores foliares de Na+ nas plantas de girassol e algodÃo foram reduzidos de um cultivo para outro, principalmente nos tratamentos com aplicaÃÃo de gesso. O processo de recuperaÃÃo apresentou viabilidade econÃmica à taxa de juros de 2% ao ano, conforme caracterÃsticas do agricultor familiar assistido pelo PRONAF. No entanto, o resultado sà foi possÃvel com a contribuiÃÃo da produÃÃo do coqueiro, haja vista que produÃÃo do algodÃo, girassol e feijÃo-de-corda nÃo foram suficientes para amortizar os investimentos. / The salt affected soils are known for a long time, however, the scale and intensity have increased considerably, resulting in the expansion of the area degraded by salinity and sodicity. Thus, appropriate management practices to control soil salinity become fundamental mainly aimed at sustainability, as well as being alternative uses and land reclamation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the integrated use of management practices in the reclamation of a saline-sodic soil in the irrigated Perimeter Curu-Pentecoste, CearÃ, and then carried out an economic viability analysis, using profitability indicators of process of reclamation. The study was conducted in an area cultivated with coconut with 2 years old, with the plants showing delayed development. Initially it was installed a subsurface drainage system consisting of an open drain collector of 135 m, ten side drains of 45 m, composed of pipes Drenoflex DN 65 mm, manta bidim OP-20 and a box of gravel No. 01. The experiment was installed with annual crops between rows of coconut, with treatments being arranged in a randomized block design in a split plot design with four replications during two cycles (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). The plots were formed by the treatments: T1. Subsoiling (S), T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 gypsum, T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 gypsum + 20 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 gypsum + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter. The subplots correspond to two crop rotation systems: cotton-cowpea (AL / FC) and sunflower-cowpea (GI / FC ). The use of subsoiling along with the installation of subsurface drainage system provided an average drawdown of the water table of 0.3 m promoted improvements in soil physical conditions by increasing the hydraulic conductivity. The production of coconut from the first sample taken showed increasing trend from 33.3 fruit / plant / year in 2010/2011 to 152.4 fruits / plant / year in 2011/2012. The results demonstrate that the use of gypsum and organic matter contributed to the decreased levels of salinity and sodicity, and their effects are more evident for reducing sodicity, with gypsum proving more efficient in this process. The highest rates of gypsum and organic matter applied in the treatment T5 promoted greater productivity for sunflower and cowpea. There were no differences in the shoots dry matter of the species within two years of cultivation, however, in the cycle 2010/2011 there was an average increase of 114% (cotton) and 89% (sunflower) relative to 2009/2010 cycle, being an indicative of the progressive recovery of the soil. Statistically significant difference in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration were observed only between seasons. Foliar concentrations of Na+ in plants of sunflower and cotton crops were reduced in the second cycle, relative to the first one, especially in the treatments with application of gypsum. The reclamation process showed economic viability at the rate of 2% per year, according to the characteristics of the family farmer assisted by PRONAF. However, the result was only possible with the contribution of coconut production, considering that the production cotton, sunflower and cowpea were not enough to cover the investment.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / In this work morphological, physiological, biochemical and nutritional responses, to elucidate the possible adaptive strategies of young coconut plants, cultivating "Green Dwarf", involved with tolerance to the effects of stress isolated and combined soil salinity and water stress. In the experiment, conducted in a greenhouse, the greenhouse type, in Fortaleza, CearÃ, were evaluated under statistical design of randomized blocks in a split plot arrangement, the effects of different levels of water stress by imposing different percentages resets the potential evapotranspiration - ETpc (20; 40; 60; 80 and 100%), related to increasing levels of soil salinity (1.72, 6.25, 25.80 and 40.70 dS m-1) provided by soils derived from the Irrigated Perimeter Morada Nova - PIMN. The effects of treatments on plants were evaluated using the variables: plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, leaf area, biomass production (root, shoot and total), compared root dry biomass of aerial-1, to salinity tolerance indices, leaf gas exchange (stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, instant and intrinsic efficiency of water use), quantum yield of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv Fm-1) level for total chlorophyll (Spad index) , total content of chlorophyll (a + b) and carotenoids, leaf water potential, leaf and root levels of inorganic solutes (potassium ions, sodium and chloride) and organic (total soluble carbohydrates, N - aminossolÃveis and free proline) and nutritional state (foliar nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, manganese and zinc). The growth and biomass production of the plants are sharply reduced by the conditions of water stress and high soil salinity, apparently being more critical to fluid restriction culture. The degree of water stress can enhance the susceptibility to salinity. The physiological mechanisms are effectively limited when water stress and salinity act separately and / or together. The effects of water stress are more effective in the reduction of physiological parameters, to the detriment soil salinity. The magnitudes of physiological responses of plants to water supply and salinity depend on the intensity of stress. Adaptive physiological responses of plants are related mainly to stomatal regulation. In conditions of drought and soil salinity, the plants have linear reductions in the total levels of chlorophyll. Carotenoid levels respond to the combined effects of water availability and soil salinity and reflect the antagonism between them. The coconut has a number of physiological adjustments mechanisms that give the species a partial tolerance to drought stress and / or saline. Saline ions K+, Na+ and Cl- accumulate significantly in young coconut plants, to the detriment of organic solutes, both in the leaves and in the roots, evidencing an apparent root retention ions. Salinity did not change the concentration of organic solutes, however, show up increments in leaf and root levels of free proline in response to water stress. Water stress and soil salinity interact, affecting the nutritional status of plants, except for the nutrient P. Leaf contents of nutrients N, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn grow positively with the increase of water availability and are reduced substantially with increasing salinity. The interaction of smaller water deficit levels with the highest saline levels maximizes the leaf contents of Mg and Cu and minimizes K. During the establishment of coconut seedlings, the need for macronutrients follows the descending order: N, K Ca, Mg, S and P and micronutrients: Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. The plant nutrition proved to be adequate, except for the imbalances observed in nutrients K, Mg, S and Mn. The coconut seedlings show full capacity of the establishment in saline soils PIMN, corresponding to the level of electrical conductivity to 6.50 dS m-1, but only when the water supply remains adequate. For the higher salinity levels the plants survive, yet the size of the same is reduced by around 50%, even when fully irrigated. / Neste trabalho foram estudadas repostas morfolÃgicas, fisiolÃgicas, bioquÃmicas e nutricionais, visando elucidar as possÃveis estratÃgias adaptativas de plantas jovens de coqueiro, cultivar âAnÃo Verdeâ, envolvidas com sua tolerÃncia aos efeitos dos estresses isolados e/ou combinados, salinidade do solo e deficiÃncia hÃdrica. No experimento, conduzido em casa de vegetaÃÃo, do tipo telado, em Fortaleza, CearÃ, avaliaram-se, sob delineamento estatÃstico de blocos casualizados, no arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, os efeitos de diferentes nÃveis de deficiÃncia hÃdrica, mediante a imposiÃÃo de distintos percentuais de reposiÃÃes da evapotranspiraÃÃo potencial da cultura - ETpc (20; 40; 60; 80 e 100%), associados à crescentes nÃveis de salinidade do solo (1,72; 6,25; 25,80 e 40,70 dS m-1), proporcionados pelos solos oriundos do PerÃmetro Irrigado Morada Nova - PIMN. Os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre as plantas foram avaliados por meio das variÃveis: altura de plantas, nÃmero de folhas, diÃmetro do caule, Ãrea foliar, produÃÃo de biomassa (radicular, parte aÃrea e total), relaÃÃo biomassa seca raiz parte aÃrea-1, Ãndices de tolerÃncia à salinidade, trocas gasosas foliares (condutÃncia estomÃtica, transpiraÃÃo, fotossÃntese, eficiÃncia instantÃnea e intrÃnseca de uso da Ãgua), rendimento quÃntico da fluorescÃncia da clorofila a (Fv Fm-1), teores relativos de clorofila total (Ãndice Spad), teores totais de clorofilas (a+b) e de carotenÃides, potencial hÃdrico foliar, teores foliares e radiculares dos solutos inorgÃnicos (Ãons potÃssio, sÃdio e cloreto) e orgÃnicos (carboidratos solÃveis totais, N - aminossolÃveis e prolina livre) e estado nutricional (teores foliares dos nutrientes nitrogÃnio, fÃsforo, potÃssio, cÃlcio, magnÃsio, enxofre, ferro, cobre, manganÃs e zinco). O crescimento e a produÃÃo de biomassa das plantas sÃo acentuadamente reduzidos pelas condiÃÃes de restriÃÃo hÃdrica e de elevada salinidade do solo, sendo aparentemente mais crÃtica à cultura a restriÃÃo hÃdrica. O grau de estresse hÃdrico à capaz de acentuar a suscetibilidade à salinidade. Os mecanismos fisiolÃgicos sÃo efetivamente limitados quando a deficiÃncia hÃdrica e a salinidade atuam isoladamente e/ou em conjunto. Os efeitos do estresse hÃdrico se mostram mais efetivos nas reduÃÃes dos parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos, em detrimento à salinidade do solo. As magnitudes das respostas fisiolÃgicas das plantas ao suprimento hÃdrico e à salinidade dependem das intensidades do estresses. As respostas fisiolÃgicas adaptativas das plantas estÃo relacionadas, principalmente, à regulaÃÃo estomÃtica. Em condiÃÃes de dÃficit hÃdrico e de salinidade do solo, as plantas apresentam reduÃÃes lineares nos teores totais de clorofilas. Os teores de carotenÃides respondem aos efeitos combinados da disponibilidade hÃdrica e da salinidade do solo e refletem o antagonismo entre estes. O coqueiro apresenta uma sÃrie de mecanismos de ajustes fisiolÃgicos que conferem à espÃcie uma parcial tolerÃncia ao estresse hÃdrico e/ou salino. Os Ãons salinos K+, Na+ e Cl- acumulam-se significativamente em plantas jovens de coqueiro, em detrimento aos solutos orgÃnicos, tanto nas folhas quanto nas raÃzes, sendo evidenciada uma aparente retenÃÃo radicular de Ãons. A salinidade nÃo altera os teores dos solutos orgÃnicos, todavia, denotam-se incrementos nos teores foliares e radiculares de prolina livre em resposta à deficiÃncia hÃdrica. A deficiÃncia hÃdrica e a salinidade do solo interagem, afetando o estado nutricional das plantas, excetuando o nutriente P. Os teores foliares dos nutrientes N, Ca, S, Fe, Mn e Zn crescem positivamente com a ampliaÃÃo da disponibilidade hÃdrica e reduzem-se substancialmente com o aumento da salinidade. A interaÃÃo dos menores nÃveis de deficiÃncia hÃdrica com os maiores nÃveis salinos maximiza os teores foliares de Mg e Cu e minimiza os de K. Durante o estabelecimento das plantas jovens de coqueiro, a necessidade de macronutrientes obedece à ordem decrescente: N, K Ca, Mg, S e P e à de micronutrientes: Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu. A nutriÃÃo das plantas mostra-se adequada, excetuando-se, os desequilÃbrios observados nos nutrientes K, Mg, S e Mn. As plantas jovens de coqueiro mostram plena capacidade de estabelecimento nos solos salinizados do PIMN, atà o nÃvel de condutividade elÃtrica correspondente a 6,50 dS m-1, porÃm apenas quando o suprimento hÃdrico se mantÃm adequado. Para os nÃveis de salinidade mais elevados as plantas sobrevivem, contudo o porte das mesmas reduz-se em torno de 50%, mesmo quando plenamente irrigadas.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-06T14:35:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Francisco de Carvalho.pdf: 1032947 bytes, checksum: a57a5dc083d674be160577952ee2fae3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T14:35:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Francisco de Carvalho.pdf: 1032947 bytes, checksum: a57a5dc083d674be160577952ee2fae3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The process of soil salinization occurs by several factors such as the litolic origin of their training and application of irrigation handled improperly and the use of lower quality water. In the present study it was assessed the effects of irrigation with saline water and fractions of leaching on the dynamics of distribution, uptake by plants and leaving salts of the soil profile as well as interference in crop productivity in cowpea and maize. The study was conducted at the Experimental Station of Irrigated Agriculture Dr. Ronaldo Freire de Moura, in the Department of Rural Technology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x5 factorial arrangement with four replications, applying two levels of salinity and five fractions leaching. It was analyzed: the balance of salts based on the input of fertilizers, irrigation and salts by leaching out and absorbed by crops. Regarding crop it was rated the number of pods per plant, fresh weight of pods, dry pods, weight of 100 grains, length of pods, yield of grain, number of plants per plot, fresh biomass of plants per hectare, fresh shoot biomass plant, dry shoot biomass plant in cowpea crops; number of ears per plot, diameter of ears without straw, straw diameter with ears, fresh straw ear, fresh weight cobs, grain yield hydrated, dehydrated grain yield in maize cultivation; water use efficiency, harvest index for both cowpea and maize. The fractions of leaching 10%, 15% and 20% removed salts from the soil. These was increment on crop variable, when applying 10% leaching fraction, however, the addition of 20% leaching reduced productivity of crops. / O processo de salinização dos solos ocorre por diversos fatores como a origem litólica da sua formação e pela aplicação de irrigações manejadas de forma irregular bem como a utilização de água de qualidade inferior. Na presente pesquisa avaliou-se o efeito da irrigação com água salina e de frações de lixiviação sobre a dinâmica da distribuição, absorção pelas plantas e a saída de sais do perfil do solo, bem como a interferência na produtividade no cultivo de feijão-caupi e milho. O estudo foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Agricultura Irrigada Doutor Ronaldo Freire de Moura, no Departamento de Tecnologia Rural da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5 com quatro repetições, aplicando dois níveis de salinidade e cinco frações de lixiviação. Analisaram-se: o balanço de sais nos fertilizantes, na água de irrigação, no volume lixiviado e no consumo pelas plantas. Com relação aos cultivos, foram avaliados para a cultura do feijão, o número de vagens por planta, massa fresca de vagens, massa seca de vagens, massa de 100 grãos, comprimento de vagens, produtividade de grãos, número de plantas da parcela, biomassa fresca de plantas por hectare, biomassa fresca da parte aérea por planta, biomassa seca da parte aérea por planta; para a cultura do milho, número de espigas por parcela, diâmetro de espigas sem palhas, diâmetro de espigas com palhas, massa fresca de palhas de espigas, massa fresca de sabugos, produtividade de grãos hidratados, produtividade de grãos desidratado; e para ambas culturas, eficiência de uso da água e índice de colheita. As frações de lixiviação de 10%, 15% e 20% proporcionaram retiradas de sais do solo. Houve incremento das variáveis de cultivo quando se aplicou a fração de lixiviação de 10%, entretanto, a adição de lixiviação em 20% reduziu a produtividade dos cultivos.

The hydrodynamics of the waters of a river that flow to the sea establishes important control in the volume and direction of the watercourse, among them the physical and chemical salinity that represents the measurement of the concentration of salts dissolved by the water body. This is because water reflects the environmental conditions of a river. The present study had as objective to evaluate the hydrodynamics of the mouth and its relations. The mouth of the São Francisco river is located between the states of Sergipe and Alagoas presents a fluviomarinha plain consisting of river and river basins and terraces, represents an area of extreme natural beauty and of economic relevance for local population and is aggregated in the geographic division of the low San Francisco. With the use of a boat leased in the municipality of Brejo Grande (SE) and with the aid of a digital GPS Garmin e-trex, the information of latitude and longitude in UTM was recorded to map the points of water collection. For the environmental modeling of the salinity and flow coefficients, the SiSbahia program was used. Sampling point identifications were carried out through measurements with HI9828 Multiparameter probe during the months of February, March, April, May, September, November, 2015 and March, 2017. The probe recorded salinity , Electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total solids, temperature and pH. For drinking water, water samples were collected in residences to verify pH, sodium and chlorides. Interviews were conducted to verify the perception of salinity with the residents of Brejo Grande / SE and Saramém. Then the quantitative and qualitative data were treated through statistical software and compared with CONAMA Resolution 357/2005 and Portaria MS 2914/2011. The results presented for the environmental modeling showed the action of the tide after the municipality of Penedo / AL, the salinity was recorded by the presence of the salt wedge reached 11 km of the mouth. The pH ranged from 6.80 to 9.47 and the maximum value occurred in February 2015. The values of dissolved oxygen in the evaluated area ranged from 4.68 to 9.27 ppm. Total dissolved solids ranged from 7.0 mg.L-1 to 7522 mg.L-1. The highest concentration of total dissolved solids occurred in the first month of November, dry period and with tidal regime of sizígia with elevation of the water level in 2.2m. The turbidity values recorded were between 2.9 NFU and 47.07 NFU. The values of electrical conductivity ranged from 10.00 (μS / cm-1) to 13130.00 (μS / cm-1). The mean salinity concentration ranged from 0.17 to 28.87 (‰), with the highest values being recorded in the municipality of Brejo Grande / SE and points 39, 40 and 43 located in Piaçabuçu in the state of Alagoas. The pH in drinking water between the municipalities of Brejo Grande / SE and the village Saramém presented average values within the limit established by the Ministry of Health Ordinance 2914/2011. In the evaluation of the parameter of sodium and chlorides the average values obtained in May of 2015 were between 1962.85 mg.L-1 and 2938.62 mg.L-1. In response to the semi-structured interviews the residents reported that the change in the taste of water was perceived during high tide. It was concluded that salinity concentrations were significant and signaled the performance of the tide period to increase the tidal period. Salinity is a worrying factor for directly compromising water uses and directly affecting biota in the region. The environmental education activity enabled the perception of the fishermen about the main types of environmental degradation that operate in the region investigated. / A hidrodinâmica das águas de um rio que correm para o mar passa a estabelecer importante controle no volume e direção do curso de água, dentre elas a salinidade propriedade físico-química que representa a medida da concentração de sais dissolvidos pela massa de água. Isto porque a água reflete as condições ambientais de um rio. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a hidrodinâmica da foz e suas relações. A foz do rio São Francisco está localizada entre os estados de Sergipe e Alagoas apresenta uma planície fluviomarinha constituída por várzeas e terraços fluviais e marinhos, representa uma área de extrema beleza natural e de relevância econômica para população local e está agregada na divisão geográfica do baixo São Francisco. Com uso de uma embarcação locada no município de Brejo Grande (SE) e com o auxílio de um GPS digital Garmin e-trex, realizou-se o registro das informações de latitude e longitude em UTM para mapear os pontos de coleta de água. Para modelagem ambiental da salinidade e das coorentes de vazão utilizou-se o programa SiSbahia. Para verificação da qualidade da água e dos processos degradadores foram realizadas identificações dos pontos de amostragem através de medidas com sonda Multiparâmetros HI9828 durante os meses de fevereiro, março, abril, maio, setembro, novembro de 2015 e março de 2017. A sonda registrou salinidade, condutividade elétrica, Turbidez, Oxigênio dissolvido, Sólidos Totais, temperatura e pH. Para água de consumo foram coletas das águas em residências para verificação de pH, sódio e cloretos. Realizou-se entrevistas para verificação da percepção da salinidade com os moradores da região de Brejo Grande/SE e Saramém. Em seguida os dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram tratados através de software estatísticos e comparados com as Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 e Portaria MS 2914/2011. Os resultados apresentados para a modelagem ambiental demonstrou a ação da maré após o município de Penedo/AL, a salinidade registrada pela presença da cunha salina foi percebida a 11 km da foz. O pH variou entre 6,80 a 9,47 sendo que o valor máximo ocorreu no mês de fevereiro de 2015. Os valores de Oxigênio dissolvido na área avaliada oscilaram entre 4,68 a 9,27 ppm. Os valores sólidos totais dissolvidos variaram entre 7,0 mg.L-1 a 7522 mg.L-1. A maior concentração de sólidos totais dissolvidos registrado ocorreu no ponto 1 mês de novembro período seco e com regime de maré de sizígia com elevação do nível de água em 2.2m. Os valores de turbidez registrados foram entre 2,9 NFU e 47,07 NFU. Os valores da Condutividade elétrica variaram entre 10,00 (μS/cm-1) a 13130,00 (μS/cm-1). A concentração média de salinidade variou entre 0,17 a 28,87(‰) sendo que os maiores valores foram registrados a margem do município de Brejo Grande/SE e os pontos 39, 40 e 43 situados sentido Piaçabuçu no estado de Alagoas. O pH na água de consumo entre os municípios de Brejo Grande/SE e o povoado Saramém apresentaram valores médios dentro do limite estabelecido pela Portaria do ministério da saúde 2914/2011. Na avaliação do parâmetro de sódio e cloretos os valores médios obtidos no mês de maio de 2015, apresentaram-se entre 1962,85 mg.L-1 e 2938,62 mg.L-1. Em resposta as entrevistas semiestruturada os moradores informaram que a alteração no sabor da água era percebida durante a maré alta. Conclui-se que as concentrações de salinidade foram significantes e sinalizaram a atuação do período da maré para o aumento da mesma. A salinidade é um fator preocupante por comprometer diretamente os usos da água e afetar diretamente a biota na região. A atividade de educação ambiental possibilitou a percepção dos pescadores sobre os principais tipos de degradação ambiental que atua na região investigada. / São Cristóvão, SE

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-09T15:36:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta├º├úo_Concei├ºao_FILGUEIRAS_BGQ1 (2) versão final.pdf: 5520241 bytes, checksum: a9aac74ed4a2091c5c3a66eb7bcc0e01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-09T15:36:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta├º├úo_Concei├ºao_FILGUEIRAS_BGQ1 (2) versão final.pdf: 5520241 bytes, checksum: a9aac74ed4a2091c5c3a66eb7bcc0e01 (MD5) / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências- Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ. / Os recursos hídricos da Área de Proteção Ambiental das Ilhas de Tinharé e Boipeba vêm sendo comprometido devido à fortes pressões antrópicas. A ausência de saneamento ambiental ou de práticas de manejo que atenuem as descargas de material orgânico na APA ameaça o equilíbrio natural dos diferentes ecossistemas. A ilha de Boipeba é formada por rochas sedimentares de períodos transicionais/marinhos rasos do Cretáceo sobrepostos a rochas sedimentares de idade Jurássica, além de coberturas sedimentares quaternárias. De acordo com as características geológicas ocorrem 4 tipos de aquíferos sedimentares sendo eles o sistema Arenito, Terraços Marinhos, Terraços Flúvio-Marinhos, majoritariamente livres e o aquífero Carbonático. Em 2012 foi realizada uma campanha de amostragem na porção sul da ilha de Boipeba, com medidas físico-químicas e análises químicas de íons maiores, menores e elementos-traço da água subterrânea contemplados em 19 pontos destinados ao abastecimento humano. Além dessa coleta, os dados hidroquímicos levantados pela CPRM em 1994 ao longo de Tinharé e Boipeba foram interpretados nessa pesquisa. Desta forma, foi possível avaliar comportamento hidrogeoquímico das águas subterrâneas dos sistemas aquíferos Carbonático, Terraços Marinhos, Flúvio-Marinhos e Arenito da região da ilha de Boipeba. Foram determinadas as concentrações dos principais íons e de constituintes secundários como Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ba, As, B, Sr, Ti, V, Se, Sb, F-, Br, NO2, NO3, PO4, NH4. As fácies hidroquímicas identificadas nas águas subterrâneas foram: bicarbonatadas cálcicas e mistas no aquífero Carbonático e nos aquíferos Terraços Marinhos e Arenito predominam as águas cloretadas sódicas. A razão cloreto/brometo e a análise fatorial foram utilizadas e permitiu definir origens de salinidade que identificaram para o aquífero Carbonático ao menos duas amostras com características de intrusão marinha. Nos aquíferos Terraços Marinhos e Arenito foram identificadas mineralização da água por sedimentos com halita. A análise fatorial e os diagramas hidroquímicos permitiram concluir que a maioria das águas subterrâneas exploradas da Ilha são influenciadas principalmente pela rocha carbonáticas e que os aquíferos arenosos são influenciados pelo processo de laterização do solo. Estimou-se ainda, que os elementos molibdênio e arsênio foram acrescidos à água subterrânea em função de insumos agrícolas, já que a região é intensamente explorada para plantação de cocos. Apesar do descarte inapropriado, não foram verificadas contaminações relevantes por efluentes domésticos, demonstrando que os aquíferos ainda possuem capacidade de autodepuração. Entretanto, a especulação imobiliária que vêm passando a região e a falta de saneamento básico comprometerão os recursos hídricos da Área de Proteção Ambiental das Ilhas de Tinharé e Boipeba / The water resources of the Tinharé and Boipeba Islands, Environmental Protection Areas (EPA) have been degraded, due to strong anthropogenic pressures. The lack of environmental sanitation and management practices to mitigate discharges of organic material in the EPA threaten the natural balance of different ecosystems. The Boipeba island is formed by sedimentary rocks of shallow transitional / marine Cretaceous periods overlapping the sedimentary rocks of Jurassic age, and Quaternary sedimentary covers. According to the geological characteristics, 4 types of sedimentary aquifers occur in this area: Sandstone system, Marine terraces, fluvial-Marine Terraces, unconfined and carbonate aquifer. In 2012 it carried out a sampling campaign in the southern portion of the Boipeba island, were was measured the physical and chemical parameters and analyzed the major ions, minor and trace elements in groundwater included 19 points intended for human consumption. In addition to this collection, the hydrochemical data collected by CPRM in 1994 over Tinharé and Boipeba were interpreted in this research. Thus, it was possible to evaluate the hydrogeochemical behavior of groundwater from aquifers carbonate, Marine terraces, fluvial-Marine and sandstone of the islands. They determined the concentrations of the major ions and secondary constituents such as: Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ba, As, B, Sr, Ti, V, Se, Sb, F, Br, NO2, NO3, PO4, NH4. The hydrochemical facies identified in groundwater were: calcium carbonate and mix in the bicarbonate aquifer and in the Marine terraces and sandstone aquifers predominate the chloride sodium. The used of ratio chloride / bromide and factor analysis allowed to define sources of salinization that identified for carbonate aquifer at least two samples with seawater intrusion features. In Marine terraces and sandstone aquifers were identified water mineralization of halite sediments. Factorial analysis and hydrochemical diagrams showed that most of the groundwater exploited on the island are mainly influenced by carbonate rock and sandy aquifers are influenced by soil laterization process. It is estimated, further that the Molybdenum and arsenic were added to the groundwater due to agricultural inputs, as the region is heavily exploited for coconut plantation. Despite the inappropriate disposal of domestic effluents, we do not found relevant contamination by this source, demonstrating that the aquifers still have self-purification capacity. However, the real estate speculation that come through the area and the lack of basic sanitation compromise the water resources of the Environmental Protection Area of Tinharé and Boipeba Islands. Keywords: Trace Elements. Sedimentary Aquifers. Salinization

Freshwater is essential for a functional society and the human well-being. However, it should not be taken for granted. Freshwater aquifers in coastal are subject to current and future risk of becoming saltwater contaminated – reaching a tipping point. Freshwater security on islands is vulnerable. The aim of this empirical study is to identify the effects of a 2-meter sea level rise and the current risk of well salinization at the Baltic Sea island of Öland, Sweden. A Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to conduct a quantitative risk assessment analysis. Natural and physical parameters affect the risk of intrusion into wells including hydrology, geomorphology, and climatology. Anthropogenic causes and climate change also add to the risk of salinization. However, they are not included in the quantitative study. The spatial distribution of the current risk is mapped in this study and can be used as a tool to identify wells at risk. Moreover, a future sea level rise has been visualized and show that 3% of all wells on the island will get directly inundated along with 5% of the total land area. Important land such as urban areas, nature reserves, and animal protection areas will get inundated including the loss of environmental and socio-economic values. A precautionary approach needs to be implemented in future planning since many wells are already at risk of salinization. The complexity of the problem is vast, and this study aims to fill the gaps in literature and previous research in a more multi-criterion way. Nevertheless, the political discussion urgently needs to address the topic and a mitigation and adaptation strategy must be on the agenda.

La forte croissance démographique (~3%.an-1) observée au cours des dernières décennies en Afrique subsaharienne a engendré la conversion de grandes étendues de savane arborée en cultures pluviales ou irriguées et la diminution de la durée des jachères. Afin de déterminer l'impact de tels changements d'usage du sol sur la recharge des nappes phréatiques, la zone non saturée a été investiguée pendant trois ans (2009-2011) pour deux régions du Niger (sud-ouest et sud-est) aux conditions climatiques et géomorphologiques différentes.Une approche expérimentale in-situ a tout d'abord permis de caractériser qualitativement les propriétés de la zone non saturée et les flux hydriques associés (profondeur 0-10 m) pour les principaux usages du sol : savane naturelle ; jachère ; culture pluviale de mil ; et culture irriguée de poivron. Des profils granulométriques et de résistivité électrique apparente ont été réalisés et des suivis temporels de la teneur en eau et du potentiel matriciel du sol ont été mis en place. A partir des résultats et de la synthèse des données ainsi recueillies, deux analyses détaillées ont été proposées.Afin de quantifier le différentiel de recharge diffuse entre une jachère à Guiera senegalensis et une culture pluviale de mil (Pennisetum sp.) au sud-ouest Niger, une modélisation à base physique via le code Hydrus-1D a été appliquée. Dans un premier temps, une inversion basée sur la méthode GLUE a permis d'établir les densités de probabilité pour les paramètres hydrodynamiques de la zone non saturée ; dans un second temps, des simulations pluriannuelles (2 × 100 ans) du drainage profond (0-10 m) lors d'une transition jachère-mil ont été réalisées. Il a ainsi été montré que l'expansion des surfaces cultivées en mil pourrait se traduire par une augmentation du drainage profond, de 20 à 25 mm.an-1 après un délai de 35 à 60 ans.Afin d'étudier les conséquences des mises en culture pluviales et irriguées sur le potentiel de salinisation des sols et des eaux souterraines au sud-est Niger, les concentrations en ions majeurs dissous dans l'eau des pores de la zone non saturée ont été mesurées, puis comparées à la composition géochimique des apports d'eau associés (pluie, eau d'irrigation). Il a été ainsi mis en évidence que la mise en culture pluviale a un effet négligeable sur la qualité des eaux interstitielles et souterraines tandis que l'irrigation est associée à un enrichissement de l'eau de la zone non saturée en solutés qui pourrait induire, à terme, une salinisation de la nappe par lessivage des sols devenus salins/sodiques. / In semiarid sub-Saharan Africa, the rapid population growth (~3%.yr-1) during the past few decades has resulted in land clearing and large-scale conversion from savannah and fallow to rainfed or irrigation crop fields. The traditional duration of fallow has been also shortened. In order to estimate the impact of these land use changes on groundwater recharge, the vadose zone was investigated during three years (2009-2011) for two regions located in Niger (south-west and south-east).A qualitative analysis was first carried out for identifying vadose zone properties and for characterizing the corresponding water fluxes (0-10 m depth) for the main land use types: natural savannah; fallow; rainfed millet crop; and irrigated sweet pepper crop. Grain size and electrical resistivity profiles were established and soil water content and matric potential were monitored. Based on the results of this analysis, two more detailed investigations were performed.In southwestern Niger, in order to estimate changes in diffuse recharge from a fallow with Guiera senegalensis to a rainfed millet crop (Pennisetum sp.), a physically-based modeling with Hydrus-1D code was completed. Probability density functions were first built for the soil hydraulic parameters based on the GLUE approach; then, deep drainage (0-10 m depth) was simulated for a 2 × 100 year time-period including a fallow-millet conversion. It was shown that the increase in millet crop areas could result in an increase in deep drainage from 20 to 25 mm.yr-1 after a delay of 35 to 60 years.In southeastern Niger, in order to assess the impact of rainfed and irrigated cropping development on soil and groundwater salinization, major ion concentrations in pore water of the vadose zone were measured and compared with the geochemical composition of water inputs (rainfall, irrigation). It was shown that rainfed cropping does not affect soil water and groundwater quality whereas irrigation results in an increase of solutes concentrations in soil pore water, which could lead to a groundwater salinization at mid-term through soil leaching.

Discourses on challenges regarding water access in South Africa municipalities are intertwined with the concept of human rights and sustainable development goals. Stakeholders and social scientists continue to debate the plaque of service delivery in regard to water access in the African continent. These debates are framed around discussions to explore suitable governance models that are proficient to promote, protect and rule the right to water access amongst the poor. If South Africa and global curve continue to ignore the pleas of the disadvantaged communities on lack of water access, water scarcity will increase causing droughts and floods. The study investigated the water access, challenges and coping strategies in informal settlements specifically focusing on Iscor informal settlement. The challenges of access to water and coping strategies in informal settlements is a continuous issue of concern in South Africa Municipalities. The study was premised on qualitative approach and employed both the snowball sampling and purposive sampling techniques which refer to key participants in the study area, the government officials and the key individuals interviewed for the research. Data were gathered from a total of 61 participants; interviews were conducted with 20 participants in the study area, 10male focus group and 10 female focus group participants, three key individuals from the study area, three government officials from Department of Water and Sanitation (National and Provincial office), five officials from the City of Tshwane metropolitan Municipality and lastly 10 residents on the impact of research, since the collaboration of the research resulted in the provision of basic amenities to the study area during the course of the research. The study analyses the findings of the stated case studies, with each narrative capturing the themes on Demography; Historical background of the study area; level and impact of water access and coping strategies. The findings from the study reflected the complex range of factors influencing and exacerbating the household resilience to water inaccessibility. The research recommends that the government should implement monitoring programmes and projects which will ensure water accessibility in all informal settlements across the city, provide shelters/RDP houses to the residents, educate and create jobs through support groups and NGOs to the study area. / Development Studies / M.A. Development Studies

Thesis (M.A. (Horticulture)) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / Refer to document / University of Namibia

Australia is experiencing widespread ecosystem degradation, including dryland salinity, erosion and vegetation loss. Approximately 1 million hectares (5.5%) of the south-west agricultural zone of Western Australia is affected by dryland salinity and is predicted to rise to 5.4 million hectares by 2050. Such degradation is associated with many environmental outcomes that may impact on human health, including a decrease in primary productivity, an increase in the number of invasive species, a decrease in the number of large trees, overall decrease in biodiversity, and an increase in dust production. The resulting degradation affects not only farm production but also farm values. This study examines the effects of such severe and widespread environmental degradation on the physical and mental health of residents. Western Australia has an extensive medical record database which links individual health records for all hospital admissions, cancer cases, births and deaths. For the 15 diseases examined in this project, the study area of the south west of Western Australia (excluding the capital city of Perth) contained 1,570,985 morbidity records and 27,627 mortality records for the 15 diseases examined in a population of approximately 460,000. Environmental data were obtained from the Western Australian Department of Agriculture?s soil and landscape mapping database. A spatial Bayesian framework was used to examine associations between these disease and environmental variables. The Bayesian model detected the confounding variables of socio-economic status and proportion of the population identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. With the inclusion of these confounders in the model, associations were found between environmental degradation (including dryland salinity) and several diseases with known environmentally-mediated triggers, including asthma, ischaemic heart disease, suicide and depression. However, once records of individuals who had been diagnosed with coexistent depression were removed from the analysis, the effect of dryland salinity was no longer statistically detectable for asthma, ischaemic heart disease or suicide, although the effects of socio-economic status and size of the Aboriginal population remained. The spatial component of this study showed an association between land degradation and human health. These results indicated that such processes are driving the degree of psychological ill-health in these populations, although it remains uncertain whether this 4 is secondary to overall coexisting rural poverty or some other environmental mechanism. To further investigate this complex issue an instrument designed to measure mental health problems in rural communities was developed. Components of the survey included possible triggers for mental health, including environmental factors. The interview was administered in a pilot study through a telephone survey of a small number of farmers in South-Western Australia. Using logistic regression a significant association between the mental health of male farmers and dryland salinity was detected. However, the sample size of the survey was too small to detect any statistically significant associations between dryland salinity and the mental health of women. The results of this study indicate that dryland salinity, as with other examples of ecosystem degradation, is associated with an increased burden of human disease.