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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
201

The Mutagenic Activity of High-Energy Explosives; Contaminants of Concern at Military Training Sites

McAllister, Jennifer E. 24 August 2011 (has links)
The genotoxicity of energetic compounds (i.e., explosives) that are known to be present in contaminated soils at military training sites has not been extensively investigated. Thus, the Salmonella mutagenicity and Muta(TM)Mouse assays were employed as in vitro assays to examine the mutagenic activity of twelve explosive compounds, as well as three soil samples from Canadian Forces Base Petawawa. Salmonella analyses employed strains TA98 (frameshift mutations) and TA100 (base-pair substitution mutations), as well as the metabolically-enhanced YG1041 (TA98 background) and YG1042 (TA100 background), with and without exogenous metabolic activation (S9). For Salmonella analyses, the results indicate that ten of the explosive compounds were mutagenic, and consistently elicited direct-acting, base-pair substitution activity. All three soil samples were also observed to be mutagenic, eliciting direct-acting, frameshift activity. Mutagenic potencies were significantly higher on the metabolically-enhanced strains for all compounds and soil samples. For Muta(TM)Mouse analyses on FE1 cells, the results indicate that the majority of explosive compounds did not exhibit mutagenic activity. All three soil samples elicited significant positive responses (PET 1 and PET 3 without S9, and PET 2 with S9), and although there is some evidence of a concentration-related trend, the responses were weak. Correspondence of the mutagenic activity observed with the two assay systems, for both the explosive compounds and soil samples, was negligible. The differential response is likely due to differences in metabolic capacity between the two assay systems. Furthermore, it is likely that there are unidentified compounds present in these soil samples that are, at least in part, responsible for the observed mutagenic activity. Additional testing of other explosive compounds, as well as soil samples from other military training sites, using a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays, is warranted in order to reliably estimate mutagenic hazard and subsequently assess risk to human health.
202

Peptidase N, A Major Aminopeptidase Belonging To The M1 Family : Biochemical And Functional Implications

Anujith Kumar, K V 12 1900 (has links)
Intracellular protein degradation is required for maintaining the cellular proteome and regulating cellular processes. This pathway involves proximal ATP-dependent proteases that unfold and translocate proteins targeted for degradation into catalytic chambers. The large peptides produced are further cleaved by ATP independent endopeptidases, aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases to release free amino acids. Lon and Clp are the key ATP-dependent proteases in prokaryotes and 26S proteasomes in eukayotes. In general, enzymes involved in the distal processing of peptides are ATP-independent, display greater redundancy and their orthologs are present in most organisms. The aim of the present study was to generate biochemical and functional insights on the ATP-independent enzyme, Peptidase N (PepN), which belongs to the M1 family. Previous studies in our laboratory identified Escherichia Coli PepN, to harbor both amino and endopeptidase activitities. In addition, it is responsible for the cleavage of majority of aminopeptidase substrates in E. Coli and is known to be involved in Sodium salicylate(NaSal)-induced stress. The present study consists of four parts. First, intracellular proteolysis plays an important role for virulence in pathogens. Therefore, it becomes important to study the biochemical properties and roles of enzymes involved in protein degradation. In this direction, a study was initiated to characterize the biochemical properties of Peptidase N from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium(S. typhimurium). To study the contribution of PepN to the overall cystosolic protein degradation in S.typhimurium, a targeted deletion in pepN was generated. Cystosolic lysates of S. typhimurium wild type(WT) and ΔpepN strains were examined for their ability to cleave a panel of aminopeptidase and endopeptidase substrates. The ΔpepN strain displayed greatly reduced cleavage of nine out of a total of thirteen exopeptidase substrates, demonstrating a significant contribution of PepN to cytosolic aminopeptidase activity. S. typhimurium PepN also cleaved the endopeptidase substrate Suc-LLVY-AMC, similar to E. Coli PepN. To understand the physiological role of PepN, WT and ΔpepN were subjected to different stress conditions. During nutritional downshift in combination with high temperature stress, the growth of ΔpepN was significantly reduced compared to WT. Importantly, the PepN overexpressing strains grew better than WT, demonstrating an enhanced ability to overcome this stress combination. The above study clearly underscores the importance of PepN, to play distinct roles during stress. The significance of this study lies in understanding the biochemical and functional properties of a M1 family member from a pathogenic organism. Second, peptidases belonging to the M1 family are widely distributed with orthologs found across different kingdoms. The key amino acids in the catalytic domain are conserved in this family. However, amino acids present in the C-termini are variable and the three available crystal structures of M1 family members display distint differences in organization of this domain. To investigate the functional role of C-termini, progressive deletions were generated in PepN from E.Coli and Tricorn interacting factor F2 from Thermoplasma acidophilum(F2). Catalytic activity was partially reduced inPepN lacking four aa from C-terminus (PepNΔC4) whereas it is greatly reduced in F2 lacking ten amino acids from C-terminus(F2ΔC10) or eleven amino acids from PepN (PepNΔC11). To understand the mechanistic reasons involved, biochemical and biophysical studies were performed on purified WT and C-termini deleted proteins. Increased binding to 8-amino- 1- naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS) was observed for all C-termini deleted proteins revealing greater numbers of surface exposed hydrophobic amino acids. Further, trypsin sensitivity studies demonstrated that mutant proteins were more sensitive compared to WT. Notably, expression of PepNΔC4, but not PepNΔC11, in E ColiΔpepN increased its ability to resist nutritional and high temperature stress, demonstrating a physiological role for the C-terminus. Together, these studies reveal involvement of distal amino acids in the C-termini of two distant M1 family members in repressing the exposure of apolar residues and enhancing enzyme function. Third, the crystal structure of E. coliPepN displayed the presence of Zn2+. To study the role of metal cofactor, apo-PepN was isolated by chelating the holoenzyme with 1,10-phenanthroline. Among different metals tested, only Zn2+ rescued the greatly reduced catalytic activity of the apo-PepN. Further confirmatory studies were performed using pepN mutants in the conserved GXMEN and HEXXH motifs. No major structural differences were observed in purified mutants(E264A, H297A, and E298A) using circular dichroism (CD) and intrinsic fluorescence studies; however, they lacked catalytic activity. These studies clearly demonstrate that Zn2+ was essential for catalysis but not for the overall structural integrity of PepN. Estimation of the Zn2+ content by atomic absorption spectrometry demonstrated that the WT contained one molecule of zinc per molecule of enzyme. Similar results were obtained in purified proteins of E264A and E298A. residues involved in catalysis. However the Zn2+ amount was greatly reduced in H297A, which is involved in Zn2+ binding. Further, the in vivo role of metal cofactor and catalyis were studied during two established stress conditions. Over expression of the mutants, unlike WT, was unable to rescue the growth of ΔpepN during nutritional down shift and high temperature stress. These results demonstrate that E264, H297 and E298 were required for PepN function during nutritional downshift and high temperature stress. However during NaSal-induced stress condition, overexpression of WT or mutants reduced growth of ΔpepN, demonstrating that PepN function was independent of catalytic activity or metal cofactor. Further studies identified the YL motif, which is conserved in all members of the M1 family, to play a role during NaSal-induced stress. Over expression of Y185F or L186Q did not modulate catalytic activity although growth reduction of ΔpepN in the presence of NaSal was compromised. To understand the mechanisms by which the YL motif plays a role during this condition, Y185F and L186Q mutant proteins were purified. In vitro, both mutant proteins were found to aggregate at a lower temperature and their catalytic activities were more sensitive to temperature, compared to WT. Steady state analysis of WT, Y185F and L186Q were performed to study the modulation of PepN amount during stress conditions. Steady state amounts of Y185F and L186Q mutant proteins were greatly decreased compared to WT, during NaSal-induced stress. Most likely, the lowered amounts of Y185F and L186Q mutant proteins contribute to growth advantage during NaSal-induced stress. Thus, the YL motif in E. Coli PepN reduces protein aggregation and enhances the structural integrity of PepN during selective stress conditions in vivo. In summary, this study clearly identifies metal cofactor and peptidase-dependent and –independent motifs to play distinct functional roles in PepN. Fourth, the crystal structures of known M1 family members have shown that the catalytic domain and mechanism of action are similar. To identify novel residues that may modulate the catalytic activity of PepN, multiple sequence alignment of important M1 family members were performed. The alignment identified a subset of M1 family members, including PepN, containing an aspargine residue which is present two amino acids before glycine in the GAMEN motif. A closer investigation of thecrystal structure of PepN revealed an interaction between N259(Catalytic domain) with Q821 (C-terminal domain). To understand the functional role of this interaction, site-specific mutants were generated: N259D, Q821E and a double mutant, N259D & Q821E. Spectroscopic studies did not reveal any significant differences with respect to global structure or protein stability between purified WT and mutant enzymes. Also, binding to substrates by mutant enzymes was not affected as judged by Km values. However, the Kcat of PepN containing N259D or Q821E was enhanced with respect to both aminopeptidase and endopeptidase substrates. On the other hand, there was significant decrease in the catalytic activity of the double mutant. Modeling studies demonstrate that the N259-Q821 interaction is located in the vicinity of residues important for catalysis in PepN and specific alterations in this interaction may affect the compactness of the catalytic domain. In summary, this study provides a functional role for the N259-Q821 interaction in modulating the catalytic activity of PepN. Mammalian orthologs of M1 family members play important roles in different physiological processes, e.g. angiogenesis, blood pressure, inflammation, MHC class I antigen presentation etc. PepN is a well characterized M1 family member of microbial origin. The present study on E. Coli PepN provides new knowledge on the roles of: a) distal C-terminal amino acids in repressing exposed hydrophobic amino acids; b) the conserved YL motif during NaSal-induced stress condition; c) the N259 and Q821 interaction in modulating enzymatic activity. The implications of these results on other members of the M1 family are discussed.
203

Molecular modeling of the bacterial chemotaxis receptors Tar and Trg /

Peach, Megan L. January 2001 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-114).
204

Effects of lactic acid and cetylpyridinium chloride as immersion treatments to reduce populations of Salmonella Typhimurium attached on ready-to-eat shrimp

Kim, Hyejin, January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Food Science Nutrition and Health Promotion. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.
205

Lab-on-a-Chip Biosensors for the Rapid Detection of Pathogens in Clinical and Field Samples

Fronczek, Christopher F. January 2013 (has links)
In the United States and other developed countries, despite great efforts in time and funding for the prevention of foodborne and airborne diseases, there is still an unacceptable level of common pathogens spread via food, water, and air. To this end, lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies were developed for field-deployable assays and point of care diagnostics. These devices have potential applications in hospitals, agricultural farms, processing plants, and even on fields of battle. Two successful types of assays in the recent years towards point of care diagnostics are immunoassays and nucleic acid detection assays. In the Appendix A, we demonstrated a complete, field-deployable particle immunoassay encased within a microfluidic chip that detects small quantities of Salmonella Typhimurium in poultry fluid samples. Because the necessary reagents are pre-loaded and the test and negative control channels are fed by a single sample inlet, single pipetting of sample is possible. This assay demonstrated a 10 CFU/mL limit of detection, which is considerably lower than PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total assay time, including sample reading in an integrated handheld device, was 10 minutes, which was much lower than conventional methods. Because of the simplified protocol and assay time, this biosensor has potential in clinical and field diagnostic applications. In Appendix B, we fit the particle immunoassay to test for Influenza A H1N1/2009 virus and included aerosol sampling from a scaled-down mock classroom. To make the assay field deployable, we used an iPhone for signal detection. The detection limit of the assay was 1 pg/mL (10 pg/mL using the iPhone), which is well below the limit of detection for RT-PCR. This protocol demonstrated that immunoassays can be effective in the presence of interfering dust particles and that viruses can be collected from aerosol with minimal sample preparation. In Appendix C, we demonstrated that paper microfluidics, a newer vision of microfluidics, is a cheap and easy method to extract nucleic acid from S. Typhimurium in a variety of samples, including poultry packaging liquid, whole blood, and feces. Fluorescent detection with an iPhone allows for field and clinical testing. This protocol interfaces with rapid PCR and is a true diagnostic tool.
206

The Mutagenic Activity of High-Energy Explosives; Contaminants of Concern at Military Training Sites

McAllister, Jennifer E. 24 August 2011 (has links)
The genotoxicity of energetic compounds (i.e., explosives) that are known to be present in contaminated soils at military training sites has not been extensively investigated. Thus, the Salmonella mutagenicity and Muta(TM)Mouse assays were employed as in vitro assays to examine the mutagenic activity of twelve explosive compounds, as well as three soil samples from Canadian Forces Base Petawawa. Salmonella analyses employed strains TA98 (frameshift mutations) and TA100 (base-pair substitution mutations), as well as the metabolically-enhanced YG1041 (TA98 background) and YG1042 (TA100 background), with and without exogenous metabolic activation (S9). For Salmonella analyses, the results indicate that ten of the explosive compounds were mutagenic, and consistently elicited direct-acting, base-pair substitution activity. All three soil samples were also observed to be mutagenic, eliciting direct-acting, frameshift activity. Mutagenic potencies were significantly higher on the metabolically-enhanced strains for all compounds and soil samples. For Muta(TM)Mouse analyses on FE1 cells, the results indicate that the majority of explosive compounds did not exhibit mutagenic activity. All three soil samples elicited significant positive responses (PET 1 and PET 3 without S9, and PET 2 with S9), and although there is some evidence of a concentration-related trend, the responses were weak. Correspondence of the mutagenic activity observed with the two assay systems, for both the explosive compounds and soil samples, was negligible. The differential response is likely due to differences in metabolic capacity between the two assay systems. Furthermore, it is likely that there are unidentified compounds present in these soil samples that are, at least in part, responsible for the observed mutagenic activity. Additional testing of other explosive compounds, as well as soil samples from other military training sites, using a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays, is warranted in order to reliably estimate mutagenic hazard and subsequently assess risk to human health.
207

Identification Of Serotype Specific Dna Marker For Salmonella Typhimurium By Rapd-pcr Method

Aksoy, Ceren 01 September 2004 (has links) (PDF)
This study was performed for the identification of specific DNA marker using RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) method for serotype Salmonella Typhimurium which is one of the most prevalent serotype causing food poisining all over the world. The Primer 3 (RAPD 9.1), 5&rsquo / -CGT GCA CGC-3&lsquo / , was used in RAPD-PCR with 35 different Salmonella isolates. 12 of them were serotype Salmonella Typhimurium and 23 of them were belonging to other six different serotypes. Accordingly, two different 300 bp and 700 bp sized amplification products were obtained from the 12 different Salmonella Typhimurium isolates. On the other hand, other 23 Salmonella isolates of six different serotypes gave only 300 bp amplification band while 700 bp amplification band was not observed with Primer 3 (RAPD 9.1). After the discovery of 700 bp fragmentwhich was specific for S. Typhimurium, it was decided to sequence. The 700 bp band was ligated onto the vector pUC 19 to sequence. The cloninig operation gave positive results by the formation of blue and white colonies, but plasmid isolation process from white colonies containing the ligated vector was not achieved. Therefore, sequencing of the 700 bp fragment together with plasmid DNA could not be completed. However it wil be sent to USA for sequencing. According to these results, it was discovered that 700 bp amplification product was found as a specific polymorphic region for Salmonella Typhimurium after RAPD application on genomic DNA and this band can be used as a specific marker for detection and identification of Salmonella Typhimurium.
208

Zur Wirksamkeit der postpartalen Ferkel-Impfung mit der attenuierten Lebendvakzine Salmoporc® bei der Infektion von Absatzferkeln mit Salmonella Typhimurium

Stief, Michael 20 April 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, anhand von klinischen, kulturellen, serologischen sowie hämatologischen Parametern den frühen Einsatz des Salmonella-Lebendimpfstoffs Salmoporc® bei Saugferkeln in der ersten Lebenswoche zu prüfen. Dabei ergaben sich im Wesentlichen zwei zentrale Fragestellungen. Zum einen waren die Wirksamkeit sowie die Verträglichkeit der Vakzine bei der Anwendung bei Saugferkeln am dritten Lebenstag sowie im Alter von vier Wochen zu prüfen. Zum anderen war zu hinterfragen, ob der Antikörperstatus bzw. die präpartale Impfung von Muttersauen einen Einfluss auf den Impferfolg bei deren Ferkeln haben. Zu diesem Zweck wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit Impf- und Infektionsversuche mit Sauen und deren Ferkeln nach einem bereits etablierten Modell durchgeführt. Es wurden neun tragende und Salmonellen-freie Sauen in drei Gruppen zu je drei Sauen eingeteilt. Eine Gruppe Sauen wurde sechs sowie drei Wochen ante partum parenteral mit Salmoporc® geimpft. Deren Ferkel sowie die Ferkel von drei ungeimpften Sauen wurden am dritten und am 28. Lebenstag oral immunisiert. Die Ferkel der drei verbleibenden ungeimpften Sauen wurden nicht vakziniert und dienten als Kontrollgruppe. Die Versuche zeigten, dass die Impfung der Ferkel am dritten Lebenstag und in der 4. Lebenswoche sowohl bei den Ferkeln der nicht immunisierten Sauen wie auch bei den Ferkeln der vor der Geburt geimpften Sauen zu keinerlei klinischen Symptomen post vaccinationem führte, was für eine sehr gute Verträglichkeit der untersuchten Vakzine beim Saugferkel spricht. Die bakteriologische Untersuchung ausgewählter immunologisch und fleischhygienisch relevanter Organe von einem Teil der geimpften Ferkel am zehnten Lebenstag offenbarte zudem die noch erhaltene Invasivität des Impfstammes, welche einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Ausbildung einer belastbaren Immunität der Tiere post vaccinationem hat. So waren extraintestinale Nachweise des Impfstamms in den Tonsillen und Mandibularlymphknoten aller Tiere und bei einem Großteil der Tiere auch in den darmassoziierten Lymphknoten und teilweise in der Milz möglich. Am 49. Lebenstag wurden alle verbliebenen Ferkel via Magenschlundsonde intragastral mit je 1 x 1010 KbE eines Salmonella Typhimurium DT104-Wildstammes infiziert und anschließend über sieben Tage klinisch und bakteriologisch untersucht. Eine Woche post infectionem wurden schließlich ausgewählte Organe der Tiere kulturell auf den Infektionsstamm hin untersucht. Nach der Belastungsinfektion offenbarten sich deutliche klinische Effekte der Impfung. Bei den Tieren der nicht geimpften Kontrollgruppe wurden deutliche Symptome einer Salmonelleninfektion beobachtet, wohingegen bei den geimpften Ferkeln, unabhängig vom Impfstatus der Muttersauen, keinerlei Salmonelloseanzeichen feststellbar waren. Auch bei den kulturellen Untersuchungen zeigten sich deutliche Effekte der Impfung auf die Salmonellen-Ausscheidungskinetik. So schieden die geimpften Tiere beider Impfgruppen den vollvirulenten Challenge Stamm in signifikant niedrigerer Menge mit den Fäzes aus als die Kontrolltiere, weshalb die Saugferkelvakzinierung gut geeignet erscheint, die Salmonellenverbreitung durch die Fäzes infizierter Tiere zu reduzieren. Die bakteriologischen Organuntersuchungen zeigten in den lymphatischen Geweben, aber vor allem auch in den fleischhygienisch relevanten Organen deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den geimpften Ferkeln und den Kontrolltieren, die den Infektionsstamm in diesem frühen Infektionsstadium zu teilweise hohen Prozentsätzen in Leber, Milz und Unterarm-Muskulatur aufwiesen. Somit konnte gezeigt werden, dass der untersuchte Impfstoff auch bei der Anwendung beim neugeborenen Saugferkel gut verträglich ist und zudem eine belastbare Immunität induziert. Der Vakzinierungsstatus der Muttertiere hat hierbei keinen negativen Einfluss auf den Impfschutz der Ferkel. Die Anwesenheit maternaler Immunglobuline scheint sogar geeignet, die zelluläre Immunantwort der Ferkel in besonders hohem Maße zu stimulieren. Auch die Anforderungen nach § 5 der Schweine-Salmonellen-Verordnung vom 13. März 2007 an eine Salmonellenimpfung, die serologische Untersuchung auf Salmonellen-Antikörper nicht zu beeinträchtigen, werden durch Salmoporc® erfüllt.
209

Vergleichende Charakterisierung der Salmonelleninfektion des Schweins mit den Salmonella enterica-Serovaren Typhimurium, Derby und Infantis

Leffler, Martin 04 June 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die porzine Salmonelleninfektion unter Berücksichtigung der drei beim Schwein am häufigsten vorkommenden Salmonella-Serovaren anhand des klinischen Bildes, der quantitativen und qualitativen Erregerausscheidung, des Kolonisationsverhaltens, der Serokonversion bezüglich der unterschiedlichen Immunglobulin-Isotypen IgA, IgG und IgM sowie durch die Labordiagnostik näher zu charakterisieren. Bisherige Studien an Schweinen wurden überwiegend mit S. Typhimurium durchgeführt, weitere Serovare sind bisher nur unzureichend erforscht worden, obwohl sie ebenfalls zoonotisches Potential besitzen, aber vergleichsweise nur als gering virulent und kaum invasiv gelten. Die Durchführung dieser Studie erfolgte mit 6 Wochen alten Absatzferkeln, welche nach einem bereits etablierten Modell mit den jeweiligen Salmonella-Serovaren infiziert wurden. Nach dem Challenge wurden die Tiere täglich klinisch untersucht und es wurden Kotproben zur qualitativen und quantitativen Erregerausscheidung entnommen. Parallel dazu wurden im Abstand von zwei bzw. drei Tagen Blutproben für ein Differentialblutbild, Blutchemie sowie für die serologische Untersuchung gewonnen. Nach einer Woche wurden die Tiere getötet und es wurden insgesamt 13 sterile Organproben gewonnen, um eine Aussage über das Kolonisationsverhalten treffen zu können. Die Infektionsversuche zeigten, dass nach oraler Verabreichung von 1x1010 KbE die Tiere der mit S. Infantis infizierten Gruppe, entgegen den Erwartungen, die stärksten klinischen Symptome einer Salmonellose mit Diarrhoe, Fieber, Anorexie sowie reduziertem Allgemeinbefinden zeigten. Nach dem Challenge schieden alle Tiere der drei Infektionsgruppen den jeweiligen Challengestamm zu allen Zeitpunkten des Experimentes aus. Dabei war die quantitative Erregerausscheidung bei der S. Infantis-Infektionsgruppe stets am höchsten, bei der S. Derby-Gruppe stets am geringsten. Die Kolonisationsrate in den untersuchten Organproben war bei der S. Derby-Gruppe mit insgesamt 80,7 % am höchsten, gefolgt von der S. Typhimurium DT104-Gruppe mit 80,3 %. S. Infantis wurde mit einer Kolonisationsrate von 73,6 % am seltensten isoliert. Bei der quantitativen bakteriologischen Untersuchung der Organproben wurden bei der S. Typhimurium DT104-Gruppe die meisten Salmonellen vorwiegend aus den lymphatischen Organen isoliert, während bei der S. Infantis-Gruppe die Salmonellenbelastung in den essbaren Organen am höchsten war. Die serologische Untersuchung mittels isotypspezifischen ELISA offenbarte für IgG einzig bei der S. Typhimurium DT104-Gruppe einen deutlichen Anstieg der spezifischen Antikörperaktivität, während für IgM die höchste Aktivität bei der S. Derby-Gruppe gemessen wurde. Für IgA fand bei allen Tieren der drei Infektionsgruppen keine Serokonversion statt. Im Differentialblutbild stellten sich bei allen Tieren der drei Infektionsgruppen nach dem Challenge mit einer Leukozytose, einer Linksverschiebung und einer Monozytose typische Anzeichen einer bakteriellen Infektion ein. Die blutchemische Untersuchung offenbarte besonders bei der S. Typhimurium DT104-Gruppe und der S. Infantis-Gruppe größere Verluste von Natrium und Chlorid nach dem Challenge, während es bei der S. Derby-Gruppe zu keinen Elektrolytverschiebungen im Plasma kam. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde deutlich, dass S. Infantis auch beim Schwein schwere klinische Verläufe verursachen kann und auch in essbaren Organen kolonisiert. Diese invasiven Isolate stellen neben den wirtschaftlichen Verlusten ein großes Verbraucher- schutzproblem dar. Obwohl die Prävalenz von S. Infantis beim Schwein nicht so hoch wie die von S. Typhimurium ist, so sollte diese Serovar in Zukunft besonders beobachtet werden. Für S. Derby wurde trotz schwacher Virulenz die höchste Kolonisationsrate nachgewiesen, was deren Potential, klinisch inapparente Salmonelleninfektionen auszulösen, deutlich macht. Somit belegt diese Arbeit, dass S. Infantis und S. Derby für den Menschen sehr bedeutsam sein können und daher ein entsprechendes Monitoring erfordern.
210

Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 aus einer mesophilen Biogasanlage Überlebenszeiten und experimentelle Inaktivierung durch ausgewählte organische Säuren

Staffa, Wilma 28 November 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Aus Materialien einer mesophilen Biogasanlage wurden Untersuchungen zur natürlichen Inaktivierung von Salmonellen durchgeführt. In dieser Biogasanlage werden zur alternativen Energiegewinnung im zweistufigen Prozess Rinderflüssigmist, Hühnerkot und Fettabscheiderinhalte fermentiert. Insgesamt konnten in den Jahren 1997-2000 zwölf verschiedene Salmonella-Serovare (z. B. S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S. Hadar) in den Ausgangsmaterialien, im Fermentationsmaterial und im fertigen Fermentationsprodukt isoliert werden. Salmonella-positiv waren die Proben zu 95,5% (n = 22) aus der Rindergülle, zu 69,2% (n =13) aus dem Fermenter I, zu 50% (n = 20) aus dem Fermenter II, zu 77,3% (n = 22) aus der Lagune und zu 40% (n = 10) aus dem Fettabscheider. Als Quellen der Salmonellen werden die Gülle der Milchviehanlage (besonders für den Impfstamm) sowie Fettabscheiderinhalte diskutiert. Nach einer Infektion von Rindern mit S. Typhimurium in der gülleliefernden Milchviehanlage war nach der Vakzinierung der Kälber der Zoosaloral®-Impfstamm (LT: DT009) in der Gülle häufig nachweisbar. Bei 13 Untersuchun-gen wurde der Impfstamm zwölfmal in der Gülle der Milchviehanlage, einmal im Fermentationsprodukt der Biogasanlage und in fünf Proben aus der Lagune isoliert. Im Laboratorium wurde das Absterben von S. Typhimurium DT104 in fermen-tierender Rindergülle bei Lagerungstemperaturen von 7°C, 22°C und 37°C un-tersucht. Nach durchschnittlich 10 Tagen waren bei 37°C – dies entspricht etwa der Betriebstemperatur einer mesophilen Biogasanlage – keine Salmonellen nachweisbar. Bei einer Temperatur von 22°C überlebten die Salmonellen neun Wochen, bei 7°C überlebten sie mehr als 52 Wochen. Der mikrobiologische Abbau von Biomasse führt zur Aufspaltung der Makro-moleküle und danach zur Bildung von Karbonsäuren. Nach der Analyse orga-nischer Säuren aus Rindergülle und Cosubstraten wurden Konzentrationen dieser Säuren gegen S. Typhimurium DT104 experimentell geprüft. Es wurde der Einfluss von Ameisen-, Essig-, Propion-, Butter-, Isobutter-, Valerian-, Iso-valeriansäure auf die Inaktivierung von S. Typhimurium DT104 untersucht. In Versuchen mit den Einzelsäuren und Dosen der Salmonellen, die über den Gehalten nativer Gülle lagen, konnte eine Inaktivierung erst bei Konzentratio-nen von 10 bis 40 g/l erzielt werden. Da diese Konzentrationen laut der zu Grunde gelegten Gülleanalyse in den jeweiligen Einzelfällen nicht erreicht wurden, erfolgte die Prüfung der Säuren gegenüber den Salmonellen im Kom-plex. Dazu wurde ein Säuregemisch hergestellt, das den ermittelten Konzentra-tionen der Säuren in der Rindergülle plus Cosubstraten entspricht und auf ei-nen pH-Wert von 7,3 eingestellt. In dieser Säurelösung wurden Salmonellen täglich um durchschnittlich 0,5 Zehnerpotenzen reduziert und in drei Ver-suchsansätzen innerhalb von durchschnittlich 17 Tagen inaktiviert. Mit diesen Daten wird der Einfluß von in der Gülle vorkommenden Konzentrationen or-ganischer Säuren auf S. Typhimurium DT104 erstmals quantifiziert. Aus den Untersuchungen wird der Schluß gezogen, dass für das Absterben von S. Typhimurium DT104 während der 24 bis 33 Tage andauernden natürlichen Fermentation der Gülle in der Biogasanlage der Anstieg und der Einfluß der Karbonsäuren sehr wesentlich ist. Die nach der Vakzinierung der Kälber mit dem Lebendimpfstoff Zoosaloral® ausgeschiedenen Salmonellenimpfstämme waren auch nach Passage der Bio-gasanlage durch ihr auxotrophes Verhalten sicher von Wildstämmen zu unter-scheiden. Bei der Untersuchung von Gülle aus mit Salmonella-Lebendvakzinen geimpften Rinderbeständen ist das Mitführen des Bovisal-Diagnostikums® zu empfehlen. Bei den natürlich vorkommenden Salmonellen-Serovaren wurden zahlreiche Resistenzen gegenüber unterschiedlichen Antibiotika festgestellt. Die Zoosalo-ral®-Impfstämme wiesen nach der Passage der Biogasanlage keine veränderten Resistenzen auf. Die Zoosaloral®-Impfstämme sind resistent gegen Spectinomy-cin, Erythromycin und Penicillin. / We investigated the natural inactivation of Salmonella in the stuff of a meso-philic biogas plant where cattle slurry, poultry waste and fat separator contents are fermented in a two-step process for the use of alternative energy recovery. From 1997 to 2000 we isolated 12 different Salmonella serovars (e. g. S. Enteriti-dis, S. Agona, S. Hadar) in the native sludge, in the fermenter material and in the fermentation product. The following parts of the samples were Salmonella-positive: cattle slurry 95,5% (n = 22), fermenter I 69,2% (n =13), fermenter II 50% (n = 20), storage tank 77,3% (n = 22), and fat separator 40% (n = 10). As source of the Salmonella we assume the slurry of the dairy cattle farm (esp. in the case of vaccine strains) and the fat separator contents. After an infection of cattle with S. Typhimurium in the sludge-producing farm and vaccination of calves with Zoosaloral® the vaccine strain (LT: DT009) was frequently found in the slurry. In the course of 13 tests we isolated the vaccine strain in 12 samples of the biogas plant slurry, in one sample of the fermenta-tion product and in 5 samples of the storage tank. In laboratory investigations we studied the inactivation of S. Typhimurium DT104 in fermented cattle slurry at storage temperatures of 7°C, 22°C, and 37°C. After a mean storage time of 10 days at 37°C (i.e. the working tempera-ture of the biogas plant) all Salmonella were inactivated. At 22°C they survived nine weeks, at 7°C more than 52 weeks. The microbiologic degradation causes the splitting of macromolecules and the formation of free volatile acides (VFA). After analysis of the VFA in cattle slurry and cosubstrates we tested different concentrations of formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, valerianic, and isovalerianic acid. In tests with the single acids and Salmonella concentrations higher than in native slurry an inactivation was achieved at acid concentrations between 10-40 mg/l. Because acid concen-trations in native sludge are lower, we examined an acid mixture with acid con-centrations equivalent to cattle slurry/cosubstrate at pH 7,3. In the mixture Salmonalla were daily reduced about 0,5 orders and inactivated in an average of 17 days. These data quantify the influence of VFA concentrations in slurry for the first time. We concluded that the increase and the influence of VFA are very important for the inactivation of S. Typhimurium DT104 during the 24-33 days of slurry fer-mentation in the biogas plant. After vaccination of calves with the live vaccine Zoosaloral® the excreted Salmonella vaccine strains could be distinguished after the passage of the biogas plant by their auxotrophy from wild strains. We rec-ommend the use of Bovisaloral-Diagnostikum® for investigations of slurry from cattle vaccinated with Salmonella live vaccine. The natural Salmonella serovars were resistant against numerous antibiotics. The Zoosaloral® vaccine strains showed no deviating resistances after passag-ing the biogas plant. The Zoosaloral® vaccine strains were spectinomycine-, erythromycine- and penicilline-resistent.

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