<p>Sampled-data supervisory control deals with timed discrete event systems (TDES) where the supervisors are to be implemented as sampled-data controllers. A sampled-data controller views the system as a series of inputs and outputs and is controlled by a periodic clock. It samples its inputs, changes state, and updates its outputs on each clock edge (the tick event). The sampled-data supervisory control framework provides a set of conditions that the TDES system must satisfy to ensure its correct behaviour in order to be implemented as sampled data controllers. A serious limitation for automatic verification of systems is the size of the system's synchronous product. To overcome this limitation, we propose the use of a compositional approach to the verification of sampled-data supervisory control. In this approach, first we recast the required conditions for sampled-data supervisory control in terms of other properties such as language inclusion, nonblocking or controllability, which already have existing compositional methods and algorithms. This makes the sampled-data properties suitable for compositional verification, considerably increasing the size of systems that can be handled using sampled-data supervisory control. We also develop and implement a set of algorithms for the compositional verification of these sampled-data properties. We provide an example of the SD Controlled Flexible Manufacturing System to test our algorithms.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / Spray cooling is a promising means of dissipating large steady state heat fluxes in high density power and electronic systems, such as thermophotovoltaic systems. The present study reports on the effectiveness of spray cooling in removing heat fluxes as high as 220 W/cm2. An experiment was designed to determine how the parameters of spray volumetric flow rate and droplet size influence the heat removal capacity of such a system. A series of commercially available nozzles were used to generate full cone water spray patterns encompassing a range of volumetric flow rates (3.79 to 42.32 L/h) and droplet Sauter mean diameters (17.4 to 35.5 micrometers). The non-flooded regime of spray cooling was studied, in which liquid spreading on the heater surface following droplet impact is the key phenomenon that determines the heat transfer rate. The experimental data established a direct proportionality of the heat flux with spray flow rate, and an inverse dependence on the droplet diameter. A correlation of the data was developed to predict heat flux as a function of the studied parameters over the range of values tested in this. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

No description available.

In dieser Arbeit werden lineare zeitinvariante endlichdimensionale Systeme (LTI-Systeme) mit m &amp;gt; 1 Eingängen und p &amp;gt; 1 Ausgängen untersucht (MIMO-Systeme). Diese lassen sich darstellen durch lineare Gleichungen mit Matrizen, deren Einträge Polynome im Ableitungsoperator d/dt sind. Bei Nutzung der Laplace-Transformation handelt es sich um Polynome in s. Algebraisch bilden diese einen Euklidischen Ring. Durch Überführung der Matrizen in die Hermitesche Normalform werden m Basisgrößen definiert. Die Verläufe oder Trajektorien der Basisgrößen lassen sich frei vorgegeben. Damit werden die Trajektorien sämtlicher übrigen Signale, insbesondere die der erforderlichen Eingangssignale, festgelegt und können ohne Integration berechnet werden. Ein linksteilerfremdes (auch steuerbar genanntes) Modell ist dabei nicht zwingend erforderlich. Damit eignen sich die Basisgrößen besonders zur Planung von Trajektorien. Genauer untersucht wird die Planung mit Polynomen in der Zeit als Ansatzfunktionen und die Planung von Trajektorien, die ein quadratisches Kostenfunktional minimieren. In der technischen Praxis werden die Systeme stets von den geplanten Trajektorien abweichen. Insbesondere bei instabilen Regelstrecken ist deshalb ein stabilisierender Folgeregler unentbehrlich. Die Struktur der Folgeregelung wird eingeführt und es wird deutlich gemacht, dass jede Methode zum Entwurf linearer Regler angewendet werden kann. Die Nullstellenzuweisung durch dynamische Ausgangsrückführung mit Reglern vorgegebener möglichst geringer dynamischer Ordnung wird detailliert untersucht und eine neue Lösungsmöglichkeit aufgezeigt. Durch Nutzung der modifizierten z-Transformation lässt sich die Theorie auf ein hybrides System, bestehend aus einer zeitkontinuierlichen Regelstrecke und einer zeitdiskreten digitalen Steuerung und Regelung, ausdehnen. Dabei werden die Verläufe der Signale zwischen den Abtastzeitpunkten in die Planung einbezogen. Zum Schluss werden die linearen Beobachter im Licht der polynomialen Matrizendarstellung neu untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass die polynomiale Matrizendarstellung einen theoretischen Rahmen bietet, in dem sich sämtliche linearen Beobachter mit einer Methode entwerfen lassen. - (Die Dissertation ist veröffentlicht in der Reihe Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 8 - Mess-, Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik, Band 1164 im VDI Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf, ISBN 978-3-18-516408-8) / In this thesis linear time invariant lumped systems (LTI-systems) with m&amp;gt;1 inputs and p &amp;gt; 1 outputs (MIMO-systems) are investigated. These systems can be represented by linear equations with matrices, whose entries are polynomials in the differential operator d/dt. If Laplace-transform is employed, the polynomials are in s. Algebraically polynomials form a Euclidean ring. The conversion of the matrices to the Hermite form leads to defining m basic variables. The trajectories of the basis variables may be chosen arbitrarily. With that choice the trajectories of all remaining variables and especially the input variables are determined and can be calculated without integration. A left coprime (also called controllable) model is not required. Hence basis variables are particularly useful for planning trajectories. Special attention is paid to planning trajectories with polynomials in time as basic functions and planning trajectories which minimise a quadratic functional of costs. In engineering practice the systems will always differ from the planed trajectories. Especially with unstable plants a stabilising tracking controller is compulsory. The structure of the tracking control is introduced. It becomes apparent that every linear theory for the design of closed loop controllers is suitable. Pole assignment by dynamic output feedback with low order controllers of a fixed structure is looked at in more detail. A new approach to this problem is presented. Using the modified z-transform the theory is extended to hybrid systems consisting of a digital or discrete time controller and a plant in continuous time. Thereby the course of the signals between the sampling moments is taken into account. Finally linear observers are reinvestigated using the polynomial matrix representation. It is shown that the polynomial matrix representation provides a theoretical framework in which all linear observers can be designed.

No description available.

This thesis is concerned with the sampled-data control of non-linear continuous-time systems. Sampled-data systems are present in all computer controlled, hybrid or embedded systems. The design and computation of suitable digital controllers represent unavoidable tasks since both continuous and discrete-time components interact. The basic framework of this work takes part of a wide research activity performed by S. Monaco and D. Normand-Cyrot regarding non-linear sampled-data systems. The underlying idea is to design digital controllers that recover certain continuous-time properties that are usually degraded through sampling as it is the case when continuous-time controllers are implemented by means of zero-order holder devices (emulated control). This thesis brings contributions into three different directions. The first one regards theoretical developments: a new digital backstepping-like strategy design for strict-feedback systems is proposed. This method is compared with other strategies proposed in the literature. The second contribution is the development of a control designer and of a simulation toolbox (in Matlab) for non-linear sampled-data systems. This toolbox includes different digital design strategies such as: multi-rate control, input-output/Lyapunov matching, digital backstepping design, etc. The third contribution concerns several case studies conducted to highlight the performances of the sampled-data controller designs, computed by the means of the software toolbox. Experimental and simulation results are described for various real examples especially in the area of electrical and mechanical processes.

Neste trabalho, aborda-se o problema de estabilidade de sistemas com dados amostrados periodicamente, na presença de atuadores saturantes em posição e em taxa de variação. Os atuadores são modelados como sistemas de primeira ordem com saturação de entrada (saturação de magnitude) e do estado (saturação de taxa de variação). No modelo, considera-se que o sinal de controle é mantido constante entre dois instantes de amostragem consecutivos, enquanto as dinâmicas da planta linear e do atuador saturante são em tempo contínuo, i.e., não é feita discretização do sistema. O efeito da amostragem aperiódica é considerado através de um looped -funcional, derivado do funcional de Lyapunov-Krasovskii. O método desenvolvido relaciona uma função quadrática de Lyapunov e o funcional, considerando a amostragem assíncrona e o atuador saturante. Assim, se a derivada temporal do funcional ao longo das trajetórias do sistema for definida negativa, verifica-se que a função de Lyapunov é estritamente decrescente nos instantes de amostragem. Os efeitos das saturações são considerados por meio do uso da condição de setor generalizada. A partir do looped-funcional, da função de Lyapunov e das relações de setor generalizadas, são formuladas condições que permitem caracterizar a estabilidade e projetar ganhos estabilizantes da origem do sistema amostrado, em contexto local e global, através de algoritmos baseados na solução de LMIs. São propostas condições para maximização da estimativa da região de atração da origem ou, dado um conjunto de condições iniciais, para maximização do limite superior do intervalo de amostragem. As condições estabelecidas são válidas para o sistema com acesso a todos os estados, como também, no caso dos estados do atuador não estarem disponíveis `a medição. / This work addresses the problems of stability and stabilization of sampled-data systems taking into account aperiodic sampling and magnitude and rate saturating actuactors. The actuators are represented by a first-order system subject to input (magnitude saturation) and state (rate) saturation. In the considered model, the control signal is assumed to be constant between two successive sampling instants, while the dynamics of the linear plant and the saturating actuator are in continuous-time, i.e., no discretization is performed. The aperiodic sampling is taken into account from the method based on the input delay approach via looped-functional, derived from a time-dependent Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. The developed method is based on a particular functional, that is related to a Lyapunov function. It is shown that if the time derivative of the looped- functional along the trajectories of the continuous-time system is strictly negative, then the Lyapunov function is strictly decreasing at sampling instants. The actuator saturations are taken into account from the use of a generalized sector condition. From the looped-functional, the Lyapunov function and the generalized sector conditions, the developed results lead to conditions that can be solved as LMI prob- lems for asymptotic stability assessment and stabilization local or global of the origin of the sampled-data system. Convex optimization problems are developed to com- pute an estimate of the region of attraction or, given a set of admissible initial conditions, compute the maximal admissible inter-sampling time for which the con- vergence of the trajectories to the origin is ensured. Theorical results are valid for systems with access to all the states, and also for the case that actuator states are not available to the measurement.

Neste trabalho, aborda-se o problema de estabilidade de sistemas com dados amostrados periodicamente, na presença de atuadores saturantes em posição e em taxa de variação. Os atuadores são modelados como sistemas de primeira ordem com saturação de entrada (saturação de magnitude) e do estado (saturação de taxa de variação). No modelo, considera-se que o sinal de controle é mantido constante entre dois instantes de amostragem consecutivos, enquanto as dinâmicas da planta linear e do atuador saturante são em tempo contínuo, i.e., não é feita discretização do sistema. O efeito da amostragem aperiódica é considerado através de um looped -funcional, derivado do funcional de Lyapunov-Krasovskii. O método desenvolvido relaciona uma função quadrática de Lyapunov e o funcional, considerando a amostragem assíncrona e o atuador saturante. Assim, se a derivada temporal do funcional ao longo das trajetórias do sistema for definida negativa, verifica-se que a função de Lyapunov é estritamente decrescente nos instantes de amostragem. Os efeitos das saturações são considerados por meio do uso da condição de setor generalizada. A partir do looped-funcional, da função de Lyapunov e das relações de setor generalizadas, são formuladas condições que permitem caracterizar a estabilidade e projetar ganhos estabilizantes da origem do sistema amostrado, em contexto local e global, através de algoritmos baseados na solução de LMIs. São propostas condições para maximização da estimativa da região de atração da origem ou, dado um conjunto de condições iniciais, para maximização do limite superior do intervalo de amostragem. As condições estabelecidas são válidas para o sistema com acesso a todos os estados, como também, no caso dos estados do atuador não estarem disponíveis `a medição. / This work addresses the problems of stability and stabilization of sampled-data systems taking into account aperiodic sampling and magnitude and rate saturating actuactors. The actuators are represented by a first-order system subject to input (magnitude saturation) and state (rate) saturation. In the considered model, the control signal is assumed to be constant between two successive sampling instants, while the dynamics of the linear plant and the saturating actuator are in continuous-time, i.e., no discretization is performed. The aperiodic sampling is taken into account from the method based on the input delay approach via looped-functional, derived from a time-dependent Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. The developed method is based on a particular functional, that is related to a Lyapunov function. It is shown that if the time derivative of the looped- functional along the trajectories of the continuous-time system is strictly negative, then the Lyapunov function is strictly decreasing at sampling instants. The actuator saturations are taken into account from the use of a generalized sector condition. From the looped-functional, the Lyapunov function and the generalized sector conditions, the developed results lead to conditions that can be solved as LMI prob- lems for asymptotic stability assessment and stabilization local or global of the origin of the sampled-data system. Convex optimization problems are developed to com- pute an estimate of the region of attraction or, given a set of admissible initial conditions, compute the maximal admissible inter-sampling time for which the con- vergence of the trajectories to the origin is ensured. Theorical results are valid for systems with access to all the states, and also for the case that actuator states are not available to the measurement.

Neste trabalho, aborda-se o problema de estabilidade de sistemas com dados amostrados periodicamente, na presença de atuadores saturantes em posição e em taxa de variação. Os atuadores são modelados como sistemas de primeira ordem com saturação de entrada (saturação de magnitude) e do estado (saturação de taxa de variação). No modelo, considera-se que o sinal de controle é mantido constante entre dois instantes de amostragem consecutivos, enquanto as dinâmicas da planta linear e do atuador saturante são em tempo contínuo, i.e., não é feita discretização do sistema. O efeito da amostragem aperiódica é considerado através de um looped -funcional, derivado do funcional de Lyapunov-Krasovskii. O método desenvolvido relaciona uma função quadrática de Lyapunov e o funcional, considerando a amostragem assíncrona e o atuador saturante. Assim, se a derivada temporal do funcional ao longo das trajetórias do sistema for definida negativa, verifica-se que a função de Lyapunov é estritamente decrescente nos instantes de amostragem. Os efeitos das saturações são considerados por meio do uso da condição de setor generalizada. A partir do looped-funcional, da função de Lyapunov e das relações de setor generalizadas, são formuladas condições que permitem caracterizar a estabilidade e projetar ganhos estabilizantes da origem do sistema amostrado, em contexto local e global, através de algoritmos baseados na solução de LMIs. São propostas condições para maximização da estimativa da região de atração da origem ou, dado um conjunto de condições iniciais, para maximização do limite superior do intervalo de amostragem. As condições estabelecidas são válidas para o sistema com acesso a todos os estados, como também, no caso dos estados do atuador não estarem disponíveis `a medição. / This work addresses the problems of stability and stabilization of sampled-data systems taking into account aperiodic sampling and magnitude and rate saturating actuactors. The actuators are represented by a first-order system subject to input (magnitude saturation) and state (rate) saturation. In the considered model, the control signal is assumed to be constant between two successive sampling instants, while the dynamics of the linear plant and the saturating actuator are in continuous-time, i.e., no discretization is performed. The aperiodic sampling is taken into account from the method based on the input delay approach via looped-functional, derived from a time-dependent Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. The developed method is based on a particular functional, that is related to a Lyapunov function. It is shown that if the time derivative of the looped- functional along the trajectories of the continuous-time system is strictly negative, then the Lyapunov function is strictly decreasing at sampling instants. The actuator saturations are taken into account from the use of a generalized sector condition. From the looped-functional, the Lyapunov function and the generalized sector conditions, the developed results lead to conditions that can be solved as LMI prob- lems for asymptotic stability assessment and stabilization local or global of the origin of the sampled-data system. Convex optimization problems are developed to com- pute an estimate of the region of attraction or, given a set of admissible initial conditions, compute the maximal admissible inter-sampling time for which the con- vergence of the trajectories to the origin is ensured. Theorical results are valid for systems with access to all the states, and also for the case that actuator states are not available to the measurement.

L'objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est (i) d'étudier et de développer des méthodes d’analyse et de commande de systèmes de contrôle en réseau linéaires et non linéaires et (ii) de montrer le potentiel de ces approches dans des applications complexes pertinentes. À cet égard, la théorie des systèmes à plusieurs agents, la théorie des graphes algébriques et le consensus sont des outils méthodologiques les plus intéressants. Une attention particulière est accordée à la caractérisation des relations entre, d'une part, la topologie du graphe de communication qui sous-tend l'évolution du système à plusieurs agents considéré et, d'autre part, les propriétés spectrales de la matrice Laplacienne associée au graphe lui-même. Le contrôle d'un groupe d'agents autonomes est étudié sous différents angles. Le principal objectif de contrôle est de s’assurer que les agents travaillent ensemble de manière coopérative, où la coopération représente la relation étroite entre tous les agents de l'équipe, le partage de l'information jouant un rôle important. En particulier, beaucoup de problèmes de consensus/accord/ synchronisation /rendez-vous sont étudiés afin de guider un groupe d’agents vers un état commun. Le consensus est étudié dans un contexte à temps discret parce que la dynamique du système est en général continue alors que les mesures et les entrées de contrôle sont des données échantillonnées. En outre, la théorie des jeux est utilisée pour faire face aux problèmes de coordination distribués à plusieurs agents, avec une application aux réseaux connus sous le nom de Software Defined Networks. À cet égard, on peut montrer que, sous des protocoles correctement conçus, les joueurs convergent vers un équilibre unique de Wardrop. On concentre l’attention sur le contrôle distribué, car cette approche présente des avantages évidents par rapport à la centralisation, comme l'évolutivité et la robustesse. Pourtant, le contrôle distribué a également ses propres inconvénients : avant tout, un inconvénient est que chaque agent ne peut pas prédire efficacement le comportement global du groupe en se basant uniquement sur des informations locales. Une certaine attention est également accordée à la nécessité de sécuriser les réseaux électriques contre le danger des attaques cyber-physiques grâce au développement de technologies d'intelligence distribuée. À cet égard, sur la base de topologies de réseaux d'énergie réalistes, nous présentons brièvement la conception d'un schéma de protection contre les attaques dynamiques à un point et à points multiples en boucle fermée. Nous formulons et résolvons un problème d'optimisation non convexe soumis à une contrainte de stabilité de Lyapunov pour la représentation à plusieurs agents autonome d'un réseau électrique obtenue après la linéarisation et l'application des lois d’attaque et de contrôle de fréquence. Finalement, nous présentons des résultats obtenus sur : le pilotage exact de la dynamique non linéaire finie à données échantillonnées avec des retards sur les entrées, au sujet de la stabilisation à données échantillonnées et de la poursuite de l'orbite quasi-halo autour du point de libration translunaire L₂, et au sujet des algorithmes heuristiques basés sur des méthodes d'apprentissage par renforcement à plusieurs agents capables d'effectuer un contrôle adaptatif optimal de qualité de service / qualité de l’expérience dans des scénarios sans modèle. / The objective of this PhD thesis is (i) to investigate and develop methods for the analysis and design of linear and nonlinear networked control systems and (ii) to show the potential of such approaches in relevant complex applications. In this respect, multi-agent systems theory, algebraic graph theory and consensus are the most interesting methodological tools, and specific attention is paid to the characterization of the relationships between, on the one hand, the topology of the communication graph that underlies the evolution of the considered multiagent system and, on the other hand, the spectral properties of the Laplacian matrix associated with the graph itself. The control of a group of autonomous agents is investigated from different perspectives. The main control objective is to make sure that the agents work together in a cooperative fashion, where cooperation accounts for the close relationship among all agents in the team, with information sharing playing an important role. In particular, various problems regarding consensus/agreement/synchronization/rendezvous are investigated with the specific aim of driving a group of agents to some common state. Consensus is investigated in a discrete-time setting due to the fact that the system dynamics is normally continuous while the measurements and control inputs might only be made in a sampled-data setting. Moreover, game theory is relied upon in order to cope with distributed multi-agent coordination problems, with application to Software Defined Networks. In this respect, it can be shown that, under properly designed protocols, the players converge to a unique Wardrop equilibrium. We focus on distributed control, since this approach shows obvious benefits over centralization, such as scalability and robustness. Yet, it also has its own drawbacks: among all, one drawback is that each agent cannot effectively predict the overall group behaviour based on only local information. Some attention is also devoted to the need for securing power grids against the danger of cyber-physical attacks through the development of distributed intelligence technologies accompanied by appropriate security enforcements. In this respect, based on realistic power network topologies, we briefly present the design of a protection scheme against closed-loop single-point and multi-point dynamic load altering attacks. This is done by formulating and solving a non-convex optimization problem subject to a Lyapunov stability constraint for the autonomous multiagent representation of a power system obtained after linearization and application of the attack and frequency control laws. Eventually, we show some other results achieved in terms of the exact steeering of finite sampled nonlinear dynamics with input delays, of sampled-data stabilization and quasi-halo orbit following around the L₂ translunar libration point, and of heuristic algorithms based on multi-agent reinforcement learning methods capable of performing optimal adaptive Quality of Service/Quality of Experience control in model-free scenarios.