Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Type Communication (MTC) have got more momentum in the last few years but still, need to be penetrated with their full swing in our daily life. This can be possible with general framework that provides global network coverage. Non-terrestrial networks comprised of satellites and aerial platforms are expected to provide next-generation communication services in underserved and un-served areas by ensuring the quality of service that cannot be covered by existing terrestrial networks owing to economical and geographical limitations. The aim of this thesis is to formulate a set of massive and critical MTC use cases such as global environment monitoring, tracking of shipping containers and smart agriculture, and assess their comprehensive requirements like data size, sensor node density and uplink capacity and discuss possible network architectures and deployments focusing on satellite or aerial networks. A rigorous discussion on different network architectures to address the requirements have been presented, that involve (1) Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite based network, (2) High Altitude Platform (HAP) based network, and (3) HAP and UAV based network. The proposed network architectures have been simulated and analyzed using MATLAB tools for respective use cases in terms of required number of satellites or aerial platforms. The criteria for selection of network architectures for the use cases are based on the minimum number of satellites or aerial platforms. The results show that LEO constellation consisting of 260 satellites are feasible concerning deployment and management for global environment monitoring network. Similarly, 1440 LEO satellites provide global coverage for tracking of shipping containers. Smart agriculture use case requires high throughput, and hence HAP and UAV integrated network architecture is more realistic for a fully autonomous system as compared to other network architectures. Cooperative control and management of set of agricultural machines can be performed at the UAV. Simulation results show that single UAV can be capable of commanding and controlling the agricultural smart machines in one square kilometer crop field and can send the summary of events to the central station via a HAP. / Internet of Things (IoT) och maskintypkommunikation (MTC) har fått mer fart under de senaste åren men måste fortfarande penetreras med sin fulla sväng i vårt dagliga liv. Detta kan vara möjligt med allmän ramverk som ger global nätverkstäckning. Icke- markbundna nät bestående av satelliter och flygplattformar förväntas tillhandahålla nästa generations kommunikationstjänster i undervärdiga och obetjänade områden genom att säkerställa kvaliteten påtjänster som inte kan täckas av befintliga marknät pågrund av ekonomiska och geografiska begränsningar. Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att formulera en uppsättning massiva och kritiska MTC-användningsfall som global miljöövervakning, spårning av fraktcontainrar och smart jordbruk, och utvärdera deras omfattande krav som datastorlek, sensornoddensitet och upplänkkapacitet och diskutera möjliga nätverk arkitekturer och distributioner med fokus påsatellit- eller flygnät. En rigorös diskussion om olika nätverksarkitekturer för att möta kraven har presenterats, som involverar (1) Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellitbaserat nätverk, (2) High Altitude Platform (HAP) baserat nätverk, och (3) HAP och UAV baserat nätverk. De föreslagna nätverksarkitekturerna har simulerats och analyserats med MATLAB-verktyg för respek- tive användningsfall i termer av det nödvändiga antalet satelliter eller flygplattformar. Kriterierna för val av nätverksarkitekturer för användningsfallen är baserade pådet minsta antalet satelliter eller flygplattformar. Resultaten visar att LEO-konstellationen bestående av 260 satelliter är möjlig när det gäller distribution och hantering för globalt miljöövervakningsnätverk. Påliknande sätt ger 1440 LEO-satelliter global täckning för spårning av fraktcontainrar. Småjordbruksanvändningsfall kräver hög kapacitet, och följaktligen är HAP och UAV integrerad nätverksarkitektur mer realistisk för ett helt autonomt system jämfört med andra nätverksarkitekturer. Kooperativ kontroll och hantering av jordbruksmaskiner kan utföras vid UAV. Simuleringsresultat visar att en enda UAV kan vara kapabel att kommandera och kontrollera jordbrukssmarta maskiner i ett kvadratkilometer grödningsfält och kan skicka sammanfattningen av händelser till centralstationen via HAP.

Det är mycket dyrt att utveckla markinfrastruktur för att försörja hela jorden med internet. Detta ärspeciellt fallet i glesbebyggda områden då det finns lite ekonomisk vinning. Sverige som är ett stortoch glesbefolkat land har stora områden av denna typ. Samtidigt är Sverige ett högteknologiskt landdär en stor majoritet av befolkningen använder internet och mobiltelefoni dagligen. Det skapar ettdilemma som är mycket kostsamt att lösa med markbunden teknologi.Sveriges regering samarbetar med teleoperatörer. De köper licenser på auktion för att få användaradiospektrum inom Sverige vilket är en begränsad resurs. I utbyte måste de uppnå vissa täcknings-krav. Dessa teleoperatörer åläggs därmed att täcka Sveriges yt a med potentiell uppkoppling och mo-bilt internet och ingår i ett avtal med regeringen för att få verka.Det är däremot inte särskilt ekonomiskt att göra detta på landsbygden där det bor få människor ochnyttjande av individuella markstationer blir mycket låg. Detta leder då till att dessa master är mycketolönsamma och det är dessutom ett slöseri med resurse r såsom mark, område, natur, material ochpengar. Företag är därför beredda att spendera stora mängder pengar på att undvika att belastas medkrav från Sveriges regering för att utföra detta.Samtidigt är satellitinternet på frammarsch och fler och fler personer världen över införskaffar inter-net via satellit. Detta har blivit ett alternativ.Mycket trådlös teknologi använder specifika olika radiofrekvenser för att överföra information. Dennya typen av satellitinternet använder generellt radiofrekvenser i de så kallade Ku - och Ka-bandenvilka påverkas av vatten. Detta innebär till exempel att regn eller snö ger viss påverkan på kvalitén avden trådlösa förbindelsen.En fråga som bör utredas är hur satellitinternet jämför sig med existerande tekniker som 4G och 5G.På detta sätt kan man uppskatta deras användbarhet.Detta examensarbete fokuserar på att hjälpa till att samla in kunskap i den frågan. För att åstad-komma detta, har det utförts prestandamätningar på relevanta faktorer av en tjänst som tillhanda-håller satellitinternet. Starlink, som är den mest utvecklade s atellitinternettjänsten är föremål fördessa mätningar. Resultatet har blivit mätningar av Starlinks prestanda samt jämförelser mellan4G/5G och Starlink som förhoppningsvis kan belysa Starlinks användbarhet i Norden.Mätningarna indikerar att Starlink har god tillförlitlighet som är jämförbar med mobilnät men i Sve-rige har Starlink onödig fördröjning på cirka 20 millisekunder på grund av att markstationerna ärbelägna i Centraleuropa. / It is very expensive to develop ground-based infrastructure to supply the entire earth with internet.This is especially the case in loosely populated areas where the economic incentive is very low for acompany. Sweden which is a large country with a small population has many areas in this category.At the same time, Sweden is a technologically advanced nation where most people use the internetand mobile telephony daily.The Swedish government cooperates with teleoperators. These teleoperators buy licenses on auctionto be able to use radio spectrum within Sweden which is a limited resource. In exchange they need tofulfill certain quotas on reception and wireless service. The operators are in this way obligated by theSwedish government to supply the country with the potential for reception .However, this is not very economic in rural areas where few people live, and the usage of individualground stations is low. This leads to ground stations being very unprofitable and is also a waste ofresources such as land, materials and capital. Companies are willing to spend large sums of money toavoid obligation to do this.At the same time satellite internet is becoming increasingly sophisticated and more and more peopleworldwide are starting to adopt satellite internet.A lot of wireless technology uses specific different radio frequencies to transmit information. The newtype of satellite internet generally uses frequencies within the Ku - and Ka-bands which are both af-fected by water. This means that for example, rain or snow could affect the quality of the wirelessconnection.A question that should be discussed is how satellite internet compares to existing technologies like4G and 5G. If this is done, it will be easier for involved parties to estimate its usefulness.This bachelor’s thesis focuses on gathering information to help resolve the question of how usefulsatellite internet can be. To accomplish this, performance measurements have been performed on aservice that provides satellite internet. Starlink, which is the most deployed satellite internet service,has been the subject of these measurements. The result is measurements on the performance of Star-link and comparisons between 4G/5G and Starlinks that can hopefully help shed some light on Star-links usefulness in Scandinavia.The measurements indicate that Starlink delivers a reliable connection that can be compared to mo-bile service but that in Sweden there is an added delay of circa 20 milliseconds due to the groundstations being located in central Europe.

<p>A study of air mass origin’s effect on marine stratus and stratocumulus clouds has been performed on clouds north of Scandinavia between 2000 and 2004. The aerosol number size distribution of the air masses has been obtained from measurements in northern Finland. A trajectory model has been used to calculate trajectories to and from the measurement stations. The back trajectories were calculated using the measurement site as receptor to make sure the air masses had the right origin, and forward trajectories were calculated from receptor stations to assure adequate flow conditions. Satellite data of microphysical parameters of clouds from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) has been downloaded where the trajectories indicated that clouds could be studied, and where the satellite images displayed low-level clouds. The 25 % days with the highest number of aerosol with a diameter over 80 nm (N₈₀) and the 35% with the lowest N₈₀ have been used to represent polluted and clean conditions respectively. After screening trajectories and satellite imagery, 22 cases of clouds with northerly trajectories that had low N₈₀ values (i.e. clean) and 25 southerly cases with high N₈₀ values (i.e. polluted) where identified for further analysis.</p><p>   The average cloud optical thickness (τ) for all polluted pixels was more than twice that of the clean pixels. This can most likely be related to the differences in aerosol concentrations in accordance with the indirect effect, yet some difference in τ caused by different meteorological situations cannot be ruled out. The mean cloud droplet effective radius (a_ef) was for the polluted pixels 11.2 µm and for the clean pixels 15.5 µm, which results in a difference of 4.3 µm and clearly demonstrates the effect that increased aerosol numbers has on clouds. A non-linear relationship between a_ef and N₈₀ has been obtained which indicates that changes in lower values of aerosol numbers affect a_ef more than changes in larger aerosol loads. The results from this study also indicate that there is a larger difference in the microphysical cloud parameters between the polluted and clean cases in spring and autumn than in summer.</p>

A study of air mass origin’s effect on marine stratus and stratocumulus clouds has been performed on clouds north of Scandinavia between 2000 and 2004. The aerosol number size distribution of the air masses has been obtained from measurements in northern Finland. A trajectory model has been used to calculate trajectories to and from the measurement stations. The back trajectories were calculated using the measurement site as receptor to make sure the air masses had the right origin, and forward trajectories were calculated from receptor stations to assure adequate flow conditions. Satellite data of microphysical parameters of clouds from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) has been downloaded where the trajectories indicated that clouds could be studied, and where the satellite images displayed low-level clouds. The 25 % days with the highest number of aerosol with a diameter over 80 nm (N80) and the 35% with the lowest N80 have been used to represent polluted and clean conditions respectively. After screening trajectories and satellite imagery, 22 cases of clouds with northerly trajectories that had low N80 values (i.e. clean) and 25 southerly cases with high N80 values (i.e. polluted) where identified for further analysis.    The average cloud optical thickness (τ) for all polluted pixels was more than twice that of the clean pixels. This can most likely be related to the differences in aerosol concentrations in accordance with the indirect effect, yet some difference in τ caused by different meteorological situations cannot be ruled out. The mean cloud droplet effective radius (aef) was for the polluted pixels 11.2 µm and for the clean pixels 15.5 µm, which results in a difference of 4.3 µm and clearly demonstrates the effect that increased aerosol numbers has on clouds. A non-linear relationship between aef and N80 has been obtained which indicates that changes in lower values of aerosol numbers affect aef more than changes in larger aerosol loads. The results from this study also indicate that there is a larger difference in the microphysical cloud parameters between the polluted and clean cases in spring and autumn than in summer.

Based upon perspectives and concepts from social and historical research on technical systems, this dissertation describes and analyses events and processes relating to the dramatic change in television in Western Europe during the 1980s and early 1990s. In particular, it focuses on how Swedish television, conceived as a large socio-tecnical system, has shifted from a traditional 'public service' system to a more open and mixed system. In addition to traditional public television broadcasting, it has now come to encompass several commercial channels distributed through an expanding combination of technical and market alternatives, including satellite television. The study traces the multiple ways in which socio-historical processes and contingencies have shaped the television system in Sweden. The most detailed historical descriptions and analyses focus on the entrepreneurial activities of the Swedish firm, Industriförvaltning AB Kinnevik, documenting the introduction of the satellite channel TV3 in Sweden and the related expansion of the system. The entrepreneurial actions of Kinnevik in establishing the new satellite channel TV3 are analysed against the background of (1) the characteristics of the traditional Swedish radio and TV broadcasting system, (2) the development of cable television in Sweden, and (3) the broad history of satellite television. Emphasis is placed on how and why it was possible for a new actor to successfully challenge, gain access to, and help transform a well-established system that had remained relatively stable for a long time. This raises attendant questions of timing. How do we account for and explain the relative stability of this system for such a long period? Why did radical change occur at a particular time and not before or after? Whereas the empirical material concerning the activities of Kinnevik in relation to its entrance on the television market covers the period between 1984 and 1991, the study in general addresses developments throughout the twentieth century and, occasionally, even further back in history. The focus is thus on the system as a whole, rather than on only one of its components. A number of conclusions are drawn from the study concerning both the construction of new systems and the reconstruction of established systems. Two major conclusions can be mentioned here. (1) First, the historical material confirms the necessity of collective action in large-scale technology-based entrepreneurial action. (2) Second, the study also shows that there is nothing necessary or inevitable about the development of technologies/technological systems, even though they are subject to a high degree of path-dependence. / <p>The electronic version of the printed dissertation is a corrected version where all spelling and grammatical errors are corrected.</p>

This study is an empirical case study of the Swedish space- and automation company Unibap AB about how to build trust in the space industry. The space industry is distinctive in the way that space missions are at high stakes because of the high costs and the fact that the technology can not be modified after launch. Reliability and trust are therefore crucial factors of doing business in the space industry. Also, AI-based satellite solutions can bring huge benefits but 60% of the resistance from companies to running AI is linked to lack of trust. The concept of trust has been discussed before in the industrial marketing literature and differentiates between social sources and offer-related sources of trust. However, there appears to be an empirical as well as a theoretical gap when it comes to building trust in the space industry. Because the topic is unexplored, an exploratory methodology is used when interviewing 12 actors in the space- and high-tech industry worldwide. Since one important aspect of offer-related trust seems to be usability, this study also includes a usability evaluation of Unibap's space computer solution SpaceCloud which enables on-board AI applications. Key antecedents of trust in the space industry were found to be transparency, competence, reliability of technology, and exact delivery times. It appears that social- and offer-related trust significantly influence partnerships between companies and that offer-related trust is the most important type of trust to win contracts of tax-funded agencies. Strengths and improvements of the usability of SpaceCloud are also identified, and it is concluded that SpaceCloud has the potential to offer a new way of building satellite applications in the future.

Unmanned, as well as manned space missions have seen a high failure rate in the early era of space technology. However, this decreased a lot since technology advanced and engineers learnt from previous experiences and improved critical real time systems with fault detection mechanisms. Fault detection, isolation and recovery, nowadays, is generally available in every flying device. However, the cost of hardware can bottleneck the process of creating such a system that is both robust and responsive. This thesis analyses the possibility of implementing a fault detection, isolation and recovery system inside of a single-threaded, cooperative scheduling operating system. The thesis suggests a cooperative implementation of such a system, where every task is responsible for parts of the fault detection. The analysis is done from both the integration layer, across the operating system and its tasks, as well as from the inside of the detection system, where two key components are implemented and analyzed: debug telemetry and operation modes. Results show that it is possible to implement a fault detection system that is spread across all the components of the satellite and acts cooperatively. Furthermore, the comparison with a traditional, dedicated fault detection system proves that errors can be caught faster with a cooperative mechanism. / Obemannade såväl som bemannade rymduppdrag har sett ett högt misslyckande i rymdteknikens tidiga era. Detta har dock förbättrats mycket sedan ingenjörer började lära sig av sina tidigare erfarenheter och utrustade kritiska realtidssystem med feldetekteringsmekanismer. Idag är alla flygande enheter utrustade med feldetekterings-, isolerings- och återställningsmekanismer. Däremot kan kostnaden för hårdvara vara ett problem för processen att skapa ett sådant system som är både robust och mottagligt. Denna uppsats analyserar möjligheten att implementera ett feldetekterings-, isolerings- och återställningssystem inuti ett enkelgängat samarbetsplaneringssystem. Denna uppsats föreslår ett samarbete för implementering av ett sådant system, där varje uppgift ansvarar för delar av feldetekteringen. Analysen görs från både integrationsskiktet, över operativsystemet och dess uppgifter, samt från insidan av detekteringssystemet, där två nyckelkomponenter implementeras och analyseras. Resultaten visar att det är möjligt att implementera ett feldetekteringssystem som täcker alla satellitkomponenter och som är mottaglig. Dessutom visar jämförelsen med ett traditionellt, dedikerat feldetekteringssystem att fel kan fångas snabbare med en mottagligmekanism. / Misiunile spat,iale cu oameni, atât cât s, i fara oameni, au avut o rata a es, ecurilor destul de ridicata în perioada init,iala a erei tehnologiei spat,iale. În schimb, aceasta a scazut semnificativ odata cu dezvoltarea tehnologiei, dar s, i datorita faptului ca inginerii au învat,at din experient,ele precendente s, i au îmbunatat, it sistemele critice în timp real cu mecanisme de detect,ie a erorilor. Sisteme de detect,ie, izolare s, i recuperare din erori sunt disponibile astazi în aproape toate sistemele spat,iale. Însa, costul echipamentelor poate împiedica crearea unor astfel de sisteme de detect,ie, care sa fie robuste s, i responsive. Aceasta teza analizeaza posibilitatea implementarii unui sistem de detect,ie, izolare s, i recuperare de la erori într-un satelit care este echipat cu un procesor cu un singur fir de execut,ie, care are un sistem de planificare cooperativ în sistemul de operare. Aceasta teza sugereaza o implementare cooperativa a unui astfel de sistem, unde fiecare proces este responsabil de câte o parte din detectarea erorilor. Analiza este realizata atât din perspectiva integrarii în sistemul de operare s, i procesele acestuia, cât s, i din interiorul acestui sistem de detect,ie, unde doua elemente importante sunt implementate s, i analizate: telemetria de depanare s, i modurile de operare. Rezultatele arata faptul ca este posibila implementarea unui sistem de detect,ie care este împart, it în toate componentele sistemului unui satelit s, i se comporta cooperativ. Mai departe, comparat,ia cu un sistem tradit,ional, dedicat, de detect,ie a erorilor arata ca erorile pot fi detectate mai rapid cu un sistem cooperativ.

Bei der Förderung von Erdöl wird auch Erdgas gefördert, das oft abgefackelt wird. Das Abfackeln von Erdgas ist sehr schädlich für die Umwelt und die Bewohner einer Umgebung in der Gas abgefackelt wird. Demzufolge ist die Reduktion dieses Prozesses eine wichtige Aufgabe, die durch Monitoring von Gasfackeln unterstützt werden kann. Dies gelingt am besten durch Fernerkundung mit Satellitendaten. Die vorliegende Dissertation widmet sich der Parametrisierung von Gasfackeln anhand von Infrarot-Satellitenaufnahmen. Eine Gruppe von Sensoren wurde verglichen, woraus optimale Eigenschaften eines Sensors zur Gasfackelanalyse abgeleitet wurden. Danach wurde ein Modell zur Berechnung des Gasflusses aus Infrarot-Satellitenaufnahmen entwickelt. Das vorgeschlagene Modell basiert auf der Physik der Verbrennung und wird von Teilmodellen zur Berechnung der Verbrennungsparameter unterstütz. Dadurch werden Prozesse mitberücksichtigt, die bisher in der Gasfackelforschung wenig adressiert wurden. Eine Experimentenreihe erlaubte eine Charakterisierung der Flamme in Bezug auf sich verändernde Bedingungen, z.B. Gasfluss. Zusätzlich wurde das Modell durch die Experimente validiert. Die abgeleitete Genauigkeit der Gasflusswerte ist verhältnismäßig hoch, insbesondere wenn man die Komplexität und Variabilität einer Gasflamme berücksichtigt. Durch Analysieren des Sensordesigns des BIROS Sensors aus der FireBIRD-Mission des Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt konnten die Sensorparameter charakterisiert und deren Einfluss auf ein abgeleitetes Bildprodukt quantifiziert werden. Die Fähigkeit des Modells mit unterschiedlichen Sensordaten zu funktionieren, wurde geprüft durch einen Vergleich der geschätzten Gasflusswerte aus Daten von zwei Satellitensensoren. Die verglichenen Gasflusswerte sind sehr ähnlich, was die Fähigkeit des Models mit unterschiedlichen Daten gut zu funktionieren, bestätigt. Das vorgeschlagene Model hat Potenzial, das globale Monitoring von Gasfackeln zu verbessern. / Routine gas flaring is harmful to the environment and people living in the vicinity of gas flares. Therefore, the reduction of this process is an important task, which can be supported by monitoring of gas flares, which can be done with remote sensing techniques. The presented work is devoted to the monitoring of gas flaring. The first aspect of the analysis was to compare a group of sensors with respect to the features crucial for gas flaring analysis. A set of requirements for an optimal sensor for this purpose was proposed. Next, a model for calculating gas flow from infrared satellite imagery was proposed, which relies on several other models, allowing to derive the values of the combustion parameters. By modelling these parameters in a gas flare, processes are accounted for that were scarcely addressed in the research conducted on gas flaring until now. To describe the characteristics of the flame coming from combustion in a flare, an experimental series was designed and conducted. The experimental series allowed to characterise the flame with respect to changing conditions, e.g. gas flow. Thus, the characteristics derived from the experiments could be included in the model for gas flow calculation. Additionally, the experiments served as a mean to validate the model. The accuracy of the derived gas flow values is relatively high, especially considering the variability of a gas flare flame. One design goal of the model for gas flow calculation was to ensure feasibility to work with data from different sensors producing equally accurate results. By analysing the design of the BIROS sensor of the DLR, the sensor parameters could be described, and their influence on the resulting imagery could be quantified. The feasibility was verified by comparing the gas flow values calculated using data from two different satellite sensors. The results obtained are very similar. The model proposed reveals potential to improve the global monitoring of gas flaring.

The objective of this study is to build biomass and carbon stock map at several type of forest in Bach Ma National Park, Thua Thien Hue province. To accomplish that goal, field survey was accompanied with the interpretation result of remote satellite imagery in the GIS to determine biomass and carbon stock accumulation of forest. Landsat 8 satellite image year 2014 at 15 meters resolution was used for the analysis and classification of forest status. The results showed that the rich forest had the biggest amount biomass reserve in comparison with medium and restoration forest. It indicated that estimated biomass of rich forest was 144.16 tons/ha; meanwhile, biomass of medium and restoration forest was reached at 43.17 tons/ha and 20.31 tons/ha, respectively. It means that the total biomass of rich forest was approximately three times as the total biomass of medium forest and seven times compared to restoration forest. Based on estimated biomass map, carbon stock map at Bach Ma National Park was calculated. The carbon stock reserve of differential forest types was unequal and considerable disparity between the rich forest and the rest. Carbon stock of rich forest was 264.53 tons/ha, which was higher nearly three times than medium forest and nearly seven times than restoration forest. The determination of biomass and carbon stock map from tree layer not only contributes to understand the status of forest conditions, but also provide a strategy in reducing emissions and adaptation to climate change. In addition, the research results could be the scientific reference for trade sell carbon certificates in the commercial market within the country and globally. / Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là xây dựng được bản đồ sinh khối và trữ lượng cacbon của tầng cây gỗ tại một số trạng thái rừng thuộc vườn quốc gia Bạch Mã, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế. Để thực hiện được mục tiêu đó, nghiên cứu đã phối hợp kết quả phân loại ảnh với số liệu điều tra thực địa trong GIS để xác định sinh khối rừng, trữ lượng carbon tích lũy của tầng cây gỗ ở các trạng thái rừng thuộc vườn quốc gia Bạch Mã, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế. Ảnh vệ tinh landsat 8 năm 2014 có độ phân giải 15 mét được sử dụng để phân tích và phân loại hiện trạng rừng. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, trạng thái rừng giàu có sinh khối lớn hơn nhiều so với 2 trạng thái rừng còn lại, tổng sinh khối ước tính là144,16 tấn/ha. Sinh khối rừng trung bình đạt 43,17 tấn/ha, còn sinh khối rừng của rừng phục hồi là 20,31 tấn/ha. Tổng sinh khối rừng giàu xấp xỉ gấp 3 lần so với rừng trung bình và gấp 7 lần so với rừng phục hồi. Đối với trữ lượng carbon của các trạng thái rừng không đồng đều nhau và có sự chênh lệch khá lớn giữa rừng giàu và các trạng rừng còn lại. Trữ lượng carbon của rừng giàu là 264,53 tấn/ha cao hơn gần gấp 3 so với rừng trung bình và gấp gần 7 lần so với rừng phục hồi. Kết quả việc xác định sinh khối và trữ lượng carbon tầng cây gỗ của các trạng thái rừng cung cấp cơ sở khoa học và tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho việc buôn bán chứng chỉ carbon trên thị trường thương mại trong phạm vi quốc gia và toàn cầu.

KTH is funding a project whose goal is to send a satellite into space. This project is called MIST (Miniature Student Satellite) which is assembled by a team of students at KTH. On the satellite there are experiments that are invented by other teams, in two of those experiments a power supply is required. This thesis is a technical investigation on how to design the power supply to both of those experiments, which are called SiC and Piezo LEGS. Piezo LEGS will investigate how their nanosized motors will behave and function in a space environment. SiC will investigate how their silicone carbide transistors will be affected by the space environment. A team made of four other students was selected to produce SiC experiments and a PCB in which this work is included. A literature study was done to get a better understanding of how power supplies work and to know how to select a good power supply. When the power supplies were selected they were simulated to meet the requirements. The next step was to do a Printed Circuit Board(PCB) for the SiC experiment and Piezo LEGS to be able to test the power supplies functionality in the physical world. Both of the converters reached the required output and characteristics working on their respective PCB. More time is needed for long time testing and optimization on the PCB layouts. / MIST (Miniature Student Satellite) är ett av KTH subventionerat projekt vilket har som mål att skicka upp en satellit i rymden. Projektet kommer omfatta flera olika experiment. Piezo LEGS ska undersöka en motors funktionalitet i rymdmiljö. SiC ska undersöka hur Silicon carbide halvledare och transistorer påverkas av rymdmiljön. Båda experimenten kräver varsin strömförsörjning för att fungera. Detta projekt ska undersöka kraven på strömförsörjning samt testa prototypen av ett kretskort för densamma. Först genomfördes en förstudie av de två typer av regulatorer som vanligtvis används som strömförsörjning, den linjära regulatorn och switch-mode regulatorn för att förklara olika strömförsörjningsteknologier, samt ta reda på de olika miljökraven. Baserat på förstudiens resultat erhölls kunskap för hur tester ska tas fram för funktionalitet av regulatorerna så att de når kraven för MIST för att sedan kunna producera de båda regulatorerna. Målet är att resultatet av simuleringarna på strömförsörjningen ska stämma överens med utfallet av kretskorten som produceras. Mätningar genomfördes på prototyp kretskort som visade att simuleringarna var korrekta och gav strömförsörjningen rätt resultat på kretskorten. Några av funktionerna på regulatorerna hann ej testas på grund av tidsbrist och mycket framtida arbete kvarstår.