Introdução: A tomografia das artérias coronárias (ANGIO-TC) tem o potencial de medir as dimensões dos vasos e pode ser opção, aos métodos invasivos, para análises quantitativas em intervenções coronárias com suportes vasculares bioabsorvíveis (SVB) poliméricos radiolucentes. Objetivos: Medidas quantitativas pela ANGIO-TC do lúmen de segmentos coronários de pacientes submetidos a implante de um SVB com eluição de novolimus (DESolve®) foram comparadas às do ultrassom intracoronário (USIC). Os objetivos primários foram a comparação da área mínima e do volume do lúmen do SVB. Outros objetivos incluíram medidas nas margens do dispositivo, de referências do vaso e dos percentuais de estenose do SVB. A precisão de identificação do local de menor dimensão foi estimada pela distância entre este e a borda proximal do SVB. Método: Vinte e um pacientes submetidos a implante de um SVB DESolve e que foram reestudados após 6 meses com cinecoronariografia e USIC realizaram, também, ANGIO-TC. Sem conhecimento dos valores um do outro, um operador, em cada método, efetuou as medidas de volume, área e diâmetro mínimos do lúmen do SVB, de áreas e diâmetros mínimos do lúmen nas margens proximal e distal do SVB, de diâmetros e áreas de referência luminais e dos percentuais de estenose de diâmetros e áreas do SVB. Diferenças entre as médias foram significativas quando testes resultaram o valor de p< 0,05. Coeficientes de correlação foram calculados e a concordância foi analisada pelo método de Bland-Altman. Resultados: Os métodos não se mostraram correlacionados ao medirem área mínima do lúmen do SVB e a ANGIO-TC subestimou significativamente os valores em relação ao USIC (diferença de médias= -1,27 mm2; p= 0,004). As medidas do volume do lúmen do SVB mostraram correlação (r= 0,58; p= 0,006) e foram equivalentes (diferença de mediana= 5,4 mm3; p= 0,14). Em ambas, houve ampla variabilidade entre as medidas (variação percentual do erro de 128% para a área e de 119% para o volume). Os métodos mostraram correlações significativas para todas as demais variáveis. As médias das medidas de diâmetros, pela ANGIO-TC, não mostraram diferenças significativas em relação ao USIC. A ANGIO-TC subestimou significativamente as medidas da área mínima do lúmen no segmento distal ao SVB (diferença= -1,09 mm2; p = 0,017) e da área de referência dos vasos (diferença = -1,34 mm2; p = 0,008). Apesar do viés mínimo, os métodos mostraram ampla variação ao identificar o ponto de menor dimensão do SVB (erro percentual = 186%). A ANGIO-TC, assim como o USIC, não identificou casos de reestenose. Os métodos mostraram melhor nível de concordância ao medirem diâmetros e maiores discrepâncias ao estimarem percentuais de estenose. Conclusões: Em segmentos coronários com SVB polimérico, a ANGIOTC não obteve correlação e subestimou a área mínima do lúmen em relação ao USIC. Quantificações do volume do lúmen foram equivalentes e correlacionadas. Independentemente do nível de correlação, o padrão de concordância das medidas evidenciou um nível de acurácia insatisfatório para a ANGIO-TC substituir o USIC para quantificações de lumens em estudos com SVB radiolucentes, embora permaneça útil para análises visuais na prática clínica. / Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTA) is able to quantify vessel dimensions and might potentially be an alternative to substitute invasive methods for quantitative analysis in percutaneous coronary interventions with bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS). This study compared quantitative measurements derived from CTA images to intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in coronary segments implanted with radiolucent DESolve(TM) novolimuseluting BVS. Primary objectives were comparisons of BVS minimal luminal area and luminal volume in BVS. Secondary objectives included comparisons of minimal luminal areas and diameters in proximal and distal segments to the BVS, luminal vessel reference areas and diameters and BVS percent area and diameter stenosis. Precision of identifying BVS luminal minimal area were assessed by measuring distance from this point to proximal BVS border. Twenty-one patients underwent both CTA and IVUS, six months after BVS deployment. Each method was performed by an experienced operator, blinded to other\'s quantifications. Correlation coefficients were calculated and mean differences with 95% limits of agreement were assessed by Bland-Altman analysis. A p-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. CTA did not show correlation to IVUS and significantly underestimated minimal luminal area in BVS (mean differences = -1.27 mm2; p = 0.004). Quantitative measurements of luminal volume in BVS were equivalent (median difference = 5.4 mm3; p = 0.14) and showed modest correlation (r= 0.58; p= 0.006). Both variables showed wide limits of agreement (percent error = 128% in minimal luminal area and 119% in luminal volume). Correlations were significant in all other variables. Both methods did not show significant differences quantifying all-segment diameters, and percent area and diameter stenosis. CTA significantly underestimated measurements of minimal luminal area in distal segment after BVS (mean difference = -1,09 mm2; p = 0,017) and luminal reference area (mean difference = -1,34 mm2; p = 0,008). CTA and IVUS showed nonsignificant bias to identify BVS luminal minimal area, but very wide limits of agreement (percent error= 186%). Both methods agreed in showing no cases of binary restenosis. Regardless of correlations or mean differences, all measures showed high variability, caracterized by wide limits of agreement. The least variations resulted from diameter quantifications, whereas estimated percent stenosis presented more disparities. These discrepancies between both methods showed that CTA analysis is still not fully developed to replace IVUS in the assessment of quantitative measurements in vessels treated with BVS. It remains, however, clinically useful for visual qualitative analysis.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-05-23T17:36:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_EDIO_GIACOMELLI_PARCIAL.pdf: 198707 bytes, checksum: 700e5dcbdc3f86f944c5b7b7bfc87e7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T17:36:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_EDIO_GIACOMELLI_PARCIAL.pdf: 198707 bytes, checksum: 700e5dcbdc3f86f944c5b7b7bfc87e7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) modified by calcium carbonate by means of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests. The calcium carbonate (CC), in proportions of 1%, 5% and 10%, was added to the GIC powder. A polytetrafluoroethylene matrix (10 mm diameter and 3 mm height) was used to make the samples, and four groups were obtained (n = 4): G1 ? only GIC (control); G2 ? GIC with 1% CC; G3 ? GIC with 5% CC; G4 ? GIC with 10% CC. The preparation of the samples was carried out in accordance with ISO 10993-12. The MTT test was used to evaluate the cell cytotoxicity, and the micronucleus and comet tests were performed to evaluate the genotoxicity, by using a mouse fibroblast cell culture of the NIH/3T3 lineage. According to MTT test, the samples with 1% and 5% CC showed a higher cytotoxic potential, and the samples with 10% CC presented a cellular viability index comparable to the GIC. The micronucleus test showed that GIC with 10% CC produced an improvement in cell proliferative potential (IPBC).CIV with 5% CC had a reduction in IPBC that did not compromise the material from the genotoxic point of view. In the comet test, groups with the addition of CC had a small increase in genotoxic potential compared with GIC. It was concluded that the addition of 10% CC to the GIC had a low cytotoxic potential and it is feasible for use in the cellular environment, and the addition of 1%, 5% and 10% CC to the GIC did not induce genetic damage. / Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a biocompatibilidade do cimento de ion?mero de vidro (CIV) convencional modificado por carbonato de c?lcio de conchas marinhas por meio dos testes de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade celular. O carbonato de c?lcio (CC), nas propor??es de 1%, 5% e 10%, foi adicionado ao p? do CIV. Utilizando uma matriz de politetrafluoretileno (10 mm de di?metro e 3 mm de altura), foram confeccionadas as amostras, sendo obtidos quatro grupos (n=4): G1 ? apenas CIV (controle); G2 ? CIV com 1% de CC; G3 ? CIV com 5% de CC; G4 ? CIV com 10% de CC. A prepara??o das amostras foi realizada de acordo com a norma ISO 10993-12. O ensaio MTT foi utilizado para avaliar a citotoxicidade celular, e os ensaios de micron?cleo e cometa foram realizados para avaliar a genotoxicidade, por meio da utiliza??o de uma cultura celular de fibroblastos de camundongo da linhagem NIH/3T3. De acordo com o ensaio MTT, as amostras contendo a adi??o de 1% e 5% de CC apresentaram um maior potencial citot?xico, e as amostras com 10% de CC apresentaram um ?ndice de viabilidade celular compar?vel ao do CIV. O ensaio do micron?cleo evidenciou que o CIV com 10% de CC produziu uma melhora no potencial proliferativo celular (IPBC). CIV com 5% de CC apresentou uma redu??o no IPBC que n?o compromete o material do ponto de vista genot?xico. No ensaio cometa, os grupos com adi??o de CC mostraram um pequeno aumento do potencial genot?xico em compara??o ao CIV. Concluiu-se que a adi??o de 10% de CC ao CIV apresentou um baixo potencial citot?xico, sendo vi?vel para utiliza??o em ambiente celular, e a adi??o de 1%, 5% e 10% de CC ao CIV n?o induziu a um dano gen?tico.

Les immunoglobulines ne sont pas les seules protéines capables de reconnaissance spécifique. D’autres systèmes d’immunité adaptative existent et beaucoup d’autres protéines peuvent aussi générer des interactions spécifiques de hautes affinités. Ce sont des ossatures/squelettes protéiques intéressants pour concevoir de nouveaux interacteurs.Une nouvelle famille de protéines synthétiques, appelées AlphaReps, basée sur la famille des protéines à HEAT repeat contenant un motif structural répété en double hélice alpha, a été construite au laboratoire. Le motif répété, d’abord identifié chez une archée thermostable, a été idéalisé en concevant une séquence consensus, grâce à l’alignement de séquences de motifs naturels. Une banque de protéines a alors été construite à partir de ce motif. Toutes les protéines de la banque ont une structure générale similaire mais elles diffèrent par le nombre de motifs insérés et par les cinq résidus hautement diversifiés situés sur la face externe de la seconde hélice de chacun des motifs. Ces nouvelles protéines sont exprimées très efficacement chez E. Coli, solubles, sans pont disulfure et très stables (50-100 mg. L-1 de culture, Tm > 70°C).Le travail de thèse présenté dans ce manuscrit s’intéresse à l’utilisation de ces nouvelles protéines synthétiques comme outils de reconnaissance moléculaire. Pour cela, plusieurs applications ont été développées. Dans la première partie, à l’aide de la technique du phage display, des interacteurs de hautes affinités pour la Green Fluorescent Protein ont pu être isolés au sein de la banque. Les interactions des protéines partenaires ont été caractérisées par la détermination des constantes d’affinité, ainsi que la résolution des structures cristallographiques de deux complexes contenant une AlphaRep spécifique et la GFP. Avec cette cible modèle, la possibilité d’utiliser les AlphaReps sélectionnées à l’intérieur des cellules eucaryotes vivantes pour reconnaître spécifiquement une cible protéique dans un milieu complexe a aussi été démontrée. L’utilisation des AlphaReps comme outils de diagnostique a été développée pour la détection de la cible membranaire FSHr (récepteur de l’hormone folliculo-stimulante), protéine surexprimée dans de nombreuses tumeurs. Ce projet a permis d’expérimenter des approches de sélections sur cellules entières, soulignant les progrès restant encore à accomplir pour la sélection contre des cibles plus complexes.La seconde partie de ce travail s’est intéressée à l’ingénierie et à l’évolution des AlphaReps. Ainsi, l’insertion de résidus variables sur le dernier motif (C-cap) de protéines de la banque a pu être validé. Une approche innovante de shuffling modulaire, adaptée à l’ossature AlphaRep a permis de cerner les limites de cette méthode et les améliorations à apporter pour être en mesure d’augmenter l’affinité d’interacteurs présélectionnés. La banque d’AlphaReps de phage display a également été transférée dans un vecteur de PCA (Protein Fragment Complementation Assay) utilisant la protéine scindée DHFR (Dihydrofolate Reductase) comme protéine rapportrice. Cela a permis de sélectionner des AlphaReps spécifiques pour des cibles non exploitables en phage display. L’utilisation de la cis-fusion entre une AlphaRep et sa cible, combinée à la technique de PCA, s’est révélée très efficace pour la sélection et la cristallisation de protéines réfractaires telles que la protéine ComD, ici présentée comme preuve de la réussite de cette approche.Les AlphaReps sont donc des protéines artificielles, parmi lesquelles des interacteurs spécifiques peuvent être isolés pour des cibles variées. Un large panel d’applications peut être envisagé comme le développement d’outils d’aide à la cristallogenèse ou celui d’outils de reconnaissance moléculaire in vivo. / Immunoglobulin fold is not the only basis for specific recognition proteins. Other adaptive immunity systems exist and many other proteins are also able to mediate specific high-affinity interactions. These are interesting scaffolds to generate alternative binding molecules.A new family of artificial proteins, named AlphaRep, based on HEAT repeat proteins containing an alpha-helical repeated motif, was designed in the laboratory. The repeated motif, first identified in a thermostable archae protein of unknown function was refined and idealized using a consensus design strategy. A library of artificial proteins based on this design was then constructed. All proteins from this library share the same general fold but differ both in the number of repeats and in a set of five highly randomized positions per repeat. The randomized side chains are located on the outside surface of the second helix. Sequences from this library are efficiently expressed as soluble, folded and very stable proteins (50-100 mg. L-1 of culture, Tm > 70°C).The work presented in this manuscript is focused on the use of those new synthetic proteins as molecular recognition tools. Then, different applications have been developed.In a first part, binders with high affinity for the green fluorescent protein were selected by phage display. Complexes were characterized. Affinity between partners was measured and structures of two of those complexes containing a specific AlphaRep and the protein target were solved by X-ray crystallography. Thanks to this model target, it was demonstrated that AlphaReps could be used in living cells for the specific recognition of the protein they have been selected for. AlphaReps have also been developed as a diagnostic tool to detect the membrane protein FSHr (Follicle stimulating Hormone receptor), shown to be overexpressed in various tumors. In this project, selections on entire cells have been performed, showing the limit of the selections approaches with complex targets.The second part of this work focused on engineering and evolutions of AlphaRep proteins. The insertion of randomized residues at specific positions in the last motif (C-cap) was validated. An innovative approach of modular shuffling, adjusted to the AlphaRep scaffold, was assessed. Limitations of this approach to perform affinity maturation of AlphaReps could then be understood. Finally, the AlphaRep Library was transferred to a PCA (Protein Fragment Complementation Assay) vector using the split DHFR (Dihydrofolate Reductase) as reporter protein. With this new selection system, specific Alphareps could be selected for protein targets not suitable for phage display selection. A cis-fusion strategy was employed to express the AlphaRep fused to its partner in order to increase the stability and solubility of the target as well as helping for its crystallogenesis. This approach, combined with the PCA selection, was successful to obtain crystals of the ComD protein (unstable protein), shown here as an example of success for this new method.AlphaReps are thus artificial proteins, among which specific binders can be isolated for various targets, showing a strong potential for a large range of applications from crystallogenesis helpers to in vivo molecular recognition tools.

Progress in biomedicine requires the design of functional biomaterials, in particular, 3-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. Shear thinning, β-sheet based peptide hydrogels have attracted wide interest due to their potential use in tissue engineering and biomedical applications as 3D functional scaffolds. The emergence of carbon nanomaterials has also opened the door for the construction of increasingly functional hybrid hydrogels built from nanofibres and graphene-based materials using non-covalent physical interactions. The relationship between peptide molecular structure and the formed hydrogel is important for understanding the material response to shear. In particular, the physicochemical properties of peptide based biomaterials will affect the feasibility of injecting them during medical procedures. In the first part of this work, four peptides: FEFKFEFK (F8), FKFEFKFK (FK), KFEFKFEFK (KF8) and KFEFKFEFKK (KF8K) (F - phenylalanine, E - glutamic acid, K - lysine) were designed and used at identical charge to explore the effect of lysine rich β-sheet self-assembling sequences on the shear thinning behaviour and final properties of bulk hydrogels. By varying the peptide sequence design and concentration of the peptide, the tendency of the nanofibres formed to aggregate and the balance of nanofibre junction strength versus fibre cohesive strength could be explored. This allowed the existing theory of the shear thinning behaviour of this class of materials to be extended. The relationship between molecular structures of nanofibres forming the 3D network and the nano-filler is critical to understand in order to design tuneable and functional materials. In the next part of the work, three rationally designed β-sheet peptides, which form hydrogels: VEVKVEVK (V8), FEFKFEFK (F8) and FEFEFKFE (FE) (V - valine) and five graphene-based materials: graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), three graphene-polymer hybrid flakes: GO with polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (GO/PDADMAC), rGO with PDADMAC (rGO/PDADMAC) and rGO with polyvinylpyrrolidone (rGO/PVP) were used to form a selection of hybrid hydrogels. Graphene derivatives of the lateral flake sizes of 16.8 ± 10.1 µm were used. Various interactions between the graphene flakes and the peptides were observed that affected the overall mechanical properties of the hydrogels. Electrostatic interactions and pie-pie stacking, when phenylalanine residues are present, were shown to play a key role in determining the dispersion of graphene materials in the peptide hydrogels and stiffness of the hybrid materials. In particular, FE with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and FE with rGO covered with polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) thin film formed double network-like hybrid hydrogels due to strong formation of peptide nanofibrillar bridges between adjacent rGO flakes. This corresponded to the 3- and 4-fold increase in the storage modulus (Gꞌ) of these hydrogels in comparison to controls. FE hydrogels with homogeneus dispersions of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are further shown to be suitable for 3D culture of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with no cytotoxicity. These results focus attention on the importance of understanding interactions between the nano-filler and the nanofibrillar network in forming hybrid hydrogels with tuneable mechanical and biological properties, and demonstrates the possibility of using these materials as 3D cell culture scaffolds for biomedical purposes. Furthermore, graphene oxide (GO) itself is currently used in a number of processes of technological relevance such as wet spinning, injection moulding or inkjet printing to form graphene fibres, composites and printed conductors. Typically, such processes utilise well-aligned layered GO liquid crystal (LC) structures in aqueous dispersions. Flow and confinement encountered during processing affects the alignment and stability of this phase. In the final part of this work, the alignment of GOLCs of two lateral flake sizes (42.1 ± 29.4 µm and 15.5 ± 7.5 µm) were probed under a wide range of rotational shear flow conditions that overlap with the manufacturing processes defined by angular speeds from 0.08 to 8 rad.s-1 (and corresponding maximum shear rates from 0.1 s-1 to 100 s-1), in real-time, using shear induced polarized light imaging and small angle X-ray scattering, both coupled with an in-situ rheometer (Rheo-SIPLI and Rheo-SAXS, respectively). Under certain conditions, a unique pattern in Rheo-SIPLI: a Maltese cross combined with shear banding was observed. This phenomenon is unique to GO flakes of sufficiently large lateral size. The structure formed is attributed to a helical flow arising from a combination of shear flow and Taylor-vortex type flow, which is reinforced by a mathematical model. The orientations prescribed by this model are consistent with anomalous rheopecty oberved in Rheo-SIPLI and an anomolous scattering pattern in Rheo-SAXS. With the current trend towards producing ultra-large GO flakes, evidence that the flow behaviour changes from a Couette flow to a Taylor vortex flow was provided, which would lead to undesired, or alternatively, controllable alignment of GO flakes for a variety of applications, including aligned structures for biomedical purposes.

Les peptoïdes sont une classe de peptidomimétiques pour lesquels les chaînes latérales de chaque résidu sont déplacées du carbone α sur l'azote d'amide adjacent. Le travail présenté dans ce document s'intéresse à l'étude et à l'utilisation de plateformes moléculaires de géométrie contrôlée de type β- et α,β-peptoïdes alternés. Une nouvelle méthode de synthèse "submonomer" en solution des différentes familles de peptoïdes a tout d'abord été mise au point. Elle permet de s'affranchir des purifications intermédiaires par chromatographie, grâce à l'utilisation d'amines primaires volatiles et de solvants permettant des précipitations sélectives, et ainsi d'accéder rapidement à des tétrapeptoïdes simples. Sur ce type de composés, la possibilité d'introduire de la diversité chimique par des post-modifications sur les chaînes latérales a été étudiée. Une plateforme β-peptoïde modèle pouvant présenter trois pharmacophores différents a été obtenue grâce à des ligations orthogonales sur les chaînes latérales par Cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire catalysée au cuivre entre un alcyne et un azoture (CuAAC), couplage thiol-ène photochimique (TEC) et alkylation d'amine tertiaire. Une méthode efficace d'accès à des glycoclusters a également été développée : elle fait intervenir la ligation multivalente de 1-thiosucres non protégés sur des plateformes peptoïdes portant des chaînes latérales allyles grâce à la réaction de TEC photochimique. Dans un deuxième temps, une étude sur le contrôle l'isomérie cis / trans, corollaire du lien amide tertiaire présent dans les peptoïdes, est présentée. Elle a permis d'observer qu'un groupement triazolium sur la chaîne latérale permet de sélectionner de façon très efficace la géométrie cis grâce à des interactions électroniques. Le groupement tert-butyle a une influence similaire grâce à des effets stériques. La dernière partie décrit la synthèse d'analogues de la Somatostatine (hormone humaine impliquée dans la régulation de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques) possédant un squelette β-peptoïde en vue d'étude pharmacologique. / Peptoids are a class of peptidomimetics in which the side chains of each residue are moved from the α-carbon to the adjacent amide nitrogen. The work presented in this document focuses on the study and use of β-peptoid and α,β-alternating peptoid molecular scaffolds with controlled geometry. Firstly, a new method for solution-phase synthesis of peptoids was optimised. This method derives from the submonomer synthesis of peptoids and allows suppression of intermediate chromatography purifications thanks to the use of volatile primary amines and solvents allowing selective precipitations. It gives rapid access to simple tetrapetoids on which the potential of side chains post-modifications was investigated. A functionalised β-peptoid scaffold was decorated through orthogonal ligations on side chains using the Copper-catalysed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition (CuAAC), thiol-ene coupling (TEC) and tertiary amine alkylation reactions. An efficient method allowing access to glycoclusters was also developed : it consists in multivalent ligation on allyl fonctionalised peptoid scaffolds with unprotected 1-thiosugars using the photochemical TEC reaction. Secondly, a study was conduced on the control of the subsequent cis / trans isomerisation of tertiary amide linkage present in peptoids. It allowed us to observe that a triazolium side chain induces efficient selection of the cis geometry due to electronic interactions. The tert-butyl group has a similar effect due to steric effects. The last part of the document describes the synthesis of somatostatin (human hormone involved in the regulation of numerous physiological functions) analogs possessing α,β-peptoid scaffold with the aim of pharmacological studies.

<p>The use of synthetic materials for tissue and organ reconstruction, i. e. tissue engineering, has become a promising alternative to current surgical therapies and may overcome the shortcomings of the methods in use today. The challenge is in the design and reproducible fabrication of biocompatible and bioresorbable polymers, with suitable surface chemistry, desirable mechanical properties, and the wanted degradation profile. These material properties can be achieved in various manners, including the synthesis of homo- and copolymers along with linear and star-shaped architectures. In many applications the materials’ three-dimensional structure is almost as important as its composition and porous scaffolds with high porosity and interconnected pores that facilitate the in-growth of cells and transportation of nutrients and metabolic waste is desired.</p><p>In this work linear and star-shaped polymers have been synthesized by ring-opening polymerization using a stannous-based catalyst and a spirocyclic tin initiator. A series of linear copolymers with various combinations of 1,5-dioxepane-2-one (DXO), Llactide (LLA) and ε-caprolactone (CL) have been polymerized using stannous octoate as catalyst. It is shown that the composition of the polymers can be chosen in such a manner that the materials’ mechanical and thermal properties can be predetermined. A solvent-casting and particulate leaching scaffold preparation technique has been developed and used to create three-dimensional structures with interconnected pores. The achieved physical properties of these materials’ should facilitate their use in both soft and hard tissue regeneration.</p><p>Well defined star-shaped polyesters have been synthesized using a spirocyclic tin initiator where L-lactide was chosen as a model system for the investigation of the polymerization kinetics. Neither the temperature nor the solvent affects the molecular weight or the molecular weight distribution of the star-shaped polymers, which all show a molecular weight distribution below 1.19 and a molecular weight determined by the initial monomer-to-initiator concentration.</p>

Surface modification techniques have played important roles in various aspects of modern technology. They have been employed to improve substrates by altering surface physicochemical properties. An ideal surface modifying technique would be a method that is applicable to any kind of materials prepared from a wide range of polymers and that can occur under mild reaction conditions. The work in this thesis has utilized four main concepts: I) the development of a ‘grafting-from’ technique by covalently growing polymer grafts from particle surfaces, II) the presence of steric and electrosteric forces due to long-range repulsive interactions between particles, III) a combined surface grafting and layer-by-layer approach to create polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) on particle surfaces to fabricate strong and functional materials, and IV) the roles of hydrophilic polymer grafts and substrate geometry on surface degradation. A non-destructive surface grafting technique was developed and applied to polylactide (PLA) particle surfaces. Their successful modification was verified by observed changes to the surface chemistry, morphology and topography of the particles. To quantify the aggregation behavior of grafted and non-grafted particles, force interaction measurements were performed using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (AFM). Long-range repulsive interactions were observed when symmetric systems, i.e., hydrophilic polymer grafts on two interacting surfaces, and asymmetric system were applied. Electrosteric forces were observed when the symmetric substrates interacted at pH 7.4. When PEMs were alternately assembled on the surface of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) particles, the grafted surfaces played a dominated role in altering the surface chemistry and morphology of the particles. Three-dimensional scaffolds of surface grafted particle coated with PEMs demonstrated high mechanical performance that agreed well with the mechanical performance of cancellous bone. Nanomaterials were used to functionalize the scaffolds and further influence their physicochemical properties. For example, when magnetic nanoparticles were used to functionalize the scaffolds, a high electrical conductivity was imparted, which is important for bone tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the stability of the surface grafted particles was evaluated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. The nature of the hydrophilic polymer grafts and the geometry of the PLLA substrates played central roles in altering the surface properties of films and particles. After 10 days of PBS immersion, larger alterations in the surface morphology were observed on the film compared with microparticles grafted with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). In contrast to the PAA-grafted substrates, the morphology of poly(acrylamide) (PAAm)-grafted substrates was not affected by PBS immersion. Additionally, PAAm-grafted microparticulate substrates encountered surface degradation more rapidly than PAAm-grafted film substrates. / <p>QC 20151002</p>

The success of regenerative cardiac therapy requires reestablishing a capable blood supply via vasculature. The objective of this study was to develop an optimal scaffold formulation for de novo collateral vessel growth of aortic grafts using modified fibrin clots. This ex vivo vascular outgrowth model can be used to interrogate the complex cell or tissue interactions on the angiogenic front as vessels are formed. Based on formulation constraints, the methods used here may provide a clinically applicable option for guided collateral formation. Once understood, the methods and procedures can be tested and modified as necessary for in vivo, in situ regenerative therapy. Aortic segments from wild-type (C57BL/6J) and apolipoprotein-E deficient (ApoE) atherosclerosis-prone mice were cultured in a 3D environment created by various formulations of PEGylated fibrin. Aortic outgrowth was assessed and the optimal formulation was chosen to test the formation of de novo vascular circuits -- the first step necessary for collateral artery formation. The cultures were examined by conventional and confocal microscopy as well as by optical coherence tomography. Experiments testing the relationship between fibrin PEGylation and aortic vascular outgrowth showed that PEGylating fibrinogen prior to clot formation increased outgrowth over non-PEG control (n=6, p<.05) at lower fibrin concentrations. Lowering fibrin concentration to 10, 5, or 2.5mg/ml resulted in significantly higher outgrowth that was 1.92, 2.04, or 2.20 times that of 20mg/ml PEGylated fibrin gels. When multiple aortic segments are cultured in proximity, microvascular outgrowths visually anastamose suggesting that aorta-aorta conduits can be formed in fibrin based hydrogels. Anastomosing circuits appeared between wild-type aortic segments as well as between wild-type and atherosclerotic prone ApoE knockout segments. Fibrin gels, with or without PEGylation, form scaffolds suitable for regenerative vascular outgrowth ex vivo in normal and atherogenic environments. PEGylating fibrin prior to thrombin-initiated polymerization will allow the incorporation of growth factors or other bioactive components, making this a customizable therapy for guided collateral formation. Additionally, the incorporation of PEG itself does not limit and may actually increase the outgrowth from aortic segments in lower density gels. Finally, PEGylated fibrin gels offer an environment that will promote vascular extensions that visually anastamose, making this a viable model for ex vivo collateral formation. / text

Στην ιστοτεχνολογία (tissue engineering – TE), η ικανότητα των ικριωμάτων (scaffolds) να διατηρούν συμβατή μηχανική και βιολογική συμπεριφορά με τους περιβάλλοντες ιστούς και όργανα, αλλά και να διευκολύνουν την προσκόλληση κυττάρων του ξενιστή στην επιφάνεια και την τρισδιάστατη δομή τους κρίνεται ως υψίστης σημασίας για την επιθυμητή εκδήλωση αναγεννητικής αντίδρασης των κυττάρων in vivo. Ο σκοπός της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι η δημιουργία και ο χαρακτηρισμός ακυτταροποιημένης εξωκυττάριας μήτρας από μαλακούς ιστούς ζωικής προέλευσης, με στόχο τη δημιουργία ικριώματος με επιθυμητές μηχανικές και βιολογικές ιδιότητες για εφαρμογές στην ιστοτεχνολογία. Στην εργασία αυτή επιλέχθηκε ως υλικό της μελέτης ο βόειος περικαρδιακός ιστός, λόγω της ευρείας πολύχρονης χρήσης του ως βιοϋλικό σε μοσχεύματα. Εφαρμόστηκαν δύο διαφορετικά πρωτόκολλα για την ακυτταροποίηση του ιστού, χρησιμοποιώντας στο πρώτο Triton Χ-100, SDS και deoxycholic acid (12 ώρες, 4°C - Triton) και στο δεύτερο Trypsin/EDTA με RNAse/DNAse (48 ώρες, 37°C – Trypsin). Η ιστολογική εξέταση επιβεβαίωσε την ολική αφαίρεση των κυττάρων. Τα αποτελέσματα των εμβιομηχανικών δοκιμών δεν έδειξαν στατιστικά σημαντική διαφορά μεταξύ των μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων των μη κατεργασμένων ιστών και των ακυτταροποιημένων περικαρδιακών ιστών με Triton στην οριζόντια και κάθετη διεύθυνση προς τον οβελιαίο άξονα της καρδιάς σε αντίθεση με τη μείωση του χαμηλού μέτρου ελαστικότητας (φάση ελαστίνης) και του υψηλού μέτρου ελαστικότητας (φάση κολλαγόνου) μετά την κατεργασία των υλικών με Trypsin, και στις δύο κατευθύνσεις. Η βιοχημική ανάλυση επαλήθευσε την άμεση σχέση μεταξύ των μηχανικών βισκοελαστικών ιδιοτήτων των μαλακών ιστών με τα συστατικά (GAGs και κολλαγόνο) του ιστού και την εσωτερική διαμόρφωση τους. Τα αποτελέσματα των μη επεξεργασμένων και των επεξεργασμένων ιστών με τα παραπάνω διαλύματα, έδειξαν ότι το διάλυμα του Triton προκαλεί ήπια κατεργασία, με ελαχιστοποίηση των δομικών μεταβολών της εξωκυττάριας μήτρας, όπως η σταθερή σύσταση των γλυκοζαμινογλυκανών (GAGs) και η περιεκτικότητα των ιστών σε κολλαγόνο. Αυτό δεν επιτεύχθηκε με την χρήση διαλύματος Trypsin, όπου παρατηρήθηκε σημαντική μείωση των GAGs, τόσο στη συγκέντρωση της θειϊκής χονδροϊτίνης / δερματάνης όσο και στο υαλουρονικό. Για την αξιολόγηση της κυτταροσυμβατότητας αορτικά βόεια ενδοθηλιακά κύτταρα καλλιεργήθηκαν στα ακυτταροποιημένα υλικά. Η επιθηλιοποίησή τους επετεύχθη από 24 ώρες μέχρι και 4 μέρες. Προσδιορίστηκε επίσης η δύναμη προσκόλλησης των κυττάρων μετά από 4 μέρες καλλιέργειας στους ακυτταροποιημένους περικαρδιακούς ιστούς με την εφαρμογή διατμητικών τάσεων μέσω ροϊκού πεδίου, με χρήση κατάλληλης μηχανής περιστροφής των δειγμάτων σε ακινητοποιημένο υγρό. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν εξάπλωση και πολλαπλασιασμό των κυττάρων στην επιφάνεια των βιοϋλικών, ενώ παρατηρήθηκε καλή συγκέντρωση κυττάρων (> 60%) στην κλίμακα των φυσιολογικών διατμητικών τάσεων. Συμπερασματικά, η ακυτταροποίηση του βόειου περικαρδιακού ιστού για μεγάλη χρονική διάρκεια στους 37°C (Trypsin) φάνηκε να μεταβάλλει την εμβιομηχανική συμπεριφορά και τη δομική ακεραιότητα του ιστού, η οποία, αντίθετα, διατηρείται σε φυσιολογική κατάσταση μετά από κατεργασία σε χαμηλή θερμοκρασία και σε σύντομο χρόνο (Triton). Επιπλέον, και τα δύο πρωτόκολλα είχαν ως αποτέλεσμα τη δημιουργία βιοϋλικού συμβατού με τα ενδοθηλιακά κύτταρα κατά την επαφή τους με την επιφάνειά τους. / In TE scaffolding, the ability of scaffolds to preserve proper mechanical and biological function and compatibility with the surrounding tissues and organs, as well to enhance host cells to adhere with scaffold material in their surface and 3D structure is of paramount importance for potential regenerative cell response in vivo. The aim of the present thesis is to produce and characterise a decellularized extracellular matrix derived from animal soft tissues, scoping to a scaffold capable of exhibiting the mechanical and biological properties desired for tissue engineering (TE) applications. For this work bovine pericardial tissue was selected, due to its broad use as a biomaterial in different implant technologies for decades. Two different protocols for the decellularization of bovine pericardial tissue were developed incorporating Triton® X–100, SDS and deoxycholic acid (12 h, 4°C) in solution 1 (Triton) and trypsin/EDTA with RNAse/DNase at 37°C for 48 h in solution 2 (Trypsin). Histological analysis confirmed total absence of cells after both treatments. The results of the biomechanical tests showed no mechanical differences demonstrated between the fresh and decellularized pericardial tissues by Triton solution in both, apex to base and transverse anatomical directions, contrary to a significant decrease of the low elastic modulus (elastin phase) and high elastic modulus (collagen phase) demonstrated after trypsin solution treatment in both directions. Biochemical analysis verified the direct relationship between mechanical viscoelastic properties of soft tissues with the constituent tissue components (GAGs and collagen content) and their internal arrangement. The comparison of the results from untreated and that from treated tissues suggested that the Triton decellularization method seemed to be a very mild treatment, as the glycozaminoglycans (GAGs) composition remained constant, as well as the collagen content. This was not achieved with the decellularization using Trypsin, where a significant reduction of GAGs, both chondroitin/dermatan sulphate and hyaluronan, was found. Aortic bovine endothelial cell seeding was used for estimation of its biomaterials’ cytocompatibility. Endothelialization achieved after 24hrs to 4 days periods. The adhesion strength of cells, cultured for 4 days on decellularized bovine pericardial tissues, was also determined. By applying a radially increasing shear stress field on rotating material samples within a stationary fluid mesh using a spinning disc device, we determined the shear stress necessary to detach the cells from the sfafolds’ surface. Fine cell spreading and proliferation on biomaterials’ surface and good surface cell density (>60%) at physiological shear stress scale were observed and measured. In conclusion, decellularization of bovine pericardial tissues under long time duration in 37°C (Trypsin) seems to alter its biomechanical behaviour and structural integrity, which, in contrast, was retained under low temperature short duration treatment (Triton). Additionally, both protocols resulted in a cytocompatible biomaterial, regarding its surface interactions with endothelial cells.

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