The overarching goal of my dissertation is to explore the potential and limits of a trait-based approach to plant ecology. Together, the different studies presented here address two explicit and implicit foundational assumptions underpinning the trait-based approach: (1) that the correlation patterns and biological significance of traits transfer across scales and (2) that the phenotypic complexity of plants can accurately be synthesized into a few meaningful traits to study their ecology. Moreover, the last chapter focuses on a third key assumption: (3) that traits are strong predictors of plant performance (Shipley et al. In Press). I examine these assumptions by exploring multivariate patterns of phenotypic variation and integration across different ecological scales (e.g., individuals, populations, species) while explicitly considering the phenotypic complexity of trees, both in terms of their multidimensional and integrated nature. Two themes thus permeate this body of work: scales and phenotypic complexity. Much of what we know about the relationships among key traits comes from species-scale studies. Trait variation at smaller scales are often interpreted in the context of these interspecific relationships, but it is not clear that interspecific patterns observed at global scales apply to smaller scales. Moreover, although plants are complex, integrated organisms with intricate relationships among their traits, single traits are often studied and interpreted without considering the rest of the phenotype. Yet, examining individual traits outside of their phenotypic context might provide limited insight or be misleading. To address these shortcomings, this body of work examines multidimensional patterns of trait variation and correlation across ecological scales. It uses (1) a set of six ecophysiological leaf traits from mature trees in a lowland tropical rainforest, and (2) a set of twenty leaf, root, stem, branch and whole-plant ecophysiological traits from deciduous saplings in a temperate forest. The combination of our findings point to three main conclusions: (i) local interspecific and intra-population trait integration structures differ from each other and from the global interspecific patterns reported in the literature, such that global-scale interspecific patterns cannot readily be transferred to more local scales; (ii) considering the complexity of the plant phenotype provides better insights into ecological patterns and processes than what we can learn from considering individual or a handful of traits; and (iii) traits strongly affect individual plant performance, although there is no relationship between a species' trait correlation structure and its environmental niche, which suggests that there are multiple alternative optimal phenotypes in a given environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ild_dr_sjrp.pdf: 578124 bytes, checksum: f4eef9516c9a15e6505cc44be029c3a7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Consideramos nesta tese inclusões dinâmicas vetoriais em escalas de tempo e estendemos para esta classe o resultado de compacidade das trajetórias que, p or sua vez, foi combinado com soluções de Euler, tamb ém intro duzidas nesta tese, para garantir a existência de trajetória qua ndo o camp o vetorial da inclusão dinâmica é semicontínuo sup erior. Porém, quando o camp o vetorial da inclusão dinâmica é semicontínuo inferior, é possível obter uma solução da inclusão dinâmica por meio de uma equação dinâmica cujo campo vetorial é contí nuo. Este campo é um a seleção da multifunção que de ne o camp o vetorial. Consideramos também um problema de controle ó ti mo e mostramos que este possui tra jetória admissível ótima sempre que o conjunto de soluções admissíveis é não-vazio e o campo satisfaz as condições de mensurabilidade, convexidade, compacidade e crescimento linear. Além disso, estendemos o Lema de Filippov para a classe de inclusões dinâmicas para mostrar que é possível fazer uma equivalência total do problema de controle no paradigma de inclusão dinâmica com o problema de controle padrão / We consider in this t hes is vectors dynamic inclusions on time scales and extended for this class the result of compactness of the trajectories which, in turn, was combined with Euler solutions, also introduced i n this thesis, t o ensure t he existence of trajectory when the vector eld of t he dynamic inclusi on is upper semicontinuous. However, when the vector eld of the dynamic inclusion is lower semicontinuous, it is possible to obtain a solution of the dynamic inclusion through a dynamic equation whose vector eld is continuous. This eld is a selection of the multifunction de ning the vector eld. We also consider an optimal control problem and we showed that it has an optimal admissible trajectory whenever the admissible solutions set is nonempty and the eld sati s es measurability conditions, conve-xity, compactness and linear growth. Furthermore, we extend the Filippov's Lemma for the class of dynamic inclusions to show that it is possible to do a ful l equivalence of the control problem in the paradigm of dynamic inclusion with the standard control problem

Temperature is one of the parameters that limits the output torque and reduces the lifespan of electrical machines. Models that can provide accurate estimation of the temperature field in the most critical components (e.g. windings) at lower computational effort can be useful to improve the design process and reduce the time to market. Depending on the application, engineers usually rely on hi-fidelity models, e.g. based on the finite elements method (FEM), or lower order models, e.g. thermal equivalent circuits (TECs). The aim of the present work is to provide new tools and methodologies to obtain the temperature distribution within the windings using reduced order hi-fidelity models or improved TEC that could account for any working condition, including AC effects. A new methodology, based on the multiple scales method (MSM), is introduced which homogenises the complex windings domain and allows for the estimation of its effective thermal properties. The homogenisation through the MSM is performed solving a single elementary cell. The MSM also allows for the reconstruction of the actual thermal field. Extensive numerical and experimental validation is provided, in particular for the case of electrical windings encapsulated with epoxy. The thermal homogenisation is then combined with an electromagnetic homogenisation technique to estimate winding losses including AC effects, such as proximity and skin effects. The coupled analysis is validated numerically on reference test problems, and experimentally, on a suitably built "motorette". The method is proven to correctly predict losses including thermal effects and to estimate magnitude and location of the temperature hotspot within the winding domain. This work also introduces a new approach for building thermal equivalent circuits that represents the most commonly employed modelling technique for electrical machine thermal analysis. Here the TEC approaches are thoroughly analysed, highlighting limitations. The proposed new technique extends the range of numerical accuracy, accounting for high Biot numbers (up to Bi = 2) and internal heat generation. The result of this approach is higher spatial resolution about the temperature field within the winding domain and thus enables improved information on hotspot location and magnitude. The method is experimentally validated and also applied to model an electrical machine for full-electric in-wheel vehicle propulsion.

O objetivo desta tese foi verificar a viabilidade de utilização de jatos de água verticais circulares, únicos e contínuos, provenientes da ponteira de uma estaca torpedo, para auxiliar sua instalação por peso próprio no leito marinho, através da fluidização do solo. Foram realizados ensaios de laboratório, em modelo reduzido, utilizando hastes para simular estacas torpedo (sem aletas) seguindo a lei de semelhança pelo número de Froude. Os ensaios de instalação por peso próprio, com e sem fluidização, ocorreram sem altura de queda, com a estaca modelo em contato com a superfície do leito. Trabalhou-se com três diâmetros de estacas, seis massas, quatros vazões e areia fina saturada compactada em duas densidades relativas iniciais (média e densa). Os ensaios de arrancamento, em leito arenoso fluidizado e não fluidizado, foram realizados imediatamente, 4, 24 e 48 horas após a instalação dos modelos. A metodologia de instalação proposta mostrou-se viável, quando o jateamento é aplicado desde a superfície em solo arenoso. As profundidades instaladas atingidas por fluidização (L/de > 50) foram consideravelmente superiores às profundidades cravadas por apenas peso próprio (L/de < 5). A geometria da zona perturbada durante a instalação por fluidização dos modelos, permaneceu constante e paralela ao fuste, com geometria de aproximadamente 2de em relação ao modelo, independentemente da vazão aplicada e da densidade relativa inicial do solo. A partir das leis de análise dimensional, uma expressão para a profundidade instalada das estacas modelo foi proposta, mostrando que a mesma é função do peso e da geometria do modelo, das propriedades físicas do solo e do fluido, e de sua vazão. Quanto maior a massa do modelo e a vazão aplicada e menor a densidade relativa, maior a profundidade atingida e maior a velocidade inicial de instalação. Constatou-se que a capacidade de carga axial dos modelos depende da densidade relativa, do diâmetro do modelo e do método de instalação (com e sem fluidização). Independentemente da densidade relativa inicial, o solo fluidizado convergiu para a mesma densidade relativa final, próxima as suas condições no estado crítico. As estacas em solo fluidizado apresentaram ganho resistência com o tempo (efeito de setup), com capacidade de carga inferior às estacas cravadas em solo não fluidizado. / The aim of this thesis was to investigate the feasibility of using circular vertical water jets, single and continuous, from the tip of a torpedo pile, to assist its installation by own weight on the seabed, through soil fluidization. Laboratory model tests were carried out, using tubes to simulate torpedo piles (without wings) following the law of similarity defined by the Froude number. The installation tests by the pile own weight, with and without fluidization, occurred without drop height, with the piles in contact with the surface of the bed. Three diameters of model piles and six masses, four flow rates and saturated sand at two initial relative densities (medium and dense) have been used in this set of experiments. Pullout tests in fluidized and nonfluidized soils were performed immediately, 4, 24 and 48 hours after the installation of the models. The proposed installation methodology proved to be feasible when the fluidization is applied from the surface in sandy soils. The installation depths achieved by fluidization (L/de > 50) were significantly higher than the depths reached by pile own weight (L/de < 5). The geometry of the perturbed zone during model installation by fluidization remained constant and parallel to the shaft in a geometry of about 2de of the pile model, regardless of the applied flow rate and the initial relative density of the soil. Following the laws of dimensional analysis, an expression for the embedment of fluidized piles is derived, showing that the penetration depth is a function of pile weight and geometry, fluidized water jet flow rate and velocity, as well as the soil and fluid properties. Increasing the model mass and fluidized flow rate and decreasing the relative density leads to an increase in the depth reached and the initial speed of installation. The axial load capacity of the models depends on the soil relative density, piles diameter and installation method (with and without fluidization). Regardless the initial relative density, the fluidized soil converged to the same final relative density, near its conditions of critical state. Piles installed in fluidized soil presented gain of axial capacity over time (setup effect) with lower resistance than piles driven in nonfluidized soil.

O presente estudo procura entender as transformações socioespaciais resultantes da introdução da atividade mineira no distrito de Moatize, em Moçambique. Para a compreensão dessas dinâmicas, a recorrência às transformações político-econômicas atravessadas pelo país permitiu compreender como o capital internacional se apossou dos territórios das comunidades locais. A partir da alteração constitucional e de revisões legislativas, o país abriu as portas ao capital internacional, tendo aprovado vários projetos de exploração de recursos minerais e energéticos com implicações ao nível do território das comunidades locais. As alterações e revisões providenciaram as condições necessárias para a introdução de políticas neoliberais (inicialmente introduzidas em 1987, com a aplicação dos Programas de Reabilitação Econômica), responsáveis por destruir o papel interventivo do Estado e colocado a economia nas mãos dos agentes econômicos. Para facilitar a sua implementação, as revisões das leis de Terras e de Minas tornaram-se os membros superiores da desterritorialização dos territórios das comunidades locais a favor das empresas mineiras. As legislações, que se apresentaram como defensoras dos interesses das comunidades locais, escondiam por detrás a troca de território por terra. Nos novos espaços, garantidos pelas legislações, são introduzidos novos objetos, com a finalidade de (re)produzirem dinâmicas necessárias à construção de espaços de vida e de produção. Para compreender essa dinâmica, expressa no processo de Territorialização-Desterritorialização-Reterritorialização, escolheu-se o distrito de Moatize, na província de Tete, rico em jazidas de carvão mineral, onde foram selecionadas as comunidades atingidas pelos projetos mineiros da Vale e da Rio Tinto. Recorrendo à metodologia de escalas geográficas de poder e gestão foi possível compreender como os atores localizados a escalas superiores materializaram as suas vontades nos territórios das comunidades locais, onde perto de duas mil e quinhentas famílias foram atingidas diretamente pelos projetos mineiros e compulsoriamente deslocadas para novos locais de reassentamento. As condições encontradas nas áreas de reassentamento estão dificultando a inserção dessas comunidades, deteriorando a qualidade de suas vidas. / This study aimed to understand the socio-spatial transformations resulting from the introduction of the mining activity in the Moatize district, in Mozambique. For understanding these dynamics, the historical of political and economic transformations traversedby the country allowed us to understand how the international capital seized the territories of local communities. Starting from the constitutional and legislative reviews, the country opened its doors to international capital, and approved several exploration projects in mineral and energy resources with implications for the territory of local communities. Amendments or revisions have provided the necessary conditions for the introduction of neoliberal policies (first introduced in 1987 with the implementation of the Economic Rehabilitation Program), responsible for destroying the active role of the state and placed the economy in the hands of economic agents. To facilitate its implementation, revisions to the laws of Lands and Mines become senior members of the dispossession of territories of local communities to benefit mining companies. The legislation, which presented themselves as defenders of the interests of local communities, hid behind the exchange of territory by land. In the new space, guaranteed by law, they are introduced new objects, in order to (re)produce dynamic needed to build spaces of living and production. To understand this dynamic expressed in the process of Territorialization-Deterritorialization-Reterritorializatin, was chosen the Moatize district, in Tete province, rich in coal mines, where it was selected communities affected by mining projects of Vale and Rio Tinto. Using the methodology of geographical scales was possible to understand how actors located at higher scales materialize their wishes in the territories of local communities, where nearly two thousand five hundred families were directly affected by mining projects and forcibly displaced to new resettlement sites. The conditions found in the resettlement areas are hindering the inclusion of these communities, deteriorating the quality of their lives.

The door to college is open for increasing numbers of students for whom adapting to college may be a great challenge (Kamphoff, Hutson, Amundsen, & Atwood, 2007). Hansen (1998) noted that the overall academic preparation level has declined for students entering college and that academic disengagement in college has increased among many students. The educational background of the parents has been shown to have a significant impact on a student's decision to attend college (Choy, 200). Many firs-generation students come from ethnic and educational backgrounds that historically have struggled with the educational system (Somers, Woodhouse, & Cofer, 2004). The purpose of the study was to determine if there is a relationship between students' parental educational background and selected academic and non-academic variables of entering college freshmen. The participants in this study were enrolled at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, a comprehensive public Midwestern research university, during academic years 2006-2008. Academic and non-academic factors were assessed to determine if differences existed between first-generation and non-first-generation students. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versions 16.0 (SPSS 16.0) and Microsoft Excel 2007. Descriptive statistics were calculated to provide a general profile of the students. Descriptive data analyzed included demographic information, non-academic data (assessed using the Bryson Instrument for Noncognitive Assessment), and academic data (high school GPA and rank, ACT composite and subscores).

Orientador: Eda Maria Góes / Banca: Maria Goretti da Costa Tavares / Banca: Luciana Gonçalves de Carvalho / Banca: Eliseu Savério Sposito / Banca: Neide Barrocá Faccio / Resumo: Analisou-se nesse trabalho a constituição de uma territorialidade festiva amazônica instanciada como criação cultural religiosa com proeminência no contexto da Amazônia portuguesa: a Festa do Sairé. Na Amazônia brasileira contemporânea a materialidade festiva do Sairé só se efetua na Vila de Alter do Chão, no município paraense de Santarém, onde se caracteriza como um importante elemento da produção econômica turística, articulada aos festivais regionais com ênfase nas "Disputas" entre danças e dramatizações apresentadas em arenas. Esse contexto engendra questionamentos sobre a essência da tradição religiosa da festa e sua expressão de sagrado atrelada às procissões e rezas com folias e ladainhas herdadas do catolicismo vinculado ao/pelo grupo indígena Borari e a alegada profanidade das danças e dramatizações no interior da festividade do Sairé. Para compreender essas configurações na Festa do Sairé, analisouse o devir espaço-temporal dessa territorialidade festiva, seus processos de agenciamentos maquínicos e disjunções inclusivas num mover entre horizontalidades e verticalidades espaciais transmultiescalares em intrínseca correlação com a produção de subjetividades coletivas e suas prospecções de sentido à configuração de atores sociais enredados a projetos de ação/objetivação de mundo e sua transtemporalidade coextensiva. À realização da pesquisa se fez uso de pressupostos da análise do discurso, da história oral, do "deslocamento perspectivista" e do modelo descritivo da ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: We analyze in this work the constitution of a festive amazonian territoriality instantiated as a religious cultural creation with prominence in the context of the portuguese Amazon: the Sairé's Feast. In the contemporary brazilian Amazon, the festive materiality of the Sairé is only takes place in the village of Alter do Chão, in the municipality of Santarém, where it is characterized as an important element of the tourist economic production, articulated to the regional festivals with emphasis on "Disputas" between dances and dramatizations presented in arenas. This context raises questions about the essence of the religious tradition of the feast and its expression of the sacred, linked to the processions and prayers, with foliations and litanies, which were inherited from the Catholicism linked to and by the Borari indigenous group, as well as the alleged profanity of dances and dramatizations within the Sairé's Feast. To understand these configurations in the Sairé's Feast, we analyze the space-time becoming of this festive territoriality, its processes of machinic assemblages and inclusive disjunctions in a move between horizontalities and multitransescalares spatial verticalities, which are in intrinsic correlation with the production of collective subjectivities and their prospects of meaning to the configuration of social actors entangled in projects of world action/objectification and their coextensive transtemporality. In order to carry out this research, we used the pressupositions of the discourse analysis, oral history, "perspectivist shift" and the descriptive ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

abstract: The legacy of the great double bassist and pedagogue Joseph Prunner (1886-1969) includes his scale and arpeggio exercise book, Progressive Studies for the Double Bass, composed in 1955. Progressive Studies was originally written for Prunner's students at the Bucharest Conservatoire and was not intended for a wide publication. In the work Prunner presents major and harmonic and melodic minor scales that are performed in one octave and then extended diatonically through all their modes, progressing through this pattern for three octaves, followed by a series of arpeggio exercises. These exercises are based on a modernized fingering system and are offered in the traditional positions and in what Prunner called "Fixed-Position" scales. A series of chromatic scale exercises are also included that follow the template of the major and minor scales. The study at hand is a revision and expansion of Prunner's work. The edition presented here intends to preserve the information that Prunner provided, fix the errors made in editing, and expand the study greatly by increasing the range of the exercises, providing more arpeggio exercises, creating melodic and harmonic minor "Fixed-Position" scales and arpeggio exercises, and including the study of double-stops. In support of the revised and updated version of Progressive Studies, this study includes a biography of Joseph Prunner and a summary of the importance of the type of scale and arpeggio practice the collection of exercises supports. An explanation of the revisions made to Prunner's work and recommendations for using the exercises also precede the new edition. / Dissertation/Thesis / D.M.A. Music 2012

Diese Arbeit befaßt sich mit der "Klangreihenlehre'', einer Musiktheorie, die von Josef Matthias Hauer aufgestellt und von meinem Lehrer Othmar Steinbauer weiterentwickelt wurde. Diese auf der Gesetzmäßigkeit der zwölf Töne beruhende Satzlehre hat jedoch mit der "Reihentechnik" jener Musik, die schlechthin als "Zwölftonmusik" bezeichnet wird, nichts gemein. Obwohl eine beachtliche Literatur über J.M. Hauer vorliegt, ist sie doch, was Hauers Musiktheorie betrifft, nicht zufriedenstellend, da sie hauptsächlich auf sein Leben und seine Musikphilosophie eingeht.

The aim of this work was to evaluate international trade with Manis. spp. according to the CITES database during the period 2002-2013. Manis spp. was classified in appendix II CITES in 1995. In 2000 there was an unsuccesfull attempt to reclassified Manis spp. to appendix I CITES. In this year the zero quota was set for Asian pangolins for commercial purpose. A rapid increase of an illegal trade was noticed after the setting of zero quota. The most frequent trade with pangolins was in these forms: 1) derivatives, 2) specimens, 3) scales, 4) live pangolins and 5) skins. Asian pangolins´ species were traded mostly in forms of derivatives, specimens, scales and skins in the period 2002-2013. M. javanica and M. pentadactyla with medium and large distribution area were quantitatively the most traded species, respectively. Main importers of Asian forms of pangolins were: USA (derivatives and specimens), China (scales in kg) and Indonesia (scales in pieces) and Mexico (skins). The African pangolin M. tricuspis was the third most frequent species in the international trade and was traded especially in form of live pangolins. M. tricuspis lives in one of the largest distribution area. Main importer of live pangolins was Italy. Breeding pangolins in captivity is due to the specific feeding requirements demanding. There are about 46 individuals of pangolins in Zoos all over the world, whereas in Europe there are only 2 pangolins in the Leipzig Zoo.