In certain Germanic languages, there is a group of verbs called preterite-present verbs that are often viewed as irregular, but in fact behave very predictably. They exhibit a morphological phenomenon called deponency, often in conjunction with another morphological phenomenon called heteroclisis. I examine the preterite-present verbs of three different languages: Old Norse, Modern Icelandic, and Modern German. Initially, I approach them from a historical perspective and then seek to reconcile their morphology with the modern perspective. A criteria is established for a canonical preterite-present verb, and then using a lexical programming language called DATR, I create code that generates the appropriate paradigms while also illustrating the morphological relationships between verb tenses and inflection classes, among other things. DATR is a programming language used specifically for language models.

The timeframe of the south Scandinavian rock art tradition extends from c.1700/1600 to 300 /200 BC. The chronological boundaries of the rock art phenomenon thereby coincide roughly with the timeframe of the Nordic Bronze Age, and rock art figures have come to be understood and interpreted as a Bronze Age phenomenon. It is argued that a dominant Bronze Age narrative has come to direct the discourse and fieldwork alike towards a focus on the origin , rather than the use, of rock art. The rock carver’s intention with the image, explicitly or implicitly, has come to equate with its meaning. The aim of the thesis is to approach rock art figures from a different perspective, with the aim of understanding how south Scandinavian rock art has been used and interpreted over time. The question of what archaeological evidence the use of rock art may have left behind is taken up, and the archaeological excavations carried out at rock art sites in southern Scandinavia​ are summarized and discussed. The survey shows that finds and features date to some extent from the Bronze Age, yet most of the dateable evidence comes from periods after the tradition of creating new images had ended, especially the Early Iron Age. This phenomenon is of particular interest given the explicit uses of the past-perspective of the thesis. It is argued that some of the rock art sites were still being used during later prehistoric periods. Other examples of later period´s uses of rock art sites are presented and discussed, such as runic inscriptions on rock art panels as well as the use of rock art and cup-mark sites during historic times. ​ A study of the chronological development of the rock art tradition in the Himmelstalund-region in the county of Östergötland is also presented, based on recently developed ship chronologies of rock art. The study shows that the earliest ship figures, which are found in the Himmelstalund area, were probably made in the Bronze Age period I/II. Yet the majority of the dateable ship figures date from the Bronze Age period II–III, after which the number of dateable ships declines in period IV, a development becoming even more prominent in period V-VI.  Another theme discussed in the thesis is archaeology’s own uses of rock art and how this has affected the interpretations of the material. The thesis shows it is feasible to combine a discussion on the prehistoric use of rock art sites and images with a critical view of interactions between archaeological and antiquarian practice and the source material. It has also shown the potential for a broadened discussion, where we regard the use of rock art, during the Bronze Age as well as during later periods, as integral and essential to rock art research​.

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Tanzania is developing and their small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can support economic, social, and technological development. Foreign direct investments (FDI) help Tanzania to sustain its businesses financially. How Tanzanian SMEs perceive the dependence on other countries' investors is unclear. This research analyzes whether and if so when investors should inject capital into SMEs as a minority or majority shareholder according to the SMEs’ perception. Nine semi-structured interviews with representatives of the Nordic/East African investor MTI Investment and four of their Tanzanian subsidiaries as well as a thematic analysis were conducted. The findings show that if the manager of the Tanzanian SME is the founder of an established SME, minority shareholders offer expertise and capital while still being in control of the business operations. An exception is when investors enter the business in the start-up phase. Then, a majority shareholder can help out better with their resources and can develop the business together with the manager. Majority shareholders are also appreciated when the leading CEO is not an entrepreneur. Then a strategic partner who injects capital and offers their skills to help out in all situations is perceived the most helpful for Tanzanian SMEs. Furthermore, the Tanzanian regulations are mostly supportive and through a visible change in opening Tanzania for FDIs, more investors are attracted. Further research is needed to see whether the perception changes over time.

Syftet med studie är att undersöka hur de skandinaviska länderna och dess specialidrottsförbund ser på barn- och ungdomsutveckling inom motocross samt hur detta kan förstås. Detta har genomförts med hjälp av en dokumentanalys och de dokument som förbunden har publicerade på respektives webbsida. I studien framgår det att förbunden använder sig av olika koncept för att utveckla talangfulla förare. Det presenteras likheter och skillnader i respektive lands syn på idrott och att uppbyggnaden av idrotten i respektive land har en inverkan på barn- och ungdomsutvecklingen. Det presenteras även att förbundens insatser är relativt lik den linje kring hur landet vill att idrotten ska bedrivas. / The purpose of the study is to investigate how the Scandinavian countries and its special sports federations view child- and youth development in motocross, as well as how this can be understood. This has been carried out using a content analysis and the documents published by the federations on their website. The study shows that the federations uses different concepts to develop talented drivers. Similarities and differences are presented in each country's view of sport and that the construction of sport in each country has an impact on the child- and youth development. It is also presented that the efforts of the federations are relatively similar to the line on how the country wants sport to be conducted.

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This article focuses on the situation in the Church of Sweden, one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world. The links between the state and the church in Sweden were only recently cut. Political parties still engage with church policy and form the majority of the Church Assembly as well as many local Church councils. When nationalistic parties also are involved in church policy this becomes a challenge. Homiletics is taught at the Church of Sweden Institute for Pastoral Education as part of the final, ministerial year. At the Institute we make use of North American literature by authors like Brueggemann, Lose, Tubbs Tisdale and Troeger. There are many differences between the Scandinavian and the North American contexts. This paper seeks to investigate how homiletical training in one context is carried out with the use of textbooks from another, different context. How can homiletics based on North American theologies fit into a Folk Church context? How does a North American homiletic approach encourage Swedish students to preach a prophetic word of God, without fear, in a situation when populist nationalism rises in the context of migration? How can prophetic preaching, as described by for instance Brueggemann and Tisdale, be contextualised in this situation? This article discusses when and how prophetic preaching inspired from the Biblical example, with its narratives and with metaphors and poetic language, should be used and when a more confrontational, head-on witness is needed.

We live in a turbulent environment in which the unpredictability of crises is unprecedented. Following this, crisis management literature has shifted from traditional planned and process-based approaches to contemporary concepts that emphasize reactivity. Although contemporary scholars label traditional approaches as outdated, it remains unknown if real organizations agree. The question thus becomes, how do different organizations apply crisis management theory in practice and what influences the design of their systems? This qualitative study relies on focus groups and interviews from SMEs, large, and state-owned organizations. The empirical findings show that predominantly traditional crisis management systems are utilized. The systems are mainly proactive when crisis vulnerability is limited but extend to include a reactive and flexible strategic element when the organization is large and faces unpredictable crises. Relying on a purely contemporary crisis management system is rare but possible, as demonstrated by one small organization. Overall, the crisis management design is influenced by size, organizational structure, crisis vulnerability, identity, expert opinions, similar organizations and where the responsibility for crisis management is placed in the organization.  Practitioners can use this study to understand how to apply traditional and contemporary crisis management systems. Scholars can use this study to understand the gap between theory and practice, which opens several avenues for further research that concern influences and characteristics of real crisis management systems.

The rise in popularity of the concept of sustainability has brought along many theoretical models and tools that promise to facilitate the sustainability transition of those who use them. One of those tools is the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development, which several organisations have already used. However, what happens to this framework once it leaves its written format and is used by actual organisations? To help us answer this question, we have conducted semi-structured interviews with six organisations with the support of documentary research. All of which have used the framework. We then used thematic analysis to analyse the data. To interpret the results, we combined the perspectives of Scandinavian Institutionalism theory with a focus on translation and Change Management. The findings suggest that the motivation before selecting the framework plays a critical role in the way it is translated to practice. Early communication efforts may also influence the way the employees of an organisation perceive the framework and hence influence if they will resist its adoption. The framework does not maintain its integral theoretical form when organisations adopt it. Most of the organisations completely discarded one of its components. One organisation changed another almost beyond recognition. But at the same time, they recognise it as a uniquely good guiding tool. It also appears that among the components, the sustainability principles and the ABCD-procedure are almost always effectively translated and serve organisations’ sustainability objectives.