Avhandlingen tar sin utgångspunkt i två uppslagsord i Svenska Akademiens Ordlista 2006: bautasten och bauta-. Övergripande syfte är att beskriva och förklara lexikala förändringar hos ord bildade med bauta(-) i svenskan under perioden 1664–2006, med särskild hänsyn till dessa förändringars relation till ordens etableringsgrad. Materialet består av 838 belägg för ord bildade med baut- eller böt-, och därutöver undersöks 30 ordböcker. Ordet bautasten är ett isländskt lånord i svenskan. Undersökningen av fornvästnordiska ord visar att bautasteinn kan vara ’sten som är slagen ned i jorden’ eller ’sten rest över en fallen krigare’, två betydelser som kan sammanföras i betydelsen ’minnessten’. Denna betydelse framträder också tydligt i samtliga texter. Historiens höga status under stormaktstiden har haft stor betydelse för att ordet bautasten lånades in i svenskan år 1664. Språkstrukturella faktorer har sannolikt lett till att ordet har uppmärksammats och att det har kunnat användas i svenskan. Under perioden 1664–1790 har etableringsgraden hos bautasten inte har varit hög, men vissa tecken tyder på att den höjs under perioden. Fram till ca 1900 stiger etableringsgraden hos bautasten, men den avtar sedan fram till 1973. I avhandlingen antas att ordets växlande etableringsgrad har varit beroende av synen på historien. I början av 1970-talet stiger etableringsgraden åter hos bautasten och 1985 finns första belägget för bauta- som förstärkande förled, vilket med stor sannolikhet har sin orsak att söka hos den stora populariteten hos och spridningen av seriealbumet Asterix. Förleden bauta- har visat sig vara mycket användbar som förstärkande förled. I materialet finns 3 ord bildade med bauta(-) som inte är etablerade i språksamfundet. / The starting point for the dissertation is two entry words in Svenska Akademiens Ordlista (SAOL 13, 2006): bautasten and bauta-. The overall purpose is to describe and explain lexical changes in words created with bauta(-) in the Swedish language during 1664–2006, placing particular em¬phasis on these changes in relation to the degree of establish¬ment. The material consists of 838 pieces of evidence of words created with baut- or böt- and, in addition, 30 dictionaries are exam¬ined. The word bautasten (‘menhir’, ‘standing stone’) is an Icelandic loan word in the Swedish lan¬guage. The examination of Old West Norse words shows that bautasteinn can be ’sten som är slagen ned i jorden’ (‘stone beaten into the ground’) or ’sten rest över en fallen krigare’ (‘stone erected over a fallen warrior’), two meanings which can be brought together in the meaning ’minnessten’ (‘memorial monument’). This meaning also clearly appears in all texts. The high status of history during the Swedish Age of Greatness was significant for the inclu¬sion of the word bautasten into the Swedish language in 1664. Language-structural factors have likely lead to the word being noticed as well as made it possible to use in the Swedish language. During 1664–1790, the degree of establishment of bautasten was not high, but there are indi¬cations that it increased during the period. Until about 1900, the degree of estab¬lish¬ment of bautasten increased, but then it decreased up until 1973. In the disserta¬tion it is assumed that the varying degree of establishment has been dependent on the view of history. In the beginning of the 1970s, the degree of establishment of bautasten increased once again and in 1985, the first instance of bauta- as an augmentative prefix appears, which most likely can be attributed to the great popularity and wide spread of the cartoon magazine Asterix. The prefix bauta- has proven to be very usable as an augmentative. There are 3 words created with bauta(-) in the material that are not established in the language community

This report has examined the possibilities of stiffening and strengthening a ground stabilization mast, in a way that a small production company can manufacture. The soil stabilization technique in question is Jet-Grouting also called injection drilling, which involves drilling to the desired depth and then letting high-pressure water jets mixed with filling mass to erode the surrounding soil mass and form pillars below the ground surface. The study intends to explore the possibility of placing a simplified model in the simulation program ANSYS that uses the finite element method (FEM) to obtain its results. The product development method described by Karl T. Ulrich and Steven D. Eppinger in the book "Product Design and Development" is then used to produce improvement proposals that will strengthen the mast. The purpose of this study was to identify the strength of a ground stabilization mast and then produce and present an improvement proposal, based on the rotation head that is now mounted on the ground stabilization mast. This rotary head is named "RH24X HP 67 TS" and is produced by Eurodrill, and it generates a maximum torque of 24 kNm. The simulations on the mast with the given torque resulted in the highest stress of 158 MPa to which the mast body was exposed to. With the design that the mast current design, it entails a 2.3 factor of safety, which is considered acceptable since the recommended factor of safety for this type of heavy machine is about 2 (Khan, et al., 2016). When the torque was increased to the limit of the mast, i.e., when the factor of safety is close to 1, it resulted in a maximum torque of 54 kNm. Mounting a rotary head with a torque of 54 kNm is therefore not recommended due to the low safety margin that it would entail. Market research has been done and the proposals presented in this study presents similar manufactures and series as of the current rotary head. The recommended rotary heads come from the Eurodrill X-series and are called "RH32X HP 67 TS" and it produces a maximum torque of 32 kNm, alternatively "RH 4300 HP 48 TSS" which produces a torque of 34 kNm. The improvement proposals presented in this report are developed by evaluating the results of the simulations performed and then identifying the weakest areas. Then, based on the product development method, generate a proposal that can stiffen and strengthen the ground stabilization mast. The improvement proposal on the cradle showed with the rotary head "RH24X HP 67 TS" a 4.8 factor of safety, compared to the current cradle which has a 2.6 factor of safety, it is almost a doubling in strength. A new design of trusses was presented and resulted in a 35% increase in rigidity without the need to add any new material. This means that by re-examining the structure of the truss you can strengthen and possibly check the rigidity of the mast, which among other things leads to better manoeuvrability without any real extra costs being needed. / Denna rapport har undersökt möjligheterna att styva och styrka upp en markstabiliseringsmast på ett sätt som ett mindre produktionsföretag klarar av att tillverka. Markstabiliseringstekniken i fråga är Jet-Grouting även kallad injiceringsborrning, som går ut på att man borrar till önskat djup för att sedan låta högtrycksvattenjetstrålar blandat med fyllnadsmassa erodera den kringliggande jordmassan och bilda pelare under markytan. Studien ämnar utforska möjligheten med att placera en förenklad modell i simuleringsprogrammet ANSYS som använder finit elementmetod (FEM) för att få fram sina resultat. Därefter används produktutvecklingsmetoden som beskrivs av Karl T. Ulrich och Steven D. Eppinger i boken ”Product Design and Development”, för att ta fram förbättringsförslag som ska styrka upp masten.   Studien har haft som syfte att ta reda på hållfastheten hos en markstabiliseringsmast och sedan ta fram och presentera ett förbättringsförslag, utifrån det rotationshuvud som nu är monterat på markstabiliseringsmasten. Detta rotationshuvud har benämningen ”RH24X HP 67 TS” och är producerad av Eurodrill och genererar ett maximalt vridmoment på 24 kNm. Simuleringarna på masten med det givna vridmomentet resulterade i den högsta spänningen på 158 MPa som mastkroppen utsattes för. Med det utförande som masten är idag medför det en 2,3 säkerhetsfaktor, vilket är anses vara acceptabelt eftersom den rekommenderade säkerhetsfaktorn för denna typ av tungmaskin ligger på cirka 2 (Khan, et al., 2016).  När man sedan ökade vridmomentet till mastens bristgräns, det vill säga när säkerhetsfaktorn tangerar 1, resulterade det i ett maximalt vridmoment på 54 kNm. Att montera ett rotationshuvud med ett vridmoment på 54 kNm är därför inte att rekommendera på grund av den låga säkerhetsmarginalen som det skulle innebära. Därför presenteras förslag på rotationshuvuden som masten kan klara av, genom en marknadsundersökning gjord på liknade tillverkare och serier som dagens rotationshuvud. De rotationshuvud som rekommenderas kommer från Eurodrill X-serie och heter ”RH32X HP 67 TS” och den producerar ett maximalt vridmoment på 32 kNm, alternativt ”RH 4300 HP 48 TSS” som producerar ett vridmoment på 34 kNm.  Förbättringsförslagen som presenteras i denna rapport är framtagna genom att utvärdera resultaten av de utförda simuleringarna och sedan identifiera de svagaste områdena. Därefter genereras förslag utifrån produktutvecklingsmetoden som kan styva och stärka upp markstabiliseringsmasten. Förbättringsförslaget på släden visade med rotationshuvudet ”RH24X HP 67 TS” en 4,8 säkerhetsfaktor, jämfört med den nuvarande släden som har en 2,6 säkerhetsfaktor vilket är nästan en fördubbling i hållfasthet. En ny design av fackverk presenterades och resulterade i 35 % ökad styvhet utan att behöva addera något nytt material. Det innebär att man genom att ompröva fackverkets struktur kan stärka och eventuellt kontrollera mastens styvhet, vilket bland annat leder till bättre manövrerbarhet utan några egentliga extra kostnader behövs.

Denna uppsats undersöker begravningsurnor som deponerats under romersk järnålder i grav A7000 i Broby bro, Täby Socken, Sverige. Materialet som undersöks är en del av forskningsprojektet; Broby bro – en plats där världen passerar. Teorierna kring begravningsritualer från denna tidsperiod har genom lipidanalyser samt elementanalyser förfinats. Av de fem kärl som undersöks har fyra, F16007, F16152, F16195 och F16263, definierats som begravningsurnor. F16137 är fortfarande oidentifierad. Fokus har lagts på att undersöka relationen mellan fynden och även att fastställa om F16195 och F16263 kommer från samma urna. Resultaten visar att F16195 är en gravgåva till F16263.

In recent years the fashion industry has experienced a high frequency of famous Creative Directors departing the companies for unknown reasons. The same problem does not seem to occur in the Scandinavian fashion industry. This study’s purpose is to explore why Scandinavia does not experience the same problem, contribute a deeper understanding of the leader-designer relationship in the Swedish fashion industry, and to examine how the Scandinavian Cooperative Advantage is applicable in the Swedish fashion industry. Three case studies were conducted at the Swedish fashion companies TRIWA, Baron and Weriseg where both leaders and designers were interviewed. The findings showed that the leaders view their designers as an essential part of the organisation but how they are prioritised depend on the situation. Further more, this study indicates that all of the studied companies have a stakeholder approach, uses a value creating strategy based on cooperation with their stakeholders, are aligned with a typical Swedish organizational culture, and has a Swedish Management Style. Thus this study indicates that the notion of Scandinavian Cooperative Advantage is applicable at the Swedish fashion industry and that this might be a factor for their success.

The Germanic initial sound combination wr (e.g. in *wrītan 'write') has not been preserved in any standard language. In the Scandinavian languages the development of this sound combination has resulted in five different initial sounds or sound combinations, namely rw, r, w, br and vr. The aim of this study is to describe the occurrence of these sound combinations, and to explain their age and origin. A limited number of words, mainly from Swedish dialects, has been investigated. The Swedish material has been assembled in a collection that has largely also been mapped, and so has a collection of Norwegian dialect material. The result shows that br is frequent in the Swedish dialects and that it also occurs in Trøndelagen and Østlandet in Norway, and on Jutland. R is widespread in Norway and occurs in Sweden in some words in Norrland, Dalarna, Värmland, Dalsland, Uppland and on the island of Gotland. Rw has been documented in Upper Dalarna, and w in the same area, as well as in the Kalix dialect in northernmost Sweden. The author demonstrates that the Norwegian loss of w might have started already in the 6th century in western Norway. The loss on Gotland is independent and can be demonstrated in Old Gutnish. The metathesis rw is found in Swedish and Norwegian 13-14th century sources from Uppland, Västmanland, Östergötland and southeastern Norway. The developments wr &gt; r and wr &gt; rw probably have their roots in a difference between the west Norwegian wr and the east Norwegian and Swedish war which is documented from PrimScand times. W is a secondary development of rw. The change wr &gt; br can be dated by place-name material to the early 15th century. The change wr &gt; vr appears to have taken place at approximately the same time. The author demonstrates that the result, wr &gt; br or wr &gt; yr, is apparently governed by certain phonetic factors. The failure of the Germanic wr to survive depends on the combination being phonetically complex. The risk that w would be lost was therefore considerable. However, differentiating forces worked for its retention. All developments emanating from wr, apparently disparate, can be seen as features of a larger process where a general linguistic tendency towards a weakening of sounds is confronted by conservative forces, with the above results as a consequence. / <p>Doktorsavhandling vid Uppsala universitet 1991</p>

This dissertation deals with 199 gender related proverbs that were collected in northern Sweden and were used in an agrarian environment, approximately between the beginning of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The conceptions of gender which these proverbs convey also belong to the same time range and place. The aim of this dissertation is to find out which conceptions of gender that is conveyed by proverbs in an older agrarian environment in northern Sweden. In order to achieve this aim the following question is examined: What conceptions are found in the proverb material of the cultural category woman, the cultural category man and of the relationship between these categories? As a base for an interpretation of the proverbs, which are written in various Swedish dialects, a linguistic analysis is carried out. The interpretation is then formed through a concept that was developed by Kirshenblatt-Gimblett (1982); namely, base meaning. This concept relates to the shared meaning of a proverb by a group of people. The proverbs that include metaphors and similes are analyzed with a method that is developed from the cognitive linguistic theory of blending (Fauconnier &amp; Turner 1996, 1998). The proverb material is sorted in three analytical categories, and presented in separate chapters: Chapter four, The Marriage Market (Äktenskapsmarknaden), chapter five: The Household (Hushållet) and chapter six, Sexuality (Sexualiteten). These categories are in turn divided into sub categories. One example of a salient conceptions of gender that is found in the category The Marriage Market is that the man chooses a woman, not the other way around. One example of a central conception in the category The Household is that the man earns money and supply other resources and the woman takes care of these resources. The significance of the conceptions of male and female sexuality is that they convey the difficulty in controlling a virulent male sexuality. The gender conceptions are analysed as part of a system of gender hegemony and a cultural model of the successful household is suggested based on the proverb material.

This thesis deals with reception of Scandinavian decadent literature in the Czech literary milieu on the background of European culture and philosophy in the late 19th century, the cultural homogeneity of European fin-de-siècle literature being stressed. The Scandinavian literature is in this thesis recognized to be an element of importance for the Czech periodicals (the main emphasis is placed on the periodical Moderní revue) as well as publishing houses. The thesis deals more thoroughly with Scandinavian men of letters such as Ola Hansson, August Strindberg, Georg Brandes, Herman Bang, Arne Garborg and considers their impact on the Czech literary ground. The personal contact amongst the European literary personas of the decadent epoch is of certain importance to the thesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlfRoss.pdf: 640070 bytes, checksum: b4d0a1e6b27384d9c29ec8c072c5487a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper analyzes Alf Ross´s thought (1899 1979), based in some of his works, specially the articles published in the book celebrating the centenary of his birthday, as well as the influence he suffered from Hägerström, Lundstedt and Olivecrona, also trying to study his work in the historical period which he had lived. The main idea of this paper is to study the law concept in Alf Ross´s thought. In some cases, it will be the way law is expressed and studied in Alf Ross´s works and how this subject is analyzed in his books and articles, trying to see if there were changes in the way he treated this subject in time and which were the influences he suffered this period (doctrinarian, historical or personal). In the first chapter we analyze the historical period he has lived and the changes that happened in his personal and professional life, to understand the way his thought was influenced by these facts. In the second chapter, we turn back to the sources of Alf Ross´s thought, studying the three Swedish jurists that preceded him in the Scandinavian Realism theory. In the third chapter, we make a bibliographic revision of Ross´s works, emphasizing his works in Danish. The objective of this research is to deep our knowledge of Alf Ross´s works, presented in his books and articles, some of them unpublished in Brazil. This paper tries to recover the essence of Alf Ross´s thought, analyzing thoroughly his works, as well as the doctrinarian and personal influences, to make possible to draw the largest prospect of his works. / O presente trabalho em filosofia do direito busca analisar o pensamento de Alf Ross (1899 1979), baseando-se na análise de algumas de suas obras, em especial os artigos compilados no livro em comemoração aos 100 anos de nascimento do autor, bem como a influência exercida por Hägerström, Lundstedt e Olivecrona em seu pensamento e buscando também enquadrar sua obra no contexto histórico em que viveu. A idéia principal do trabalho é o estudo do próprio conceito de Direito, em alguns casos, da maneira como o Direito se manifesta e é estudado na obra de Alf Ross e como esse assunto é tratado nos diferentes livros e artigos lidos, analisando eventuais mudanças de posicionamento ou tratamento do tema no decorrer do tempo e quais as influências sofridas nestes períodos (doutrinárias, históricas ou pessoais). No primeiro capítulo, analisa-se o período histórico em que Alf Ross viveu e as mudanças ocorridas na sua vida pessoal e profissional, para que se compreenda até que ponto seu pensamento foi influenciado por estes fatos. No segundo capítulo, volta-se às origens do pensamento de Alf Ross, com o estudo dos três juristas suecos que o precederam na corrente do Realismo Escandinavo, Axel Hägerström, Vilheim Lundstedt e Karl Olivecrona. Já no terceiro capítulo, faz-se um revisão bibliográfica das obras de Ross, com ênfase em suas obras originais em dinamarquês. O objetivo desta pesquisa é realizar um estudo aprofundado dos trabalhos de Alf Ross, representados por seus livros e artigos, alguns inéditos no Brasil. A dissertação busca resgatar a essência do pensamento de Alf Ross, com a análise exaustiva de suas obras, além do estudo de suas influências doutrinárias e pessoais, para que seja possível traçar um panorama o mais amplo possível de seus trabalhos.

<p>This thesis deals with model readers in contemporary Swedish magazine advertising texts aimed at different target groups: children (aged 7–12), teenagers (13–19), and adults (20–29) of both genders. The model reader is the presupposed reader of the text, realised in the text itself and not identical with the empirical reader, who is anyone reading the text.</p><p>The study takes the consumer culture of late modernity and the gender system as its point of departure. The model readers are regarded as socially motivated mass mediated identities that are offered to the empirical readers of the advertisements. Through the theoretical assumptions of social semiotics and critical discourse analysis, the model readers are, on the one hand, treated as textual realisations of the consumer culture and the gender system and, on the other, as varying with respect to target group.</p><p>A total of 14 advertisements, selected according to the age and gender of the target groups, are analysed. The texts are multimodal; the copy combines with the images, graphics, colours etc. to create meaning. A qualitative model for analysis was developed and applied both to the copy and to other visual representations in the texts. This model allows an analysis of the construction of the model reader at different levels in the text. The textual composition of the ads as well as ideational and interpersonal meanings are analysed along with intertextual and extratextual presuppositions.</p><p>One of the main findings of the study is that the model readers in the ads with male target groups tend to relate to a reproductive type of consumption, where an already successful model reader reproduces success, activity and leadership through consumption of the advertised products. The model readers in ads with female target groups tend to be more concerned with looks and the female body, and are not as successful or leadership-oriented. They also relate to a pretentious type of consumption, where the product is needed to adjust or improve the identity of the model reader. A gender system in which masculinity is superior and femininity inferior can thus be traced in the advertisements analysed. Another result is that more traditional, often more person and product-oriented, advertising formats are found in the ads with older target groups whereas more collage-oriented, or intertextual, formats are found in the ads with younger target groups.</p>

<p>The 1990s were one of the most profitable periods for European airline companies, mainly because of development of world economy and increasing globalisation trends. However, towards the end of the decade, a global economic downturn, high oil prices and new forms of competition turned the industry towards troubled times. The European air-travel industry had to face and accept the new airline business concept, called low-cost or no-frill airlines. In these conditions, traditional airlines had to rethink their strategies and question the old business model. As a response to the competition, European traditional full-service airlines formed alliances or networks to expand the route network and to increase efficiency. Although joint actions of airlines within alliances started to grow, full-service airlines continued to report losses in the weak business environment, in which the low-cost airlines were growing. This thesis aims at identifying the strategic decisions the European traditional airlines have made during the recent downturn in the industry and how the case companies perceive customer value in the alliance they are members of. In order to conduct this study, the authors have chosen two airline companies from two large European alliances. Interviews have been used as a main information source. Interviews were conducted with managers of companies, which at the same time were representatives of companies in the respective alliances. The secondary material such as previous interviews, annual reports of companies, recent studies in thefield, were used as complementary data. Findings and analysis at the end are introduced in response to general market situation, and as a company - alliance information.</p>