I den här studien har ordspråket Man ska inte ropa hej förrän man är över bäcken undersökts, med syfte att ta reda på hur ordspråket varieras och när eventuella variationer började komma in i språket. Metoden i studien har bestått av sökningar i språkkorpusar, med material från bland annat sociala medier, tidningstexter och finlandssvenska texter. Resultatet av studien visade att variationer av ordspråket är vanliga. Den vanligaste variationen av ordspråket är av typen Man ska inte ropa hej än/ännu/för tidigt. Det första belägget för en varierad form av ordspråket publicerades på 1890-talet.

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<p>The purpose of this project is to survey the presence of folk expressions, i.e. proverbs, proverbial expressions, wellerisms and familiar expressions, in some of the realistic children’s books by Astrid Lindgren. The purpose also includes the study of the contextual and pragmatic functions of the expressions as well as how the expressions are integrated into the text by the change of the formulaic standard structure. The contextual and pragmatic function concern when, how and why the expressions are used and who the users of the expressions are. The questions at issue are:</p><p>What kind of folk expressions occur in the children’s books by Astrid Lindgren?</p><p>What contextual and pragmatic functions do the expressions have?</p><p>How are the expressions integrated into the text?</p><p>To be able to answer the questions, folk expressions were excerpted from the books with the help of close reading. The contextual and pragmatic functions of the expressions were determined by analysing the communicative context, the senders and the receivers of the expressions, the senders’ purpose in using the expressions. Furthermore, the changes in the structure of the expressions were analysed in order to determine how the expressions were integrated into the text. The result shows that the 52 folk expressions found in general are used in dialogues between adults as senders and children as receivers. The senders use the expressions mainly to comment on anything or anyone with the purpose to explain, i.e. a didactic purpose. The majority of the expressions have not changed their formulaic standard structure, and the expressions that have changed are used as allusions, paraphrases or ellipses of folk expressions.</p>

This thesis is a study of proverbs and their use in dialogue. Proverbs have a long history but have not been the subject of much linguistic research in Sweden. The purpose of the study is to examine how proverbs are used, who uses them and to what extent they are used. The focus is on the communicative functions of the proverb and on how information is disseminated through proverbs. The theoretical basis of the study is systemic-functional linguistics and its view of language use, with focus on the interpersonal metafunction. A qualitative analysis has been performed using the principles and perspectives of conversation analysis. The source material consists of 45 Swedish plays published between 1700 and 2000, which form part of the corpus Svensk dramadialog (Swedish drama dialogue). Proverbs are used among other things to argue, criticise, comment, comfort, defend, object or explain. Their use varies over time in terms of frequency as well as to which speech functions are expressed, but they are predominantly used in much the same way today as 300 years ago. The results of the study show a clear decline in use over time in the number of proverbs in the material. They are used most frequently in the 18th century to argue and object, while in the 20th century they tend to be used to criticise. Their most common function in all periods is to comment. Older people use proverbs in speech more than younger people, and there is a frequent tendency for proverbs to be aimed at other people of the same generation. Equally as many women as men use proverbs in speech in relation to their speaking space in the corpus. Proverbs are frequently multifunctional and act as a linguistic resource in the dialogue.

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This dissertation deals with 199 gender related proverbs that were collected in northern Sweden and were used in an agrarian environment, approximately between the beginning of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The conceptions of gender which these proverbs convey also belong to the same time range and place. The aim of this dissertation is to find out which conceptions of gender that is conveyed by proverbs in an older agrarian environment in northern Sweden. In order to achieve this aim the following question is examined: What conceptions are found in the proverb material of the cultural category woman, the cultural category man and of the relationship between these categories? As a base for an interpretation of the proverbs, which are written in various Swedish dialects, a linguistic analysis is carried out. The interpretation is then formed through a concept that was developed by Kirshenblatt-Gimblett (1982); namely, base meaning. This concept relates to the shared meaning of a proverb by a group of people. The proverbs that include metaphors and similes are analyzed with a method that is developed from the cognitive linguistic theory of blending (Fauconnier &amp; Turner 1996, 1998). The proverb material is sorted in three analytical categories, and presented in separate chapters: Chapter four, The Marriage Market (Äktenskapsmarknaden), chapter five: The Household (Hushållet) and chapter six, Sexuality (Sexualiteten). These categories are in turn divided into sub categories. One example of a salient conceptions of gender that is found in the category The Marriage Market is that the man chooses a woman, not the other way around. One example of a central conception in the category The Household is that the man earns money and supply other resources and the woman takes care of these resources. The significance of the conceptions of male and female sexuality is that they convey the difficulty in controlling a virulent male sexuality. The gender conceptions are analysed as part of a system of gender hegemony and a cultural model of the successful household is suggested based on the proverb material.

<p>Den här uppsatsen behandlar idiomatiska uttryck i det svenska språket. Huvudsyftet har varit att undersöka i vilken utsträckning det svenska folket känner till betydelsen av ett utvalt antal idiom samt också i vilken mån dessa idiom används. Undersökningen genomfördes med enkäter där 139 informanter, varav ungefär hälften gick i högstadiet och den andra hälften var över 50 år, fick kryssa i flervalsfrågor om betydelse och användning för 20 idiom. Resultatet visade att de äldre informanterna inte bara hade en bättre kännedom om idiomens betydelser, utan också använde sig av idiomen i större utsträckning än de yngre. Vidare gick det att utifrån resultatet se att några av idiomen, främst "Göra en björntjänst", håller på att genomgå en förändring i sin betydelse medan andra idiom, såsom "Vara en katt bland hermeliner", verkar vara på väg att försvinna ur vårt språk.</p>

Den här uppsatsen behandlar idiomatiska uttryck i det svenska språket. Huvudsyftet har varit att undersöka i vilken utsträckning det svenska folket känner till betydelsen av ett utvalt antal idiom samt också i vilken mån dessa idiom används. Undersökningen genomfördes med enkäter där 139 informanter, varav ungefär hälften gick i högstadiet och den andra hälften var över 50 år, fick kryssa i flervalsfrågor om betydelse och användning för 20 idiom. Resultatet visade att de äldre informanterna inte bara hade en bättre kännedom om idiomens betydelser, utan också använde sig av idiomen i större utsträckning än de yngre. Vidare gick det att utifrån resultatet se att några av idiomen, främst "Göra en björntjänst", håller på att genomgå en förändring i sin betydelse medan andra idiom, såsom "Vara en katt bland hermeliner", verkar vara på väg att försvinna ur vårt språk.

The purpose of this project is to survey the presence of folk expressions, i.e. proverbs, proverbial expressions, wellerisms and familiar expressions, in some of the realistic children’s books by Astrid Lindgren. The purpose also includes the study of the contextual and pragmatic functions of the expressions as well as how the expressions are integrated into the text by the change of the formulaic standard structure. The contextual and pragmatic function concern when, how and why the expressions are used and who the users of the expressions are. The questions at issue are: What kind of folk expressions occur in the children’s books by Astrid Lindgren? What contextual and pragmatic functions do the expressions have? How are the expressions integrated into the text? To be able to answer the questions, folk expressions were excerpted from the books with the help of close reading. The contextual and pragmatic functions of the expressions were determined by analysing the communicative context, the senders and the receivers of the expressions, the senders’ purpose in using the expressions. Furthermore, the changes in the structure of the expressions were analysed in order to determine how the expressions were integrated into the text. The result shows that the 52 folk expressions found in general are used in dialogues between adults as senders and children as receivers. The senders use the expressions mainly to comment on anything or anyone with the purpose to explain, i.e. a didactic purpose. The majority of the expressions have not changed their formulaic standard structure, and the expressions that have changed are used as allusions, paraphrases or ellipses of folk expressions.