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ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada / Inspired by human auditory system, an improved direction of arrival (DOA) technique using only two antennas with a scatterer in between them to achieve additional magnitude cues is proposed. By exploiting the incident-angle-dependent magnitude and phase differences between the two monopole antennas and applying 2-D / 3-D multiple signal classification algorithms (MUSIC), the DOA of an incident microwave signal can be estimated. Genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the scatterer geometry for the 3-D DOA estimation. The simulated results of both the azimuth and three-dimensional DOA estimation have shown an encouraging accuracy and sensitivity by incorporating a lossy scatterer.

L’éolien offshore est l’énergie marine la plus avancée et utilisée dans le monde. Afin d’accroître l’énergie extraite du vent, les dimensions des éoliennes deviennent plus importantes et les parcs éoliens sont installées de plus en plus loin des côtes, où les mers sont plus agitées et les vents plus forts. De fait, les opérations marines sont plus complexes et plus chères et les fenêtres météo sont écourtées et se raréfient. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, un logiciel de simulation numérique des opérations marines est développé, en particulier pour des applications de descentes et de remontées de colis lourds. L’Algorithme aux Corps Rigides Composites, implémenté dans le logiciel InWave, est utilisé pour modéliser le système multicorps. Un modèle de câble et de treuil est développé, suivant la théorie multicorps utilisée, et comparé à la théorie câble classique dite « lumped mass ». Les efforts hydrodynamiques ainsi que les interactions hydrodynamiques sont modélisés par une théorie potentiel instationnaire satisfaisant l’hypothèse de faible perturbation, dite « weak-scatterer ». L’approche « weak-scatterer » du logiciel WS_CN est étendue aux simulations multi-flotteurs et validée par comparaison avec des données expérimentales. InWave et WS_CN sont couplés afin de résoudre l’interaction houle-structure pour des systèmes multicorps articulés en mer. Un couplage fort est adopté pour sa robustesse. L’équation de couplage est établie et validée via des comparaisons avec WS_CN. Le logiciel ainsi crée se nomme InWaveS_CN et utilise un code d’intégration en Python. Une nouvelle stratégie de maillage, basée sur un algorithme de découpe de maillages et une méthode par avance de front, est développée dans WS_CN. Enfin, des essais en bassin d’une opération de redressement ont été menés à l’ECN. La comparaison entre les simulations numériques et les données expérimentales offre une première et prometteuse validation d’InWaveS_CN. / Offshore wind represents the most advanced and used marine energy in the world. To increase the wind power extraction, turbines grow in size and wind farms are installed further offshore in presence of rough seas and strong winds. Marine operations become more challenging and expensive, weather windows are shorter and less frequent. This PhD work focuses on the development of a numerical tool to simulate marine operations with consistency, in particular lowering and lifting operations. The Composite-Rigid-Body Algorithm, implemented in the numerical tool InWave, is used to model multibody systems. A cable model and a winch model are developed following this multibody approach and compared to the classical low-order lumped mass theory. Hydrodynamic loads and hydrodynamic interactions are simulated using an unsteady potential flow theory based on the weakscatterer hypothesis, implemented in the numerical tool WS_CN. This approach is extended to multibody simulations and validated with comparisons to experimental data. InWave and WS_CN are coupled to solve wavestructure interaction for articulated multibody systems with large relative motions in waves. A tight coupling is selected for its robustness. The coupling equation is derived and validated from comparisons with WS_CN. This leads to the creation of a new numerical tool, InWaveS_CN, using Python as glue code language. A new mesh strategy, based on the coupling between a panel cutting method and an advance front method, is developed in WS_CN. Experiments of an upending operation were conducted at Ecole Centrale de Nantes. The comparison between the numerical simulations and the experimental data leads to a first and promising validation of InWaveS_CN.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / Liang-Wu Cai / Acoustic scattering by a cylindrical scatterer comprising isotropic acoustic and orthotropic elastic layers is theoretically solved. The orthotropic material is used for the scattering problem because the sound speeds along radial and tangential axes can be different; which is an important property for acoustic cloaking design. A computational system is built for verifying the solutions and conducting simulations. Scattering solutions are obtained based on two theoretical developments. The first one is exact solutions for elastic waves in cylindrically orthotropic elastic media, which are solved using Frobenius method. The second theoretical development is a set of two canonical problems for acoustic-orthotropic-acoustic media. Based on the two theoretical developments, scattering by three specially selected simple multilayer scatterers are analyzed via multiple-scattering approach. Solutions for the three scatterers are then used for solving a “general” multilayer scatterer through a recursive solution procedure. The word “general” means the scatterer can have an arbitrary number of layers and each layer can be either isotropic acoustic or orthotropic elastic. No approximations have been used in the process. The resulting analytically-exact solutions are implemented and verified. As an application example, acoustic scattering by a scatterer with a single orthotropic layer is presented. The effects on the scattering due to changing parameters of the orthotropic layer are studied. Acoustic scattering by a specially designed multilayer scatterer is also numerically simulated. Ratios of the sound speeds of the orthotropic layers along r and θ directions are defined to satisfy the requirement of the Cummer-Schurig cloaking design. The simulations demonstrate that both the formalism and the computational implementation of the scattering solutions are correct.

Cette thèse porte sur la conception d’un système de mesure in-situ permettant de détecter les perturbations variables dans l’environnement proche d’un réseau d’antennes. Une première partie est consacrée à l’étude du bénéfice d’un tel système appliqué à un réseau de goniométrie. Une étude quantitative de la dégradation des performances de goniométrie sur porteur en présence d’obstacles variables est réalisée. Le deuxième point majeur de cette thèse est le choix de la technologie pour la conception du système de diagnostic. La Technique de diffusion modulée par l’optique (OMS) est sélectionnée. Un modèle de prédiction de la puissance rétrodiffusée par la sonde OMS a été élaboré afin de choisir la dimension de sonde optimale. Suite aux études théoriques, une sonde de 12 cm chargée par la photodiode (PDCS30T) a été réalisée. Des mesures en chambre anéchoïque ont été menées afin de valider le bilan de liaison et mesurer la sensibilité de la sonde à des obstacles proches. Finalement, une étude est réalisée afin d’étudier la sensibilité exigée par le réseau de diagnostic pour détecter la présence d’obstacles. Un dimensionnement du système global est calculé. / This thesis focuses on the design of an in-situ measurement system to detect variable disturbances in the near field of antenna arrays. The first part was focused on the study of the benefit of the monitoring system for direction finding antennas (DFA). A quantitative study of degradation of performances of DFA installed on a carrier in presence of variable obstacles was done. The second point of the study concerns the choice for the technology for the diagnostic system design. The Optically Modulated Scatterer Technique (OMS) is selected. A model that predicts the OMS backscattered power is developed to select the optimal dimension of the probe. Following the theoretical studies, a 12 cm OMS probe coupled to the nonlinear device (PDCS30T) was designed. Measurements in anechoic chamber were conducted to validate the budget link model and measure the sensitivity of the probe to nearby objects. Finally, a study is conducted to investigate the sensitivity required by the diagnostic probes for detecting the presence of obstacles. A dimensioning of the overall system is computed.

Cette thèse porte sur la conception d’un système de mesure in-situ permettant de détecter les perturbations variables dans l’environnement proche d’un réseau d’antennes. Une première partie est consacrée à l’étude du bénéfice d’un tel système appliqué à un réseau de goniométrie. Une étude quantitative de la dégradation des performances de goniométrie sur porteur en présence d’obstacles variables est réalisée. Le deuxième point majeur de cette thèse est le choix de la technologie pour la conception du système de diagnostic. La Technique de diffusion modulée par l’optique (OMS) est sélectionnée. Un modèle de prédiction de la puissance rétrodiffusée par la sonde OMS a été élaboré afin de choisir la dimension de sonde optimale. Suite aux études théoriques, une sonde de 12 cm chargée par la photodiode (PDCS30T) a été réalisée. Des mesures en chambre anéchoïque ont été menées afin de valider le bilan de liaison et mesurer la sensibilité de la sonde à des obstacles proches. Finalement, une étude est réalisée afin d’étudier la sensibilité exigée par le réseau de diagnostic pour détecter la présence d’obstacles. Un dimensionnement du système global est calculé. / This thesis focuses on the design of an in-situ measurement system to detect variable disturbances in the near field of antenna arrays. The first part was focused on the study of the benefit of the monitoring system for direction finding antennas (DFA). A quantitative study of degradation of performances of DFA installed on a carrier in presence of variable obstacles was done. The second point of the study concerns the choice for the technology for the diagnostic system design. The Optically Modulated Scatterer Technique (OMS) is selected. A model that predicts the OMS backscattered power is developed to select the optimal dimension of the probe. Following the theoretical studies, a 12 cm OMS probe coupled to the nonlinear device (PDCS30T) was designed. Measurements in anechoic chamber were conducted to validate the budget link model and measure the sensitivity of the probe to nearby objects. Finally, a study is conducted to investigate the sensitivity required by the diagnostic probes for detecting the presence of obstacles. A dimensioning of the overall system is computed.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Fredholm-Methode zur semiklassischen Berechnung einzelner Eigenzustaende von Quantenabbildungen eingesetzt. Es wird gezeigt, wie auch Eigenzustaende zu entarteten Eigenwerten berechnet werden koennen. Die semiklassische Berechnung eines Eigenzustandes erfolgt mittels der Husimifunktion. Es wird gezeigt, wie das Auftreten von Bifurkationen periodischer Bahnen beruecksichtigt werden kann. Dies geschieht auch fuer den Fall von energiegemittelten Eigenzustaenden. Ebenfalls wird die Stoerung einer Quantenabbildung durch einen Punktstreuer und dessen Auswirkungen auf die semiklassische Berechnungen untersucht.

This dissertation presents the contributions and the research conducted in developing and implementing Microwave Tomography (MWT) systems. MWT is an imaging modality which aims to interrogate an object of interest by microwave energy, and quantitatively “find” the interior spatial distribution of its dielectric properties using field measurements taken outside the object. Due to the inherent non-linearity of the MWT problem, a substantial amount of electromagnetic scattering data is required to ensure a robust inversion and quantitatively accurate imaging results. This research benefits a variety of applications including biomedical imaging, industrial non-destructive testing, and security applications. Developing a MWT system, requires many critical components including the bandwidth and polarization purity of the collected fields as well as calibration of the fields scattered by the object of interest. Two generations of MWT systems were designed, implemented, calibrated and tested at the University of Manitoba (UM). These systems aim different approaches for near-field measurements which are referred to as the direct and indirect methods. With regard to the antenna design, a novel methodology applicable to broadband planar antennas is introduced. This technique is based on a combination of field modelling, herein, the finite element method and transmission line modelling. In the first generation of the UM MWT systems, a suitable antenna system was utilized. The system under study was a prototype, where twenty-four co-resident antennas encircle the object of interest to directly measure the fields. In the second generation of the UM MWT systems, the feasibility of using a novel technique to indirectly measure the fields by a secondary array of near-field scatterer probes was studied. The technique is based on the Modulated Scatterer Technique (MST). In this system, antennas are called ``collectors", since the role of antennas are changed to collecting probes' scattered fields. A number of PIN diodes were utilized to activate the probes. Finally, the capability of the probe system was investigated and its performance with the previously constructed tomography systems was compared. Various dielectric phantoms were utilized to test the accuracy of the systems.

This dissertation presents the contributions and the research conducted in developing and implementing Microwave Tomography (MWT) systems. MWT is an imaging modality which aims to interrogate an object of interest by microwave energy, and quantitatively “find” the interior spatial distribution of its dielectric properties using field measurements taken outside the object. Due to the inherent non-linearity of the MWT problem, a substantial amount of electromagnetic scattering data is required to ensure a robust inversion and quantitatively accurate imaging results. This research benefits a variety of applications including biomedical imaging, industrial non-destructive testing, and security applications. Developing a MWT system, requires many critical components including the bandwidth and polarization purity of the collected fields as well as calibration of the fields scattered by the object of interest. Two generations of MWT systems were designed, implemented, calibrated and tested at the University of Manitoba (UM). These systems aim different approaches for near-field measurements which are referred to as the direct and indirect methods. With regard to the antenna design, a novel methodology applicable to broadband planar antennas is introduced. This technique is based on a combination of field modelling, herein, the finite element method and transmission line modelling. In the first generation of the UM MWT systems, a suitable antenna system was utilized. The system under study was a prototype, where twenty-four co-resident antennas encircle the object of interest to directly measure the fields. In the second generation of the UM MWT systems, the feasibility of using a novel technique to indirectly measure the fields by a secondary array of near-field scatterer probes was studied. The technique is based on the Modulated Scatterer Technique (MST). In this system, antennas are called ``collectors", since the role of antennas are changed to collecting probes' scattered fields. A number of PIN diodes were utilized to activate the probes. Finally, the capability of the probe system was investigated and its performance with the previously constructed tomography systems was compared. Various dielectric phantoms were utilized to test the accuracy of the systems.

Dans le domaine de l'imagerie ultrasonore, l'imagerie non linéaire est devenue une branche importante. Imagerie non linéaire peut être divisée en imagerie harmonique tissulaire et imagerie harmonique de contraste, selon l'endroit où les signaux non linéaires viennent. Imagerie harmonique de contraste apparaît parce que les agents de contraste, qui sont injectés par voie intraveineuse pour améliorer les faibles échos rétrodiffusés par des cellules sanguines, peuvent vibrer non linéaire quand ils subissent une pression acoustique. Ces signaux non linéaires rétrodiffusés par des agents de contraste sont utilisés pour former des images harmoniques. Toutefois, lors de la propagation des ondes dans les tissus, les harmoniques de l'onde sont également générés dans le tissu. La présence de signaux harmoniques de tissus dégrade la qualité d'image en contraste imagerie harmonique. Cette thèse vise à mieux distinguer les échos des agents de contraste et les échos de tissus, concevant des nouvelles modalités, ou optimisant les modalités existantes. Nos efforts se concentrent principalement sur les techniques multi-impulsions en imagerie ultrasonore de contraste. Tout d'abord, nous proposons une formule de généraliser la plupart des techniques multi- impulsions. La formulation peut être utilisée pour prédire les éléments non linéaires dans chaque bande fréquentiel et de concevoir de nouvelles séquences de transmission pour augmenter ou diminuer composants non linéaires. Les résultats des simulations sur plusieurs techniques multi- impulsions sont en accord avec les résultats donnés dans les littératures précédentes. Deuxièmement, les techniques utilisant multi transmissions pour augmenter le CTR sont généralement basés sur la réponse des diffuseurs statiques. Cependant, diffuseur en mouvement a une influence inévitable sur des techniques. Il peut améliorer ou dégrader la technique. Des simulations, des expériences in vitro à partir d'une seule bulle et les nuages de bulles, et des expériences sur des rats montrent que le déphasage des échos rétrodiffusés par des bulles dépend du déphasage des transmissions, et que le mouvement de la bulle influe sur l’efficacité des techniques multi- impulsions. En outre, les résultats expérimentaux basés sur la technique de l'inversion de seconde harmonique (SHI) révèlent que le mouvement de la bulle peut être pris en compte pour optimiser les techniques multi-impulsions. Par ailleurs, une nouvelle technique, appelée double inversion de impulsion (DPI), a également été proposé. La technique PI est appliquée deux fois avant et après l'arrivée de l'agent de contraste dans la région d'intérêt. Les signaux résultants sont soustraits pour supprimer les harmoniques du tissu. Les simulations et les résultats in vitro ont montré une amélioration de CTR de DPI. Toutefois, la présence de mouvements de tissus peut limiter à l'efficacité de cette technique. Résultats in vivo confirment cette limitation. / In ultrasound imaging domain, nonlinear imaging has become an important branch. Nonlinear imaging can be divided into tissue harmonic imaging and contrast harmonic imaging, according to where the nonlinear signals come from. Contrast harmonic imaging emerges because contrast agents, which are intravenously injected to enhance the weak echoes backscattered from blood cells, can vibrate nonlinearly when they undergo an acoustic pressure. Then, these nonlinear signals backscattered by contrast agents are collected to form harmonic images. However, during the wave propagation in tissue, the harmonics of the transmitted wave are also generated in tissue. The presence of tissue harmonic signals degrades the image quality in contrast harmonic imaging. This thesis aims to better distinguish the echoes from contrast agents and the echoes from tissue, whether through designing new modalities, or investigating and optimizing the existing modalities. Our efforts are mainly focused on the multi-pulse techniques in ultrasound contrast imaging. Firstly, we propose a mathematical background to generalize most of the multi-pulse ultrasound imaging techniques that have been described in previous literatures. The formulation can be used to predict the nonlinear components in each frequency band and to design new transmission sequences to either increase or decrease specified nonlinear components in each harmonic band. Simulation results on several multi-pulse techniques are in agreement with the results given in previous literatures. Secondly, the techniques using multiple transmissions to increase the CTR are generally based on the response of static scatterers inside the imaged region. However, scatterer motion, for example in blood vessels, has an inevitable influence on the relevance of the techniques. It can either upgrade or degrade the technique involved. Simulations, in-vitro experiments from a single bubble and clouds of bubbles, and in-vivo experiments from rats show that the phase shift of the echoes backscattered from bubbles is dependent on the transmissions’ phase shift, and that the bubble motion influences the efficiency of multi-pulse techniques. Furthermore, experimental results based on the second-harmonic inversion (SHI) technique reveal that bubble motion can be taken into account to optimize multi-pulse techniques. Besides, a new technique, called double pulse inversion (DPI), has also been proposed. The PI technique is applied twice before and after the arrival of the contrast agents to the region of interest. The resulting PI signals are substracted to suppress the tissue-generated harmonics and to improve CTR. Simulations and in-vitro experimental results have shown an improved CTR of DPI. However, the presence of tissue movements may hamper the effectiveness of this technique. In-vivo experimental results confirm that the tissue motion of the rat during the acquisition is an inevitable barrier of this technique.