Submitted by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2016-04-14T16:38:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Paola Lazzareschi Nese.pdf: 32173985 bytes, checksum: f38f94c2a9c36601c495158dde245dd8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-14T16:38:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Paola Lazzareschi Nese.pdf: 32173985 bytes, checksum: f38f94c2a9c36601c495158dde245dd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-06 / This work has as study object fifteen school buildings projects in the public elementary school system, produced by architects Benno Perelmutter and Marciel Peinado for the metropolitan area and the state of São Paulo. Inserted in the line of research design methodology, aims to understand the set of characteristics that make up the projects of buildings and analyze the solutions adopted by architects. To achieve the proposed objectives were carried out bibliographic and documentary research on school architecture, as well as analysis of current conditions of public schools, especially in relation to existing infrastructure and its on demand service capacity. The study project has expanded knowledge on the subject and helped to establish essential criteria for the analysis of complex features of the design process. The development of the project research methodology was based on the process AQUA criteria and assessment procedures applied by Henry Sanoff, with emphasis on the following themes: local, implementation, architectural program and building system. The study showed that the graphics used are important aid tools for reading and discussion of existing spatial conditions. For each of the issues, opportunities for improvement were formulated for the process design as motivation for the adoption of new design practices, in order to promote school architecture. The results should also serve to further research, aimed at the continuous development of public schools in São Paulo. / Esta dissertação tem como objeto de estudo quinze projetos de edifícios escolares da rede pública do ensino fundamental, produzidos pelos arquitetos Benno Perelmutter e Marciel Peinado para a região metropolitana e o interior do Estado de São Paulo. Inserida na linha de pesquisa da metodologia de projeto, tem como objetivo compreender o conjunto de características que compõem os projetos dos edifícios e analisar as soluções adotadas pelos arquitetos. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais sobre a arquitetura escolar, assim como a análise das condições atuais da rede pública de ensino, principalmente com relação à infraestrutura existente e sua capacidade de atendimento à demanda. O estudo dos projetos ampliou o conhecimento no tema e contribuiu para estabelecer critérios essenciais para a análise das características complexas do processo de projeto. O desenvolvimento da metodologia de investigação dos projetos foi baseado nos critérios do Processo AQUA e nos procedimentos de avaliação aplicados por Henry Sanoff, com ênfase nos seguintes temas: local, implantação, programa arquitetônico e sistema construtivo. O estudo mostrou que os recursos gráficos utilizados são importantes ferramentas de auxílio para a leitura e discussão das condições espaciais existentes. Para cada um dos temas, foram formuladas oportunidades de melhoria para o processo de projeto como motivação para a adoção de novas práticas de projeto, com o intuito de promover a arquitetura escolar. Os resultados devem também servir para pesquisas futuras, objetivando o desenvolvimento contínuo das escolas públicas no Estado de São Paulo.

I projektet undersöktes hur kulturskolans olika aktiviter och verksamheter kan jämställas. Att genom en byggnad utan rumsligt inbyggda hierarkier få all utövning att skrida över varandras och sina egna gränser och inspirera varandra. Rummen är skapade för möjlighet till spontana föreställningar, improvisation, övning utanför lektionstid och sammankomst men också koncentrerad klassisk övning i mindre rum med lärare. / The project examined how the art and culture school association Kulturskolan’s various activities and operations can be equated. Through a building without spatially embedded hierarchies get all the exercise to undercut each other’s and their own borders and also inspire each other. The rooms are created for opportunities to spontaneous performances, improvisation exercises outside of class and gathering but also concentrated classic exercise in smaller rooms with a teacher.

The study examined the relationship between building conditions and overall student behavior as well as the relationship between building conditions and the behaviors of student subgroups that include Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, and Students with Disabilities (SWD). The study controlled for over-crowdedness, socioeconomic status, and attendance. The study included 10 school facilities in a medium-sized school division in Virginia. Building conditions were determined through facility engineering and educational condition. Facility Condition Indexes (FCIs) described facility engineering conditions. The Revised Commonwealth Assessment of Physical Environment (CAPE) instrument initially developed by Cash (1993) and revised by Cash and Earthman (2019) assessed facility educational conditions. The CAPE instrument provided overall, structural and cosmetic facility condition scores and was administered to principals. Student behavior was determined by student overall behavior indexes as well as subgroup-based behavior indexes representing the ratio of discipline incidents divided by student population. School-specific over-crowdedness indexes were utilized. Free and reduced lunch percentages were used as a measure of socioeconomic status. For attendance, the study used attendance indexes described by the percentage of students who were absent for at least 10% of the academic year. To establish the potential relationships between building conditions and student behavior in each student subgroup, the study used quantitative analysis utilizing hierarchical multiple-variable regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The researcher conducted individual single-predictor and multiple-variable hierarchical regression models. ANOVA was utilized to explain the total variance in the regression model, and the variance due to each predictor. The researcher identified regression relationships, their statistical significance, and interpreted results to reach a conclusion addressing each research question. Potential relationships between building conditions and student behavior were highlighted. The study identified that higher numbers of disciplinary incidences were related to higher absenteeism rates within all student groups. Further, lower numbers of Hispanic student disciplinary incidences were associated with poorer student populations. In terms of facility conditions, lower numbers of Hispanic student and SWD disciplinary incidences were associated with improved cosmetic facility conditions and lower numbers of SWD disciplinary incidences were associated with improved overall facility conditions. / Doctor of Education / The study examined the relationship between building conditions and overall student behavior as well as the relationship between building conditions and the behaviors of student subgroups that include Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, and Students with Disabilities (SWD). Over-crowdedness, socioeconomic status, and attendance were mediating factors. The study included 10 school facilities in a medium-sized school division in Virginia. Building conditions were determined through facility engineering and educational condition. Facility Condition Indexes (FCIs) described facility engineering conditions. The Revised Commonwealth Assessment of Physical Environment (CAPE) instrument initially developed by Cash (1993) and revised by Cash and Earthman (2019) assessed facility educational conditions. The CAPE instrument provided overall, structural and cosmetic facility condition scores and was administered to principals. Student behavior was represented by the ratio of discipline incidents divided by student population for overall students and student subgroups. School-specific over-crowdedness measures were utilized. Free and reduced lunch percentages were used as a measure of socioeconomic status. For attendance, the study used the percentages of students who were chronically absent. To establish the potential relationships between building conditions and student behavior in each student subgroup, the study used quantitative analysis utilizing hierarchical multiple-variable regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The researcher assessed the impact of each facility condition individually as well as collectively on student behavior. ANOVA was utilized to explain the total contribution attributed to each predictor. The researcher identified relationships, their statistical significance, and interpreted results to reach a conclusion addressing each research question. Potential relationships between building conditions and student behavior were highlighted. The study identified that higher numbers of disciplinary incidences were related to higher absenteeism rates within all student groups. Further, lower numbers of Hispanic student disciplinary incidences were associated with poorer student populations. In terms of facility conditions, lower numbers of Hispanic student and SWD disciplinary incidences were associated with improved cosmetic facility conditions and lower numbers of SWD disciplinary incidences were associated with improved overall facility conditions.

Residential and public buildings account for about 40% of the annual energy use in Europe. Many buildings are in urgent need of renovation, and reductions in energy demand in the built environment are of high importance in both Europe and Sweden. Building energy simulation (BES) tools are often used to predict building performance. However, it can be a challenge to create a reliable BES model that predicts the real building performance accurately. BES modelling is always associated with uncertainties, and modelling occupancy behaviour is a challenging task. This research presents a case study of a BES model of a school building from the 1960s in Gävle, Sweden, comprising an example of a validation strategy and a study of energy use and potential energy-efficiency measures (EEMs). The results show that collection of input data based on evidence, stepwise validation (for unoccupied and occupied cases), and the use of a backcasting method (which predicts varying occupancy behaviour and airing) is an appropriate strategy to create a reliable BES model of the studied school building. Several field measurements and data logging in the building management system were executed, in order to collect input data and for validation of the predicted results. Through the stepwise validation, the building’s technical and thermal performance was validated during an unoccupied period. The backcasting method demonstrates a strategy on how to predict the effect of the varying occupancy behaviour and airing activities in the school building, based on comparisons of BES model predictions and field measurement data. After applying the backcasting method to the model, it was validated during an occupied period. The annual predicted specific energy use was 73 kWh/m2 for heating of the studied building. The distribution of heat losses indicates that the best potential EEMs are changing to efficient windows, additional insulation of the external walls, improved envelope airtightness and new controls of the mechanical ventilation system. / Byggnadssektorn står för ungefär 40 % av den årliga energianvändningen i Europa. Många byggnader är i stort behov av renovering och en minskning av energibehovet inom den byggda miljön är av stor vikt i både Europa och Sverige. För att undersöka byggnaders energianvändning används ofta simuleringsverktyg, men det kan vara utmanande att skapa pålitliga simuleringsmodeller som tillräckligt noggrant predikterar den verkliga byggnadens energianvändning. Simulering av byggnaders energianvändning är alltid förknippat med osäkerheter och att simulera människors beteendemönster är en stor utmaning. Den här forskningen innefattar en fallstudie med en simuleringsmodell av en skolbyggnad, byggd under 1960 talet och belägen i Gävle, inkluderat ett exempel på en valideringsstrategi och en studie av energianvändning och potentiella energieffektiviseringsåtgärder i byggnaden. Resultaten visar att insamling av indata baserade på evidens, stegvis validering (obemannad och bemannad) och användande av en backcasting-metod (vilket predikterar varierande brukarbeteende och vädring) är en lämplig strategi för att skapa en pålitlig energisimuleringsmodell för den studerade skolbyggnaden. Flertalet fältmätningar genomfördes och data loggades i systemet för fastighetsautomation, för att samla indata och för validering av de predikterade resultaten. Genom den stegvisa valideringen kunde byggnadens tekniska och termiska prestanda valideras för en obemannad period. Backcasting-metoden visar en strategi för hur man kan prediktera varierande brukarbeteende och vädringsaktiviteter i skolbyggnaden, baserat på jämförelser av modellens prediktioner och data från fältmätningar. När backcasting-metoden tillämpats i energisimuleringsmodellen, kunde modellen valideras för en bemannad period. Den årliga predikterade specifika energianvändningen för uppvärmningen är 73 kWh/m2. Fördelningen av värmeförluster i byggnaden indikerar att de bästa potentiella energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna är byte till fönster med bättre U-värde, tilläggsisolering av ytterväggarna, bättre lufttäthet i byggnadsskalet och ny styrning av det mekaniska ventilationssystemet.

Inom de kommande åren kommer många nya skolor att byggas och renoveras. För att dessa ska fungera så bra som möjligt är det viktigt att erfarenheter från tidigare skolor samlas in och överförs, en så kallad erfarenhetsåterföring. Denna studie är en sådan erfarenhetsåterföring från tre moderna skolor i Sollentuna. Den följer en ramverksmodell framtagen av M. A. Hassanain och A. Iftikhar som kompletteras med metoden för pedagogisk gåtur; en metod där personal och elever från skolan tillsammans med forskaren diskuterar utbildningsmiljöns positiva och negativa aspekter. Det erhållna materialet från metoderna består av intervju- och gåtursanteckningar, enkätsvar och fotografier från de besökta skolorna.  Brukarna på skolorna uppskattar en god uppsyn av lärare och öppenhet för ökad trivsel och trygghet medan för öppna ytor gör att funktioner krockar och skapar trängsel och störande moment. Nischer i väggar skapar en viss avskärmning och kan gömma skåp för en känsla av mer rymd. Skogränserna fungerar inte på alla skolor och de som tar av skorna blir smutsiga, vilket även tas upp i matsalen där elever kan trampa på mat på golvet. Den fast möbleringen på skolorna uppskattas och nyttjas väl men placeringen är bristfällig på en skola. Ett stort problem i skolorna är stora fönsterpartier från klassrummen ut mot hemvister och korridorer som stör elever när folk passerar. Även dålig möjlighet till ljusavskärmning framkommer upprepande som ett problem. Många nämner att grupprum i direkt anslutning till alla klassrum är något som skulle underlätta undervisningen.  Materialet analyseras genom en kvalitativ dataanalys där två av de tre skolorna ställs mot varandra. På den tredje skola kunde inte en pedagogisk gåtur genomföras. Utöver detta presenteras sist i rapporten en sammanställning av analysen i en kunskapsmatris för varje diskussionsämne för att bistå arkitekter, verksamheter och beställare i framtiden. Studien svara på vilka erfarenheter som kan överföras och vad man bör ta hänsyn till vid utformning av skolor. Viktiga punkter så som dimensionering efter verksamhetens storlek, vuxennärvaro i gömda utrymmen, noggrann övervägning av glaspartier mellan klassrum och hemvister samt vikten av inredningsarkitekters kunskap vid val av möbler presenteras.  Slutligen tas nya ämnen från undersökningen upp för vidare forskning som är: inrymning i lokalerna, skolans installationssystem, flexibilitet, F-9 skolor, personalutrymmen, och upphandlingar av skolor. / In the coming years, many new schools will be built and renovated. In order for these to work as well as possible it is important that experiences from previous schools are collected and transferred, so-called post occupancy evaluation. This study is such a post occupancy evaluation from three modern schools in Sollentuna. It follows a framework model developed by M. A. Hassanain and A. Iftikhar which is combined by the method of pedagogical walking; a method where staff and students from the school together with the researcher discuss the positive and negative aspects of the learning environment. The material obtained from the methods consists of interview and walk notes, questionnaire responses and photographs from the schools visited. The users of the schools appreciate a good supervision of teachers and openness for increased well-being and security, while for open spaces, functions collide and create congestion and disturbing elements. Niches in walls create a certain screen and can hide cabinets for a feeling of more space. The forest boundaries do not work in all schools and those who take off their shoes get dirty, which is also taken up in the dining room where students can step on food on the floor. The fixed furniture in the schools is appreciated and used well, but the location is deficient in a school. A major problem in schools is large windows from classrooms to dormitories and corridors that disturb students as people pass by. Poor access to light shielding is also a recurring problem. Many mention that group rooms directly adjacent to all classrooms are something that would facilitate teaching. The material is analysed through a qualitative data analysis where two of the three schools are set against each. In addition, a summary of the analysis is presented at the end of the report in a knowledge matrix for each discussion topic to assist architects, occupants and developers in the future.  The study answers what experiences can be transferred and what should be considered when designing schools. Important points such as dimensioning according to the size of the business, adult presence in hidden spaces, careful consideration of glass between classrooms and dormitories and the importance of interior designers' knowledge when choosing furniture are presented. Finally, new topics from the survey are taken up for further research, which are: evacuation into the premises, the school's installation system, flexibility, F-9 schools, staff rooms, and procurement of schools.

New school buildings are designed out of area of Black Meadow in Ostrava but with very close connection with the park. This plot is situated between the river Ostravica, Black Meadow and planned living area New Karolina. It´s orientation to the south and the proximity of nature it´s also very important for the school buildings. Elementary school, secondary school , gym and kindergarden are designed as one komplex connected with platform opened to the river.

Examensarbetet syftar till att bidra med kunskap om hur flexibla lärmiljöer beskrivs och förstås i forskningspublikationer inom det internationella forskningsfältet Lärmiljöer. Med avstamp i rumslig teori undersöks vilka resultat som tidigare forskning presenterar i relation till flexibla lärmiljöer. Vidare undersöks vilka eventuella rumsliga dimensioner som tillskrivs dem samt hur begreppet flexibilitet beskrivs, förstås och appliceras på flexibla lärmiljöer.   För att söka svar på studiens frågeställningar genomfördes en kvalitativ kunskapsöversikt genom insamling av data via databassökning. Studieobjektet utgörs av tidigare genomförda forskningsstudier från åren mellan 1989-2021. Utvalda vetenskapliga artiklar granskades, kartlades, rapporterades, analyserades och syntetiserades i framträdande teman.  Huvudresultatet visar bland annat att flexibla lärmiljöer blir ett allt vanligare inslag i och med en ökad orientering mot elevcentrerad och individbaserad undervisning. En sådan undervisning kräver att lärmiljöerna baseras på individens behov och möjliggör variationsrika metoder varför många skolor genomgår en övergång från traditionella klassrum till flexibla lärmiljöer. Ytterligare resultat pekar på att en sådan övergång är förenad med många utmaningar på grund av att utformningen av den fysiska miljön med ökad flexibilitet och de öppnare ytorna inte alltid är i samspel med organisering och pedagogisk praxis. En övergripande slutsats utifrån studien är att flexibiliteten leder till ökade valmöjligheter för lärarna vad gäller ändamålsenlig utformning av lärmiljön och att kunskap om rumslig teori och begreppet flexibilitet kan öka lärares rumsliga medvetenhet och kompetens så att den ökade flexibiliteten i högre grad kan uppfattas som möjligheter snarare än hinder.

This thesis, which deals with the influence of the location of pre-kindergarten classes in elementary school, she devoted herself to the problems associated with this topic. And that is only 1 entry class, school readiness and related characteristics of the child in this age but also the continuity of preschool and primary education, which the most important areas, regarding the thesis topic, educational programs for preschool children organized by elementary school. One of these programs are also preschool classes located in the elementary school. And this location is the most devoted attention. This thesis explores and examines what are the positives of the location, whether they are seen as a negative. To meet the objectives of the thesis is mainly managed by teachers who have experience with children who attended classes in elementary school situated. Teachers in most expressed by children who attended the class, in the first class quickly adapt to the environment than children who attended a regular kindergarten class located in the building of a kindergarten. A few respondents expressed so that it can not yet judge, as they have with children attending preschool classes located in elementary school, little experience. Furthermore, the majority expressed a positive in this class so that it is...

The dissertation thesis is focused on a methodology of optimal design energy renovation of school buildings. The thesis is focused on the analysis of selected school buildings during the last 100 years of construction in the first phase. At this phase, are found some important information, especially in terms of the energy performance of the building envelope and results of this parts. Last but not least, CO2 emissions were detected. In the next part of this work, one selected school is assessed in terms of the quality of the environment, due to the evaluation of microbial microclimate on building structures, CO2 concentration and daylight. CO2 concentration and classroom daylight is addressed both for the original and for the new state. Another point of this thesis is the appreciation of the size of the classrooms in the schools both in terms of typological principles and in terms of the average size of classrooms. The daylight assessment is performed on these selected sizes, which is a part of the "PaMo I" design tool. In the next phase of the dissertation was created the design tool "PaMo I". This tool solves the evaluation of the renovation of school buildings from the point of view of the thermal engineering in connection with the influence of the daylight illumination on the classrooms of the school buildings by the thickness of the insulation system and the replacement of the windows. Part of the design tool is also the financial quantification of the investment, the payback period and the impact on the environment of the individual variants. The choice of variant options has been used when making a design tool user decision. The result of this work is a design tool which will help in deciding and finding the optimal alternative to the energy renovation of a school building in connection with daylighting inside classrooms.