Qualquer que seja o seu setor de atuação, porte ou origem, as organizações têm enfrentado desafios cada vez mais sérios no propósito de dar continuidade a suas atividades, preferencialmente na busca de um desempenho cada vez melhor, de modo a atingir ou ir além do que é estipulado em seus processos de planejamento. Tais organizações têm a necessidade de identificar, mensurar e avaliar esse desempenho, tornando essa mensuração um importante subsídio para a tomada de decisões mais apropriadas e efetivas, particularmente no que se refere a aspectos outrora negligenciados, como aqueles mais diretamente ligados à questão da sustentabilidade, com destaque para o reconhecimento da importância das chamadas partes interessadas (ou stakeholders), i.e, os diversos públicos que exercem algum tipo de influência na organização ou que são influenciados por ela. Este é, portanto, um dos grandes desafios para as organizações neste momento: como realizar uma apropriada mensuração do desempenho organizacional, considerando-se a necessidade de inclusão dos aspectos relativos à sustentabilidade, como a inserção de resultados finais tríplices (Triple Bottom Line) e a contemplação dos stakeholders como públicos relevantes para que os objetivos estratégicos sejam alcançados. Nesse contexto, o propósito principal deste estudo é responder à seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: Quais são as relações entre as partes interessadas (stakeholders) e os Sistemas de Mensuração de Desempenho (SMDs) das organizações?. Para tanto, pretende-se neste trabalho: (1) entender os conceitos e processos envolvidos na criação e implementação de sistemas de mensuração de desempenho que tenham como foco a sustentabilidade manifestada pelas perspectivas econômica, social e ambiental; (2) considerar-se a participação das partes interessadas e sua influência na determinação do desempenho organizacional a partir do entendimento da importância destes para as organizações; e (3) contribuir, de forma efetiva, para o desenvolvimento teórico, conceitual e prático do assunto em estudo. O referencial teórico consiste em três grandes temas: (i) origem e histórico dos conceitos sobre sustentabilidade e a sua influência nas organizações; (ii) gestão das partes interessadas e sua importância estratégica para as organizações; (iii) mensuração do desempenho organizacional, com seus principais conceitos e metodologias, principalmente considerando-se a inclusão de uma ótica de sustentabilidade. A pesquisa de campo realizada, de natureza quantitativa, é do tipo survey e contou com a participação de 149 empresas pertencentes ao setor industrial e associadas ao CIESP (Centro das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo). Seus principais resultados apontam para a confirmação das três hipóteses da pesquisa, com correlações positivas entre a influência dos stakeholders e: o Grau de Abordagem Triple Bottom Line; o Grau de Amplitude dos SMDs; e o Grau de Uso dos SMDs. Além disso, verificou-se a prevalência dos consumidores e clientes como a categoria de stakeholders mais influente, seguidos pelos acionistas; o predomínio das dimensões financeira e de clientes na constituição dos SMDs; a concentração do uso dos SMDs para Monitoramento e Foco de Atenção; e a existência de diferenças na percepção quanto à influência dos stakeholders, dependendo tanto do porte quanto da origem do capital das empresas, além de diferenças quanto ao emprego dos indicadores da dimensão ambiental, em função especificamente da origem do capital da empresa. / No matter their size, origin or field, organizations have had to face more and more challenges on their way towards a better performance. Besides trying to reach their goals as defined in their planning process, such organizations have been required to identify, measure and evaluate their performance, turning this into a critical and important element in their decision making processes. Another relevant issue is related to whether this performance measurement process refers to aspects otherwise neglected, such as those directly related to sustainability like the inclusion of social and environmental aspects or the several potential stakeholders influence in the organization, what may require improved performance measurement, beyond what has been done in a more traditional approach. This is a major challenge for organizations nowadays: how to measure their performance, taking into consideration a triple bottom line (economic, social and environmental) approach and the inclusion of a broader stakeholders perspective, according to what has been defined as relevant. From this viewpoint, the main objective of the present research is to answer to the following question: What are the relationships among the stakeholders and the Performance Measurement Systems (PMS) established in organizations?. By doing so, this study will provide: (1) understanding of the concepts and processes embedded in the creation and implementation of performance measurement systems in organizations that are sustainability-oriented; (2) identification of the influence of the stakeholders on the performance measurement systems implementation and use; and (3) an effective contribution to the conceptual and practical aspects related to the subject. The theoretical basis includes three big areas: (i) origin and history of sustainability concepts and their influence on organizations; (ii) stakeholder theory and its importance to organizations; (iii) organizational performance measurement and its concepts and practices, including the sustainability-oriented ones. The field research is quantitative, with a survey been performed among 149 industrial companies associated to CIESP (State of Sao Paulo Industries Centre). The main results point out to the confirmation of the research hypothesis, with positive correlations among Stakeholders Influence and: the degree of Triple Bottom Line approach; the degree of scope of PMSs; and the degree of use of PMSs. The survey was also able to identify the prevalence of Consumers and Clients as the most influential category of stakeholders, followed by Shareholders; the dominance of the Finance and Client perspectives in the design of the PMSs; the incidence of PMSs use regarding Monitoring and Attention Focus; and differences in perception of stakeholders influence, according to the size and the origin of the capital of the organization, and differences regarding the use of environmental indicators, according to the origin of the capital of the firm.

É necessário ter muita clareza sobre o que fazer e como fazer para que uma empresa satisfaça a expectativa do mercado em que atua, e o faça de forma rentável. Assim, a definição de uma estratégia torna-se altamente relevante no ambiente competitivo dos negócios. Uma vez definida sua estratégia, a empresa possui um desafio ainda maior: sua implementação. A implementação de uma estratégia, para ter sucesso, precisa ser constantemente monitorada, pois demanda uma ampla sincronia organizacional, envolvendo todos os seus departamentos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho buscou desenvolver um método de gerenciamento estratégico, a partir do alinhamento dos processos de negócio aos objetivos estratégicos da uma organização, com base nos conceitos de Balanced Scorecard e Business Process Management. Esse método foi aplicado em uma empresa concessionária do setor automotivo, segmento de caminhões e ônibus, e os objetivos atingidos neste trabalho evidenciaram a capacidade do método de contribuir para um melhor desempenho estratégico e operacional. / It is necessary to be clear about what to do and how to do so that a company meets the expectation of the market in which it operates , and do so profitably . Thus, the definition of a strategy becomes highly relevant in the competitive environment of business. Once defined its strategy, the company has an even greater challenge: its implementation. The implementation of a strategy, on the other hand, to succeed, needs to be constantly monitored, since it requires a large organizational synchrony involving all its departments. In this context, this study has developed a method of strategic management, from the alignment of business processes with the strategic objectives of an organization, based on the concepts of Balanced Scorecard and Business Process Management. This method was applied in a dealership of automotive vehicles, segment of trucks and buses, and the objectives achieved in this work demonstrated the method's ability to contribute to a better strategic and operational performance.

<p>Background: In our case study we have been studying a company that during the last seven years have tried to implement the control system Balanced Scorecard. They have during this period made three attempts. According to Kaplan and Norton, the creators of Balanced Scorecard, it should take about 16 weeks to implement a Balanced Scorecard. </p><p>Purpose: Our purpose is to investigate which factors that influence the possibility to implement Balanced Scorecard. </p><p>Method: We have conducted a case study where we have studied implementation at three levels in a company. We have interviewed two people from management, five of the department heads and made an inquiry investigation with 28 people of the companies employees. </p><p>Results: We have found that there are seven determining factors that influence an implementing process. The process starts with an internal or external pressure for change that indicates that a change is needed in the company. There is a need for a project leader who is responsible for the work and leads the implementing process forward. The project leader needs to have knowledge about the implementing process and knowledge about the contents of what they want to implement. Management support is another factor and by that means that management must stimulate and support the members of the staff. Information and elucidation of goals is another factor that is needed about the implementation. The last factor to get a successful implementation is to get the members of the staff participate. We have also found some minor determining factors that can act as a counterforce towards a change that can arise during the implementing process. Two of these counter forces are frustration and delay. Frustration arises when knowledge about the implementation is missing and the loss of knowledge leads to delay. If the members of the staff don’t receive information and elucidation of goals confusion may arise which is another counterforce. The last counter- force that can arise is that the members of the staff are afraid of change.</p>

Zur Bewältigung der drängenden Fragen der heutigen Zeit wird von den politischen Verantwortungsträgern ein klares und nachvollziehbares Konzept und Vorgehen eingefordert. Der Ruf nach einer strategischen nicht nur taktischen Ausrichtung der politischen Planung und Steuerung wird laut. Die Restriktionen der politischen Rationalität können nicht als Hinderungsgrund für die stärkere Strategieausprägung von Regierungspolitik angesehen werden, vielmehr ist der Strategiefaktor in der Politik auszubauen. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die Balanced Scorecard (BSC) als strategisches Managementinstrument zur Verbesserung der strategischen Planung und Steuerung der Vorhaben einer Landesregierung an der Schnittstelle zwischen Landesregierung und Ministerialverwaltung in den Fokus der Betrachtung. Entscheidend für die Anwendung eines für die Privatwirtschaft entwickelten Instruments ist dessen Anpassbarkeit an spezifische Kriterien, die sich im Kontext einer Landesregierung und deren -verwaltung ergeben. Diese qualitativen Kriterien werden mithilfe einer Matrix ermittelt. In dieser stehen sich die essenziellen Funktionen einer BSC und die Herausforderungen der BSC im Kontext einer Landesregierung gegenüber. Der empirische Teil der Arbeit stellt die BSC-Bestrebungen des Landes Brandenburg vor und analysiert diese anhand der abgeleiteten qualitativen Kriterien. Im Ergebnis der Fallstudie stellt sich vor allem die Führungsunterstützung als der erfolgsentscheidende Faktor der BSC-Konzeption und -Implementierung innerhalb der Landesregierung Brandenburg heraus. Daneben sind die Formulierung und Ableitung klarer Strategien und Ziele durch die Regierenden, die Beachtung personeller Aspekte sowie eine ausgefeilte Projektorganisation von entscheidender Bedeutung für den Erfolg der BSC. / Politicians are required to act with a precise and traceable concept to accomplish the huge political issues of the time. A strategic instead of a tactical approach of political planning and steering is the main request. Politics have their own rationality but this should not be a restriction to avoid a stronger emphasis of strategic policy. The strategic side of policy should rather be expanded. The following thesis tries to enhance the process of strategic planning and steering of Laender by adopting the strategic management instrument balanced scorecard at the intersection between government and administration. The balanced scorecard is a management instrument of the private sector. Therefore the balanced scorecard has to be aligned at specific criteria of the public sector especially in the context of a Laender government. The specific qualitative criteria are identified by means of a matrix. The empirical part introduces and analysis the balanced scorecard concept and the implementation strategy of the federal state of Brandenburg on the basis of the qualitative criteria. The success factors in the case study are promotion by leadership, formulation of precise strategies and objectives by politicians, attention of personnel aspects and a sophisticated organisation of balanced scorecard implementation projects.

Background: In our case study we have been studying a company that during the last seven years have tried to implement the control system Balanced Scorecard. They have during this period made three attempts. According to Kaplan and Norton, the creators of Balanced Scorecard, it should take about 16 weeks to implement a Balanced Scorecard. Purpose: Our purpose is to investigate which factors that influence the possibility to implement Balanced Scorecard. Method: We have conducted a case study where we have studied implementation at three levels in a company. We have interviewed two people from management, five of the department heads and made an inquiry investigation with 28 people of the companies employees. Results: We have found that there are seven determining factors that influence an implementing process. The process starts with an internal or external pressure for change that indicates that a change is needed in the company. There is a need for a project leader who is responsible for the work and leads the implementing process forward. The project leader needs to have knowledge about the implementing process and knowledge about the contents of what they want to implement. Management support is another factor and by that means that management must stimulate and support the members of the staff. Information and elucidation of goals is another factor that is needed about the implementation. The last factor to get a successful implementation is to get the members of the staff participate. We have also found some minor determining factors that can act as a counterforce towards a change that can arise during the implementing process. Two of these counter forces are frustration and delay. Frustration arises when knowledge about the implementation is missing and the loss of knowledge leads to delay. If the members of the staff don’t receive information and elucidation of goals confusion may arise which is another counterforce. The last counter- force that can arise is that the members of the staff are afraid of change.

Bakgrund: Balanced Scorecard (BSC) har blivit ett populärt sätt att mäta ett företags prestationer, då det inkluderar både finansiella och ickefinansiella mål och mått. Samtidigt ses styrkortet som ett verktyg för att kommunicera företagets strategi och skapa en förståelse i hela organisationen för vad företaget vill uppnå. Trots att BSC är ett mycket framgångsrikt begrepp saknas det empiriska studier kring hur modellen upplevs och används av anställda på operativ nivå och hur styrningsverktyget påverkar dem. Syfte: Undersökningens syfte är att beskriva hur BSC används på operativ nivå i ett företag samt förklara hur strategi och målformulering uppfattas av individen och påverkar dennes beteende. Vidare är undersökningens syfte att utveckla en modell för att öka den operativa relevansen i BSC. Slutsats: För att uppnå de fördelar som BSC kan erbjuda krävs en förankring i hela organisationen samt ett engagemang och involvering i styrkortsprocessen från alla anställda. Vi anser att problemen med BSC som uppkommer många gånger kan härledas till svårigheter att tydliggöra och att koppla strategin och BSC till vad individen arbetar med i sin vardag. För att skapa ett operativt relevant BSC krävs det att organisationen, enligt oss, arbetar med sex grundläggande förutsättningar; Delaktighet, Begriplighet, Lokal förankring, Enhetlighet, Påverkbarhet och Ledningens medverkan. Dessa utgör en iterativ process som skall främja lärande och kunskapsdelning för BSC inom organisationen. Dessa begrepp kommer att underlätta företags strategi- och styrkortsarbete då de tydliggör hur företag kan uppnå ett operativt relevant BSC. / Background: Balanced Scorecard (BSC) has become a popular way to measure the performance of a company. One reason is that it includes both financial and non-financial goals and measures. BSC is also seen as an instrument to communicate the strategy of the company and create an understanding for what the company wants to achieve. Even though BSC is a successful management tool there is a lack of empirical studies concerning how the model is perceived and used by employees on an operational level in an organization. Aim: The purpose of this study is to describe how BSC is used at an operational level in a company and to explain how strategy and formulation of goals is perceived by the individuals and how it affects their behavior. Furthermore is the purpose of the study to develop a model to increase the operational relevance in BSC. Results: BSC has to be deeply-rooted in the entire organization to achieve the benefits that the scorecard offers. There has to be an engagement and involvement from all employees in the strategy- and scorecard process. We see that persistent problems with BSC many times derive from the difficulty in clarifying and connect the strategy and the scorecard to the individual’s daily work. To create a scorecard which is relevant on an operational level the organization needs to work with six fundamental concepts; Participation, Comprehensibility, Local connection, Uniformity, Influence and Participation from managers. Together these six concepts create an iterative process which will enable knowledge sharing and learning about BSC within the organization. The concepts will facilitate both the strategy process and the scorecard work. They will also clarify how a company can reach a scorecard which is more operationally relevant.

As a result of human resources for an enterprise¡¦s importance will get increasingly day by day, and human resources department¡¦s role will not to be a simply administration and assistant department. It will to be a strategic role and create some performances for an enterprise; therefore, how to estimate human resources department performance will to be an importance key point to evaluate enterprise competitive. Nearly years, Balance Scorecard (BSC) concept was used on scholarly researches popularly, but about human resources management scope are very fewer; generally the greater part of human resources management¡¦s researches were used by human resources management¡¦s activities; efficiency; talent as their research subjects, and they also were used research method: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to develop human resources department¡¦s indicator. In view of this, the research purpose will use balance scorecard and enterprise value theories as viewpoint for the research key framework, because about human resources scorecard¡¦s researches are very fewer and enterprises which have followed out human resources scorecard are also fewer; therefore, in lack of explicit quantitative information, the research will fit qualitative research¡¦s characteristic than quantitative research¡¦s characteristic. The research will also use bibliography to collect; confer; analyze; compare; generalize and add reality experience to ratiocinate as the research methods. Finally the research will construct two models, including human resources department performance measurement perspective model and human resources department scorecard guiding steps model. The research of human resources department performance measurement perspective model develops four performance measurement perspectives, including (1) financial capital perspective; (2) customer capital perspective; (3) structure capital perspective; (4) human capital perspective; the research of human resources department scorecard guiding steps model develops three phases and eleven steps, including (1) planning phase has four steps; (2) developing phase has three steps¡F(3) practicing phase has four steps.

In the modern competitive business activity, information collection becomes very important to support enterprises management groups to make decision. Many enterprises consider knowledge management and application are very important issues in the Knowledge Economy era. Therefore, Business Intelligence System becomes more popular and adopted by many enterprises like the flames added by the fuel in Knowledge Economy era. Enterprise management with Balanced Scorecard is also introduced by well-known scholars as well at this stage. The combination of Business Intelligence System and Balanced Scorecard becomes more efficient for enterprise management and pushes the modern enterprises forward to the Open Knowledge Economy era. The main purpose of this research is to adopt architecture theory to construct the Architecture Oriented Business Intelligence system with Balanced Scorecard Model(AOBIBSCM). This model provides an efficient construction method for the constructors to control the system with the whole system overview. The constructors can easily find out the Structure elements, Services of structure elements, Relationship of structure elements, Structure Behavior Coalescence, in order to compare with the real world behaviors and allow constructors validate and realize the sequence of behaviors. The tight combination of structure point of view, behavior point of view and other points of view integrates structure and behavior neatly, making it far superior than Non-Architecture designed method which separates structure and behavior. Non-Architecture construction method is easy to lead the structure and behavior to different routes and wastes time to re-design and adjust the system. This research adopts logical theorem to construct AOBIBSCM. It constructs (1)AOBIBSCM¡Aand describes (2)Non-AOBIBSCM(NAOBIBSCM) construction method, then (3)Compare AOBIBSCM and NAOBIBSCM, then show the benefit of AOBIBSCM. The contribution of this research is to construct AOBIBSCM which includes Structure element diagrams, Hierarchy of structure element diagrams, Service of structure element diagrams, Relationship of structure element diagrams, Structure and behavior coalescence diagram, Sequence diagrams. Our research furnishes an efficient construction method for enterprises to install AOBIBSC, and reduces the construction risk and cost, and provides more discussion space of the system real implementation, testing, construction and performance tuning.

Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2009

Research confirms that strategic planning is essential for the improvement of business performance in both small and large organisations. Organisations around the globe all follow similar tactics, namely to attempt to execute a strategy to differentiate themselves from their competitors. A popular instrument used to support the strategic–management process in organisations is the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The BSC is a popular performance–management framework strongly associated with managing the implementation of strategic plans. There is a difference between known performance–management programmes and the BSC. The BSC is a full, multi–perspective approach to achieving long–term, sustained growth, viewed more as a strategy–formation system than a pure measurement system. Constructing the first BSC of a Strategic Business Unit (SBU) is accomplished by a systematic process that builds consensus and clarity about how to translate the mission and strategy of the SBU into performance objectives, measures, targets and initiatives in four balanced perspectives: Financial, Customer, Internal Processes, and Employee Learning and Growth. The aim of the scorecard building and implementation process is to cascade strategy down to the operational level where real value is added. This process is also called "strategic alignment". The arguments presented in this dissertation are based on a combination of general literature research on performance management, the BSC and the development, strategic implementation and management of the BSC. The selection process of an SBU, and the rationale for the choosing to construct a BSC as a performance–measurement tool has been addressed. The dissertation further addressed the objectives and principles governing the BSC for the specific, chosen SBU. The development of the BSC comprises of ten steps, from the assignment of the scorecard champion or architect to the senior executive management meeting. Information gained from research done on the South African company under review, GP Retail Operations (Pty) Ltd, and more specifically the SBU of the Ackermans Distribution Centre in Durban together with the literature research have been used to develop the BSC within the specific SBU of the organisation. The BSC was tailor made for the specific requirements of the specific SBU in GP Retail Operations (Pty) Ltd. The results of the study on the SBU, Ackermans DC, have been summarised in the performancerecord sheet and an audit sheet derived from the literature overview and applied practical in–house research. The record sheet was created for each perspective of the BSC. The development of the BSC involved several challenges in embedding the information systems and the culture that helped receive, process, and analyse information for the creation of the performancerecord sheet and audit sheet. A BSC requires time and effort to "get it right" and commitment to implement it. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.