Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MichelineCRS.pdf: 1923375 bytes, checksum: cf891ecec41e4ead3be8cf1db2224eed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Studies made with polysaccharides of seaweed have demonstrated that these present important biological and pharmacological activities. These composites had presented "scavenging" activity of free radicals, which is important in the mediation of the inflammatory process and in the pathology of diverse disease. Recently, this "scavenging" property has taken some researches to evaluate the antioxidant capacity from various polysaccharides. Considering the limited research with polysaccharides and knowing its largely employed by the pharmaceutical and foodstuffs industries, we have objective to verify the actions from fucans and galactans as antioxidants. The fucans are found in brown seaweed and the galactans (carrageenans) in red seaweed. The fucans were obtained from seaweed Padina gymnospora (F0.5 e F1.1 fractions), common to our coastline and one another fucan, fucoidan, was of origin commercial and extracted from seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. The λ, κ e ι carrageenans were also of origin commercial. The antioxidant activities were tested in superoxide and hydroxyl systems to generated free radicals and for the inhibition of the lipid peroxidation. The results obtained to inhibition of formation the superoxide radicals demonstrated that all polysaccharides presented scavenging activity of superoxide radicals. The fucoidan, F0.5 and F1.1 fractions presented IC50 of 0.058; 0.243 and 0.243 mg/mL, respectively, while IC50 of the λ, κ and ι carrageenans were 0.046; 0.112 and 0.332 mg/mL, respectively. The results to inhibition of formation the hydroxyl radicals demonstrated that all sample had low effect in the inhibition of the formation of these radicals, except the F0.5. For these radicals the IC50 were 0.157 and 0.353 mg/mL to the fucoidan and F1.1, respectively and 0.357; 0.335 and 0.281 mg/mL to λ, κ and ι carrageenans, respectively. All the samples were capacity to inhibition the peroxidation, it present the IC50 of 1.250; 2.753 and 2.341 mg/mL to fucoidan, F0.5 and F1.1, respectively. Already the λ, κ and ι carrageenans presented the IC50 of 2.697; 0.323 and 0.830 mg/mL, respectively. With these findings, we conclude that polysaccharides used in this study presented activity antioxidant, and that fucoidan and the λ carrageenan show a significant "scavenging" activity for the radicals superoxide and the κ carrageenan a significant inhibitory activity for the lipid peroxidation / Estudos feitos com polissacar?deos de algas t?m demonstrado que esses apresentam atividades biol?gicas e farmacol?gicas importantes. Estes compostos apresentaram atividade varredora de radicais livres, os quais s?o importantes na media??o do processo inflamat?rio e na patologia de diversas doen?as. Recentemente, essa propriedade varredora tem levado alguns pesquisadores a avaliar a capacidade antioxidante de diversos polissacar?deos. Considerando o reduzido n?mero de pesquisas com estes compostos e sabendo-se de seu largo emprego pela ind?stria farmac?utica e aliment?cia, objetivamos neste trabalho, verificar as a??es de fucanas e galactanas como antioxidantes. As fucanas s?o encontradas em algas marrons e as galactanas (carragenanas) em algas vermelhas. As fucanas foram obtidas da alga Padina gymnospora (fra??es F0,5 e F1,1), comum em nosso litoral, e uma outra fucana, o fucoidan, foi de origem comercial e extra?do da alga Fucus vesiculosus. As carragenanas λ, κ e ι tamb?m foram comerciais. A atividade antioxidante foi testada em sistemas geradores de radicais super?xidos e hidroxilas, e pela inibi??o da peroxida??o lip?dica. Os resultados obtidos para inibi??o da forma??o de radicais super?xidos demonstraram que todos os polissacar?deos apresentaram atividade varredora de radicais super?xidos. O fucoidan, as fra??es F0,5 e F1,1 apresentaram IC50 de 0,058; 0,243 e 0,243 mg/mL, respectivamente; enquanto o IC50 das carragenanas λ, κ e ι foi de 0,046; 0,112 e 0,332 mg/mL, respectivamente. Os resultados para inibi??o da forma??o de radicais hidroxilas demonstraram que todas as amostras inibiram a forma??o destes radicais, exceto a F0,5. Para estes radicais o IC50 foi de 0,157 e 0,353 mg/mL para o fucoidan e F1,1, e de 0,357; 0,335 e 0,281 mg/mL para carragenanas λ, κ e ι, respectivamente. Todas as amostras foram capazes de inibir a peroxida??o lip?dica com IC50 de 1,250, 2,753 e 2,341 mg/mL para o fucoidan, F0,5 e F1,1, respectivamente. J? as carragenanas λ, κ e ι apresentaram o IC50 de 2,697, 0,323 e 0,830 mg/mL, respectivamente. Com estes achados, conclu?mos que os polissacar?deos usados neste estudo apresentam atividade antioxidante, e que o fucoidan e a carragenana λ exibem uma significante atividade varredora para os radicais super?xido e a carragenana κ uma significante atividade inibit?ria da peroxida??o lip?dica

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:10:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GracielleRD_DISSERT.pdf: 641978 bytes, checksum: 570ea10863ca885dc9cff38e172d53f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Malaria is a major parasitic disease worldwide, accounting for about 500 million cases and causing 2 million to 3 million deaths annually. Four species are responsible for transmitting this disease to humans: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. The parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs and the usual limitations of the vector control implications are contributing to the spread of the disease. The most of significant advances in the search for new antimalarial drugs is based on natural components, the main ones being currently used antimalarial drugs derived from plants. Research on natural products of marine origin (particularly algae) show that some species possess antiplasmodial activity. Knowing that the coast of Rio Grande do Norte is home to several species of algae, the present study was to evaluate, for the first time, the antimalarial activity of ethanolic extracts of seaweed Spatoglossum schroederi, Gracilaria birdiae and Udotea flabellum against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain tests and in vitro using the murine model (Plasmodium berghei) for evaluation in vivo. These species were ground, macerated with ethanol for 24 hours and the extracts concentrated in rotaevaporador (45 ? C ? 5 ? C). For in vitro tests, the extracts were diluted and tested at concentrations between 100 and 1.56 μg/ml (seven concentrations in triplicate), in order to obtain IC50 of each extract. The cytotoxicity tests with macrophages and BGM were performed using the MTT colorimetric assay. BGM macrophages and cells were distributed in 96 wells per plate (1x 105 to macrophages and 1x104 cells per well for BGM) and incubated for 24h at 37 ? C. The ethanol extracts were diluted and tested at concentrations of 100 to 1,56 μg/ml (seven concentrations in triplicate). After periods of 24 hours of incubation with the extracts, 100 μg of MTT was added to each well, and 3 hours elapsed, the supernatant was removed and added 200 μl of DMSO in each well. The absorbance of each well was obtained by reading on a spectrophotometer at 570 nm filter. To evaluate the acute toxicity in vivo, Swiss mice received a single dose (oral) 2000 mg/kg/animal of each extract tested. The parameters of acute toxicity were observed for 8 days. For in vivo tests, Swiss mice were inoculated with 1x105 erythrocytes infected with P. berghei. The treatment was given first to fourth day after infection with 0.2 ml of the extracts in doses of 1000 and 500 mg//g animal. The negative control group received 0.2 ml of 2% Tween-20, whereas the positive control group received sub-dose of chloroquine (5 mg/kg/animal). The assessment of antimalarial activity was done by suppressing suppressing the parasitemia at 5 and 7 days after infection. The growth inhibition of parasites was determined relative to negative control (% inhibition = parasitaemia in control - parasitemia in sample / parasitemia control x 100), the mortality of animals was monitored daily for 30 days The results showed that algae Spatoglossum schroederi and Udotea flabellum showed antimalarial activity in vitro, with reduced parasitemia of 70.54% and 54, respectively. The extracts of the three algae tested showed moderate to high cytotoxicity. Algae S. schroederi and U. flabellum were active against P. berghei only at doses of 500 mg / kg with reduction ranging from 54.58 to 52.65% for the fifth day and from 32.24 to 47.34% for the seventh day, respectively. No toxicity was observed in vivo at the dose tested, over the 8 days of observation. Although preliminary data, the bioactive components in those possible seaweed may be promising for the development of new anti-malarial drugs / A mal?ria ? a maior doen?a paras?tica mundial, respons?vel por cerca de 500 milh?es de casos e causando 2 a 3 milh?es de mortes anualmente. Quatro esp?cies s?o respons?veis pela transmiss?o dessa doen?a ao homem: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae e Plasmodium ovale. A resist?ncia do parasito aos antimal?ricos usuais e as limita??es existentes no combate ao vetor s?o implica??es que contribuem para a expans?o dessa parasitose. Os avan?os mais significativos na busca de novos medicamentos contra a mal?ria baseiam-se em componentes naturais, sendo os principais antimal?ricos atualmente utilizados derivados de plantas. Pesquisas com produtos naturais de origem marinha (particularmente as algas) mostram que algumas esp?cies possuem atividade antiplasm?dica. Sabendo que o litoral do Rio Grande do Norte abriga v?rias esp?cies de algas, o presente estudo consistiu em avaliar, pela primeira vez, a atividade antimal?rica dos extratos etan?licos das algas Spatoglossum schroederi, Gracilaria birdiae e Udotea flabellum contra a cepa 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum em testes in vitro e utilizando o modelo murino (P. berghei) para avalia??o in vivo. As algas foram trituradas, maceradas com etanol por 24 horas e os extratos concentrados em rotaevaporador (45? C ? 5?C). Para os testes in vitro, os extratos foram dilu?dos e testados nas concentra??es entre 100 e 1,56 μg/ml (sete concentra??es em triplicata), com a finalidade de obten??o da CI50 de cada extrato. Os testes de citotoxicidade com macr?fagos e c?lulas BGM foram realizados usando o ensaio colorim?trico MTT. Macr?fagos e c?lulas BGM foram distribu?das em 96 po?os por placa (1x 105 para macr?fagos e 1x104 c?lulas por po?o para BGM), sendo incubadas por 24h a 37?C. Os extratos etan?licos foram dilu?dos e testados nas concentra??es de 100 at? 1,56 μg/ml (sete concentra??es em triplicata). Ap?s per?odos de 24h de incuba??o com os extratos, 100 μl de MTT foi adicionado a cada po?o, e decorridas 3h, o sobrenadante foi removido e adicionou-se 200 μl DMSO em cada po?o. A absorb?ncia de cada po?o foi obtida atrav?s de leitura em espectrofot?metro com filtro de 570 nm. Para avaliar a toxicidade aguda in vivo, camundongos Swiss receberam dose ?nica (oral) de 2000 mg/kg/animal dos extratos testados. Os par?metros de toxicidade aguda foram observados durante 8 dias. Para os testes in vivo, camundongos Swiss foram inoculados com 1x105 hem?cias infectadas com Plasmodium berghei. O tratamento deu-se do primeiro ao quarto dia ap?s a infec??o, com 0,2 ml dos extratos em doses de 1000 e 500 mg/kg/animal. O grupo controle negativo recebeu 0,2 ml de Tween-20 2%, enquanto que o grupo controle positivo recebeu sub-dose de cloroquina (5 mg/kg/animal). A avalia??o da atividade antimal?rica foi feita atrav?s da supress?o da parasitemia no 5? e 7? dias ap?s infec??o. A inibi??o do crescimento dos parasitos foi determinada em rela??o ao grupo controle negativo (% inibi??o = parasitemia do controle parasitemia com amostra/ parasitemia do controle x 100); a mortalidade dos animais foi acompanhada diariamente por 30 dias. Os resultados mostraram que as algas Spatoglossum schroederi e Udotea flabellum apresentaram atividade antimal?rica in vitro, com redu??o da parasitemia de 70,54 e 54%, respectivamente. Os extratos das tr?s algas testadas mostraram citotoxicidade moderada a elevada. As algas S. schroederi e U. flabellum foram ativas contra o P. berghei apenas nas doses de 500 mg/kg com redu??o variando de 54,58 a 52,65% para o quinto dia e 32,24 a 47,34% para o s?timo dia, respectivamente. N?o foi observada toxicidade in vivo para a dose testada, durante os 8 dias de observa??o. Embora sejam dados preliminares, os poss?veis componentes bioativos presentes nessas algas marinhas podem ser promissores para o desenvolvimento de novas drogas antimal?ricas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / As macroalgas marinhas sÃo fontes de compostos com atividade antioxidante como compostos fenÃlicos, pigmentos carotenÃides e vitamina E. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante in vitro de extratos metanÃlicos (50%) de macroalgas cearenses, atravÃs da capacidade de sequestrar o DPPH, habilidade de quelaÃÃo do Ãon ferroso (FIC), poder de reduÃÃo do ferro (FRAP) e degradaÃÃo do β-caroteno. AlÃm disso, tambÃm foi determinado o conteÃdo de compostos fenÃlicos pelo mÃtodo de Folin-Ciocalteu, seguido de uma prospecÃÃo fitoquÃmica para indicar possivelmente as principais classes de compostos. Os teores de α- e β-caroteno, luteÃna e α- e -tocoferol foram quantificados por cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia. De um modo geral, capacidade de sequestrar o DPPH, FRAP e conteÃdo de compostos fenÃlicos foram maiores nos extratos das algas pardas, seguidos dos das algas verdes e vermelhas. FIC mais elevada foi observada nos extratos das algas vermelhas, seguidas das pardas e verdes. No sistema modelo β-caroteno/Ãcido linolÃico as maiores atividades foram determinadas nas clorÃfitas e rodÃfitas, tendo variado de 64,8% a 95,3%, nas ocrÃfitas, inferiores a 40,5%, com exceÃÃo de Padina gymnospora com cerca de 92%. Os extratos algÃceos analisados apresentaram atividades antioxidantes semelhantes ou superiores aos controles positivos (quercetina, BHA, BHT, Ãcido ascÃrbico, α-tocoferol, β-caroteno e EDTA). FenÃis foram detectados apenas em algas pardas; antocianinas, antocianidinas, chaconas, auronas e leucoantocianidinas foram observadas apenas em algumas espÃcies do Filo Rhodophyta; as demais classes de compostos fenÃlicos investigadas foram observadas em pelo menos uma espÃcie dentro de cada Filo, com exceÃÃo de flavanonÃis que nÃo foram encontrados nos extratos de algas verdes. O conteÃdo de compostos fenÃlicos foi o principal responsÃvel pelas atividades de sequestro do DPPH, FRAP e FIC nas algas verdes e vermelhas. Nas pardas esses compostos sà influenciaram no FRAP. β-Caroteno e luteÃna foram quantificados em todos os extratos de algas verdes, vermelhas e pardas, sendo a luteÃna o carotenÃide majoritÃrio nas clorÃfitas e rodÃfitas. Com exceÃÃo das algas pardas que naturalmente nÃo possuem α-caroteno, apenas os extratos de cinco espÃcies de clorÃfitas e rodÃfitas nÃo apresentaram esse composto. Todos os extratos analisados apresentaram α-tocoferol, menos Ulva fasciata e U. lactuca. Extratos de onze espÃcies apresentaram δ-tocoferol. As atividades antioxidantes e os teores de compostos detectados nos extratos algÃceos foram distintos, mas todos eles apresentaram potencial antioxidante. / Seaweeds are sources of a wide variety of beneficial compounds for human. Many of these compounds have antioxidant activity, such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and vitamin E. The aim of this research was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of 50% methanolic extracts from seaweed collected in the coastline of Cearà State, Brazil. The methods used were: DPPH radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelation (FIC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching. In addition to in vitro antioxidant activity, the total phenolic content (TPC) was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, followed by a phytochemical prospecting to point out which are the main classes of compounds present in the algal extracts. The quantification of carotenoids (α- and β-carotene, and lutein) and vitamin E (α- and -tocopherol) was carried out by HPLC. In general, the extracts of brown algae showed the highest ability to scavenger the DPPH radical, the largest FRAP and the highest TPC, followed by extracts of green and red algae. The greatest FIC was observed in red alga extracts, followed by brown and green alga extracts. The high antioxidant activity in β-carotene/linoleic acid model system of green and red alga extracts ranged from 65% to 95%, however it represented less than 40% in brown alga extracts, exception to Padina gymnospora extract which presented activity up to 92%. The majority of the algal extracts analyzed in this study presented activity similar to or even greater than those observed in positive controls (quercetin, BHA, BHT, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, β-carotene and EDTA). Fenols were detected in brown algae only; anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, chacons, aurons and leucoanthocyanins were observed in some species of Rhodophyta Phylum. All the other classes of phenolic compounds were found in at least one species within each Phylum, exception to flavononols which have not been detected in green alga extracts. TPC was the main responsible for the ability to scavenger the DPPH radical, FIC and FRAP in green and red algae. On the other hand, in brown algae TCP was influenced only by FRAP. All extracts of green, red and brown algae exhibited the presence of β-carotene and lutein. The latter was the major carotenoid within Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta. Naturally absent in brown algae, α-carotene was not detected in five species of Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta algae. α-Tocopherol was determined in all species, except Ulva fasciata and U. lactuca extracts. The isomer δ-tocopherol was quantified in eleven out of twenty-three alga species. Antioxidant activity and levels of compounds in the algal extracts were different, but all of them showed antioxidant potential.

O ambiente marinho, pela própria diversidade orgânica que representa, tem sido reconhecido como fonte promissora de metabólitos secundários biologicamente ativos. Algas marinhas produzem grande variedade de substância terpenoídicas, aromáticas e de origem policetídica, e bioensaios têm demonstrado importante potencial biológico relativo a estes metabólitos. Micro-organismos associados às algas, tais como fungos endofíticos, também representam importante e promissora fonte de produtos naturais com esqueletos estruturalmente diversos. Bostrychia é um gênero algal fisiológica e biogeograficamente bem estudado mas são escassas as informações quanto à sua composição química, predominando a descrição de polióis e de moléculas de baixo peso molecular. Neste trabalho, os resultados da comparação dos perfis cromatográficos de espécies de Bostrychia representam uma primeira abordagem qualitativa dos constituintes polares do conjunto de espécies desse gênero ocorrentes no litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, e deverá ser complementado por meio do isolamento e identificação estrutural de seus constituintes majoritários. O isolamento de fungos endofíticos a partir de B. radicans (coletadas em ambiente de costão rochoso e manguezal) e B. tenella (coletadas no costão rochoso) possibilitou a preservação de 135 linhagens disponíveis para estudos posteriores. Dentre as linhagens isoladas de B. radicans costão, dez foram selecionadas para cultivo em meio sólido e entre estas três (C75, C81 e C82) foram selecionadas para estudos químicos e biológicos. As linhagens C81 e C82 foram identificadas por dados moleculares como Phomopsis longicolla e Penicillium brevicompactum, respectivamente. Foram isoladas e identificadas três substâncias conhecidas a partir de P. longicolla (18-deoxicitocalasina H, ácido micofenólico e dicerandrol C) e duas a partir de P. brevicompactum (ácido micofenólico e seu derivado metilado). Nos ensaios biológicos, a fração hexânica de P. longicolla apresentou alta atividade antimicrobiana (abaixo de 100g.mL-1), bem como um de seus metabólitos isolados (atividade abaixo de 10g.mL-1), frente às bactérias Staphylococcus aureus e S. saprophyticus. Esse mesmo metabólito também apresentou potencial de inibição de degranulação de mastócitos e atividade citotóxica, reforçando o potencial dos micro-organismos endofíticos na biossíntese de compostos que possam auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos. Em conjunto, os resultados obtidos mostram que algas marinhas e fungos endofíticos associados representam uma importante área a ser explorada em relação ao potencial biológico de produtos naturais. / The marine environment, due to its organic diversity, has been recognized as a promising source of new biologically active secondary metabolites. Seaweeds produce a large variety of terpenoidic, aromatic and poliketids substances. Bioassays have been demonstrated significant biological potential concerning these metabolites. Microorganisms associated with algae, such as endophytic fungi, also represent important and promising source of natural products with molecularly-diverse structures. Bostrychia is an ecophysiology, biogeographically well-studied algal genus, but information about its chemical composition is scarce, prevailing reports about its polyol and low-molecular-weight contents. In this work, the results of the comparison of the chromatographic profiles of Bostrychia species growing in the north coast of São Paulo State represent a first qualitative approach of the polar constituent in this genus, and may be complemented by isolation and identification of their majority constituents. The isolation of endophytic fungi from B. radicans (collected in rocky shore and mangrove environment) and B. tenella (collected in the rocky shore) allowed the preservation of 135 strains available for posterior studies. Among the strains isolated from B. radicans rocky shore, ten were selected for cultivation in solid medium and three (C75, C81 e C82) were selected for chemical and biological studies. C81 and C82 strains were identified by molecular data as Phomopsis longicolla and Penicillium brevicompactum, respectively. Three known substances were isolated and identified from P. longicolla (18-deoxycytochalasin H, mycophenolic acid and dicerandrol C) and two from P. brevicompactum (mycophenolic acid and its methyl derivative). Biological assays revealed the hexanic fraction of P. longicolla presenting high antimicrobial activity (below of 100g.mL-1) against Staphylococcus aureus and S. saprophyticus, as well as one of its isolated metabolites (activity below of 10g.mL-1). This metabolite also presented mast cell degranulation inhibition and cytotoxic activity, reinforcing the potential of endophytic microorganisms in the byosinthesis of compounds that can be useful in the new drugs development. As a summary, the results show that algae and their endophytic fungi associated represent an important field to be explored in terms of biological potential of natural products.

No description available.

CAVALCANTE, Kelma Maria dos Santos Pires. Avaliação do potencial antioxidante de macroalgas marinhas do litoral cearense. 2012. 122 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2012 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T13:00:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_kmspcavalcante.pdf: 783385 bytes, checksum: 8eabc3394f4206e331baee2a713c7002 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T13:00:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_kmspcavalcante.pdf: 783385 bytes, checksum: 8eabc3394f4206e331baee2a713c7002 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:00:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_kmspcavalcante.pdf: 783385 bytes, checksum: 8eabc3394f4206e331baee2a713c7002 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Seaweeds are sources of a wide variety of beneficial compounds for human. Many of these compounds have antioxidant activity, such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and vitamin E. The aim of this research was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of 50% methanolic extracts from seaweed collected in the coastline of Ceará State, Brazil. The methods used were: DPPH radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelation (FIC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching. In addition to in vitro antioxidant activity, the total phenolic content (TPC) was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, followed by a phytochemical prospecting to point out which are the main classes of compounds present in the algal extracts. The quantification of carotenoids (α- and β-carotene, and lutein) and vitamin E (α- and -tocopherol) was carried out by HPLC. In general, the extracts of brown algae showed the highest ability to scavenger the DPPH radical, the largest FRAP and the highest TPC, followed by extracts of green and red algae. The greatest FIC was observed in red alga extracts, followed by brown and green alga extracts. The high antioxidant activity in β-carotene/linoleic acid model system of green and red alga extracts ranged from 65% to 95%, however it represented less than 40% in brown alga extracts, exception to Padina gymnospora extract which presented activity up to 92%. The majority of the algal extracts analyzed in this study presented activity similar to or even greater than those observed in positive controls (quercetin, BHA, BHT, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, β-carotene and EDTA). Fenols were detected in brown algae only; anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, chacons, aurons and leucoanthocyanins were observed in some species of Rhodophyta Phylum. All the other classes of phenolic compounds were found in at least one species within each Phylum, exception to flavononols which have not been detected in green alga extracts. TPC was the main responsible for the ability to scavenger the DPPH radical, FIC and FRAP in green and red algae. On the other hand, in brown algae TCP was influenced only by FRAP. All extracts of green, red and brown algae exhibited the presence of β-carotene and lutein. The latter was the major carotenoid within Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta. Naturally absent in brown algae, α-carotene was not detected in five species of Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta algae. α-Tocopherol was determined in all species, except Ulva fasciata and U. lactuca extracts. The isomer δ-tocopherol was quantified in eleven out of twenty-three alga species. Antioxidant activity and levels of compounds in the algal extracts were different, but all of them showed antioxidant potential. / As macroalgas marinhas são fontes de compostos com atividade antioxidante como compostos fenólicos, pigmentos carotenóides e vitamina E. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante in vitro de extratos metanólicos (50%) de macroalgas cearenses, através da capacidade de sequestrar o DPPH, habilidade de quelação do íon ferroso (FIC), poder de redução do ferro (FRAP) e degradação do β-caroteno. Além disso, também foi determinado o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu, seguido de uma prospecção fitoquímica para indicar possivelmente as principais classes de compostos. Os teores de α- e β-caroteno, luteína e α- e -tocoferol foram quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. De um modo geral, capacidade de sequestrar o DPPH, FRAP e conteúdo de compostos fenólicos foram maiores nos extratos das algas pardas, seguidos dos das algas verdes e vermelhas. FIC mais elevada foi observada nos extratos das algas vermelhas, seguidas das pardas e verdes. No sistema modelo β-caroteno/ácido linoléico as maiores atividades foram determinadas nas clorófitas e rodófitas, tendo variado de 64,8% a 95,3%, nas ocrófitas, inferiores a 40,5%, com exceção de Padina gymnospora com cerca de 92%. Os extratos algáceos analisados apresentaram atividades antioxidantes semelhantes ou superiores aos controles positivos (quercetina, BHA, BHT, ácido ascórbico, α-tocoferol, β-caroteno e EDTA). Fenóis foram detectados apenas em algas pardas; antocianinas, antocianidinas, chaconas, auronas e leucoantocianidinas foram observadas apenas em algumas espécies do Filo Rhodophyta; as demais classes de compostos fenólicos investigadas foram observadas em pelo menos uma espécie dentro de cada Filo, com exceção de flavanonóis que não foram encontrados nos extratos de algas verdes. O conteúdo de compostos fenólicos foi o principal responsável pelas atividades de sequestro do DPPH, FRAP e FIC nas algas verdes e vermelhas. Nas pardas esses compostos só influenciaram no FRAP. β-Caroteno e luteína foram quantificados em todos os extratos de algas verdes, vermelhas e pardas, sendo a luteína o carotenóide majoritário nas clorófitas e rodófitas. Com exceção das algas pardas que naturalmente não possuem α-caroteno, apenas os extratos de cinco espécies de clorófitas e rodófitas não apresentaram esse composto. Todos os extratos analisados apresentaram α-tocoferol, menos Ulva fasciata e U. lactuca. Extratos de onze espécies apresentaram δ-tocoferol. As atividades antioxidantes e os teores de compostos detectados nos extratos algáceos foram distintos, mas todos eles apresentaram potencial antioxidante.

Au Nunavik, il est recommandé aux femmes inuites enceintes et allaitantes de consommer un bouillon à base de poisson, car cela favoriserait la croissance du bébé pendant la grossesse et l’allaitement. Cependant, celles-ci ont une demande nutritionnelle plus élevée et les carences en fer (Fe) et en calcium (Ca) sont fréquentes. De plus, certaines espèces de poissons peuvent être riches en métaux et métalloïdes potentiellement toxiques, tels que le mercure (Hg) et l’arsenic (As), mais peu est connu sur le transfert de ceux-ci vers le bouillon. Ce projet visait à optimiser le bouillon à base de poisson en mesurant les nutriments (potassium (K), Ca, magnésium (Mg), Fe, zinc (Zn), sélénium (Se)) et les métaux et les métalloïdes potentiellement toxiques (Hg, As, cadmium (Cd)) dans diverses espèces de poissons (omble de fontaine (Salvelinus fontinalis), grand corégone (Coregonus clupeaformis), truite grise (Salvelinus namaycush), omble chevalier (Salvelinus alpinus)) et d’autres ingrédients comme les algues (Alaria esculenta), les moules (Mytilus edulis) et les myes (Mya truncata) qui peuvent être riches en Fe et en Ca et augmenter le contenu nutritionnel du bouillon. Nous avions aussi regardé l’utilisation d’un produit commercial, le Lucky Iron Fish (LIF)®, pour augmenter la teneur en Fe du bouillon. Pour évaluer l’effet de la cuisson sur les concentrations dans les ingrédients et le transfert potentiel des nutriments, des métaux et des métalloïdes vers le bouillon, les tissus crus et cuits ainsi que les bouillons ont été comparés. Les analyses incluaient la spéciation du Hg et de l’As dans quelques ingrédients ainsi que la bioaccessibilité des nutriments et des métaux et des métalloïdes potentiellement toxiques dans les algues et les bivalves. La plupart des espèces de poissons étaient d’excellentes sources de K, Mg, Zn et Se, tandis que les algues et les bivalves étaient des sources excellentes de Ca, Mg et Zn et en Fe pour les bivalves. Le LIF était une source potentielle de Fe lorsqu’il était préconditionné dans de l’eau acidifié à un pH de 3,5 et qu’une femme enceinte consommait environ 20 tasses ou 5 L du bouillon en une journée pour avoir des apports similaires à ceux du manufacturier. Les concentrations en métaux et en métalloïdes pour la plupart des ingrédients étaient inférieures à la 2 valeur maximale recommandée pour les ingrédients commerciaux, à l’exception des grosses truites grises qui présentaient des concentrations élevées en Hg surtout dans les joues et les muscles. Cependant, de faibles concentrations en Hg ont été mesurées dans le bouillon de poisson. L’étude de la spéciation du Hg a révélé que les poissons contenaient plus de 90 % de méthylmercure, à l’exception de l’omble chevalier avec 80 %, alors que les autres ingrédients en contenaient moins de 50 %. Deux tissus d’algues crues et les bouillons des deux espèces de poisson (surtout la truite grise) présentaient des niveaux d’As supérieurs à la valeur recommandée. Les algues contenaient environ 40 % d’arsénosucres et 33 % d’arsénolipides et les bivalves contenaient moins de 20 % d’arsénosucres et 66 à 73 % d’arsénolipides. Les truites grises et leurs bouillons contenaient plus de 90 % d’arsénobétaïne. Les enzymes utilisées pour les tests de bioaccessibilité étaient riches en plusieurs métaux essentiels mesurés ; la bioaccessibilité de ces métaux n’a donc pas été quantifiée pour ceux-ci. La bioaccessibilité des métaux et des métalloïdes potentiellement toxiques chez les algues et les bivalves était de 100 % pour le Cd, de 40 % pour l’As total pour les algues et 100 % pour les bivalves, et a varié entre 25 et 50 % pour le Hg total (à l’exception de deux échantillons d’algues à 75 %). D’après nos résultats, tous les bouillons réalisés à partir des différentes espèces de poisson ainsi que leurs différentes parties sont sécuritaires à la consommation pour les femmes enceintes et allaitantes, hormis les muscles et les joues de grosses truites grises. Cependant, le bouillon fait avec de grosses truites grises peut être consommé. De plus, les algues et les bivalves sont d’excellents ingrédients à ajouter à la recette pour optimiser sa teneur en nutriments. Une recette optimale serait donc faite d’un poisson autre que la grosse truite grise, et des algues et des bivalves y seraient ajoutés et consommés en entier pour avoir l’apport nutritionnel de ses ingrédients. / In Nunavik, it is recommended to pregnant and breastfeeding Inuit women to consume fish-based broth because it is said to help the baby’s growth during pregnancy and with lactation. However, these women have a higher nutritional demand and iron (Fe) and calcium (Ca) deficiencies are quite common. Additionally, some fish species can be high in potentially toxic metal(loid)s such mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) and it is unknown to what extent these can transfer to the broth. This project aims to optimize the fish-based broth by measuring the nutrients (potassium (K), Ca, magnesium (Mg), Fe, zinc (Zn), selenium (Se)) and potentially toxic metal(loid)s (Hg, As, cadmium (Cd)) in various fish species (brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)) and other ingredients like seaweed (Alaria esculenta), mussels (Mytilus edulis) and clams (Mya truncata) which can be rich in Fe and in Ca and increase the nutritional content of the broth. We also looked at the use of a commercial product, the Lucky Iron Fish (LIF)®, to increase the Fe content of the broth. To investigate the effect of cooking on the concentration of various ingredients and the potential transfer of nutrients and metal(loid)s to the broth, raw and cooked tissues and their broth were compared. Analysis included Hg and As speciation in various ingredients as well as the bioaccessibility of the nutrients and potentially toxic metal(loid)s in seaweeds and bivalves. Most fish species were excellent sources of K, Mg, Zn and Se, while seaweeds and bivalves were excellent sources of Ca, Mg and Zn and Fe for bivalves. The LIF was a potential source of Fe when preconditioned in water acidified to a pH level of 3.5 and a pregnant woman consumed approximately 20 cups or 5 L of the broth in a day to have intakes similar to those of the manufacturer. Most ingredients had metal(loid) concentration below the maximum recommended value for commercial ingredients except for large lake trout which had high Hg concentration especially in the cheeks and the muscles. However, low concentrations of Hg were measured in the fish broth. Study of Hg speciation showed that fish contained more than 90% of methylmercury 4 except for Arctic char with 80%, while the other ingredients contained less than 50%. Two raw seaweed tissues and the broth of both fish species (especially lake trout) had As levels above the recommended value. Seaweeds contained roughly 40% arsenosugars and 33% arsenolipids and bivalves contained fewer than 20% arsenosugars and 66–73% arsenolipids. Lake trouts and their broths contained more than 90% arsenobetaine. The enzymes used for the bioaccessibility test were rich in several essential metals measured; bioaccessibility of these metals were therefore not quantified. Bioaccessibility of potentially toxic metal(loid)s in seaweeds and bivalves was 100% for Cd, 40% for total As for seaweeds and 100% for bivalves and varied between 25 and 50% for total Hg (with the exception of two seaweed samples at 75%). According to our results, all broths made from different species of fish as well as their different parts are safe for consumption by pregnant and breastfeeding women, except the muscles and cheeks of large lake trout. However, broth made with large lake trout can be consumed. Additionally, seaweeds and bivalves are excellent ingredients to add to the recipe to optimize its nutrient content. An optimal recipe would then be made with a fish other than large lake trout, and seaweed and bivalves will be added and consumed entirely to obtain the nutritional contribution of these ingredients.

Une perte des forêts marines de grandes algues brunes a été observée dans les récentes décennies, causant un changement des écosystèmes et une réduction de la biodiversité. Dans le cadre du projet MMMPA, ce travail de thèse vise à répondre à certaines importantes questions liées à la conservation et à la restauration des forêts d'algues, au rôle des Aires Marines Protégées (AMPs) et les poissons herbivores. Les résultats des expériences sur le terrain ont montré que les poissons herbivores indigènes, probablement Salpa Sarpa (saupes), peuvent être les herbivores les plus efficace des ceintures intertidales de Cystoseira. En effet, les saupes affectent fortement la croissance, la biomasse et la reproduction des forêts naturelles et limitent le succès de la restauration sur des substrats artificiels. Le rôle des poissons herbivores a probablement été négligé dans la régulation des communautés macroalgales Méditerranéennes. Une revue de la littérature existante a montré une amélioration de l'intérêt scientifique (articles publiés) sur les espèces formant les forêts marines, au cours des dernières décennies. Cependant, la plupart de la recherche scientifique n’est pas en relation avec les AMPs, probablement parce que les forêts marines ne sont pas toujours considérées pendant la création des AMPs et dans les plans de gestion. Les études sur les forêts marines étant concentrée dans les pays développés, elles ne sont pas réparties de manière homogène dans le monde. / Loss of marine forests of large brown seaweeds has been observed in recent decades, causing a reduction of ecosystem biodiversity. In the framework of the MMMPA project, this PhD aimed to address some important topics related to the conservation and restoration of algal forests, the role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and fish herbivory. Different approaches were used: macroalgae surveys, literature reviews, manipulative experiments, tank-based experiments and GIS habitat mapping. Results from field experiments showed that native herbivorous fish, likely Sarpa salpa (salemas), can be the most effective herbivore of intertidal Cystoseira belts both on natural and artificial substrates. Indeed, salemas strongly affected the growth, biomass and reproductive output of natural forests and limited restoration success on artificial substrates. Likely, the role of the herbivorous fish in structuring macroalgal communities has been overlooked in the Mediterranean Sea so far. A review of the existing literature showed that knowledge on marine forests forming species has improved in recent decades. However, most of the research is not in relation to MPAs, likely due to the fact that marine forests are not always included in MPAs planning and management plans. Studies on marine forests are not homogeneously distributed in the world, being concentrated in the developed countries. Interestingly, an increase of the scientific interest (published papers) was observed. Nowadays, marine forests are under continuous threats and especially sensitive to multiple impacts.