Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:59:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 453266.pdf: 4427206 bytes, checksum: 875df6097aa0d8c0eb37b5aefb426750 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-10 / The Lycopodium genus plants contain secondary metabolites that make them a potential source of pharmacologically active compounds. The extract of the specie Lycopodium clavatum L. presents anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. The supercritical fluid extraction has several advantages compared to traditional extraction techniques. Therefore, this study aimed metabolites Lycopodium clavatum L. extraction thru supercritical CO2 process. The supercritical fluid pressure and temperature as well the pretreatment time (soaking the plant in basic solution) influences in lycopodine alkaloid content in the extract were evaluated by an incomplete factorial design with three factors and three levels (Box-Behnken) and response surface methodology. The extract was subjected to Stas-Otto acid-base process and then analyzed by mass spectrometry coupled gas chromatography. The content of lycopodine was defined by normalizing peak areas of the chromatogram. The pressure was evaluated between 200 and 300 bar, the temperature between 40 to 60?C and the immersion time was zero to two hours. Oniy pressure and temperature were statistically significant, for this reason they are ideal parameters for extraction: 300 bar, 40?C, without immersion of the plant in the alkaline solution. Under these conditions we obtained a content of 20.19% of lycopodine the final extract was raised and the yield curve as a function of extraction time. This curve was modeled mathematically, with good fit, for models of Crank (1975), Sovov? (1994) and Reverchon (1996). Thus parameters related the mass transfer were estimated such as difusion coefficient and mass transfer coefficient, which are important for scale-.up and process simulation. In this study, the extraction with supercritical CO2 was found toe technically feasible to obtain lycopodine, since it is more selective and with higher yields compared to the ethanol extraction case. / Plantas do g?nero Lycopodium cont?m metab?litos secund?rios que as tornam uma potencial fonte de compostos farmacologicamente ativos. O extrato da esp?cie Lycopodium clavatum L. apresenta atividade anticolinester?sica, anti-inflamat?ria, antibacteriana, antiviral e antif?ngica. A extra??o com fluido supercr?tico, frente a t?cnicas tradicionais de extra??o, apresenta diversas vantagens quando aplicada a diferentes esp?cies vegetais. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo a aplica??o do processo com CO2 supercr?tico para a extra??o de metab?litos da Lycopodium clavatum L. Foram avaliadas, atrav?s de um planejamento fatorial incompleto com tr?s fatores e tr?s n?veis (Box-Behnken) e da metodologia de superf?cie de resposta, as influ?ncias da press?o e temperatura do fluido supercr?tico e do tempo de pr?-tratamento (imers?o da planta em solu??o b?sica) no teor do alcal?ide licopodina no extrato. O extrato era purificado pelo processo ?cido-base de Stas-Otto e ent?o analisado por cromatografia gasosa acoplada ? espectrometria de massas, sendo o teor de licopodina definido pela normaliza??o das ?reas dos picos do cromatograma. A press?o foi avaliada entre 200 e 300 bar, a temperatura entre 40 a 60?C e o tempo de imers?o foi de zero a duas horas. Apenas press?o e temperatura foram estatisticamente significativas, sendo ent?o par?metros ideais para a extra??o: 300 bar, 40?C, sem a imers?o da planta na solu??o alcalina. Nessas condi??es, obteve-se um teor de 20,29% de licopodina no extrato final e foi levantada a curva de rendimento da extra??o em fun??o tempo. A curva foi modelada matematicamente, com bom ajuste, pelos modelos de Crank (1975), Sovov? (1994) e Reverchon (1996). Assim, foram estimados par?metros relacionados ? transfer?ncia de massa, importantes para simula??o e scale-up do processo, tais como o coeficiente de difus?o e coeficientes de transfer?ncia de massa. Nesse estudo, a extra??o com CO2 supercr?tico mostrou-se tecnicamente vi?vel para a obten??o de licopodina, sendo mais seletiva em rela??o ao processo de extra??o com etanol.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2015-05-15T12:04:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 468567 - Texto Completo.pdf: 3711593 bytes, checksum: 32dee061e07f3464cbf1a35564001f4c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T12:04:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 468567 - Texto Completo.pdf: 3711593 bytes, checksum: 32dee061e07f3464cbf1a35564001f4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22 / Eucalyptus is an economically important woody species, especially as a raw material in many industrial sectors. Brazil ranks the second worldwide position in acreage, totalizing approximately three million hectares. Eucalyptus species are very susceptible to pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea (gray mold), which leads to mortality of cuttings in rooting phase. Biological control of plant diseases using soil microorganisms has been considered an alternative to reduce the use of pesticides and pathogen attack. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria can act directly on plant development for production of phytohormones or indirectly as antagonists to pathogens, as well as promote changes in secondary metabolism, and hence inducing of systemic resistance. In this study, the direct roleof Streptomyces isolates in plant development was evaluated through the production of auxin and rhizogenic potential in Eucalyptus grandis and E. globulus plants, as well as indirectly, by modulation of the secondary metabolism, and induction of sistemic resistence in plantselicited with Streptomyces sp. and challenged with the pathogenic fungus B. cinerea. Metabolic responses were evaluated throughactivity of plant defense enzymes (PPO and POX) and induced secondary compounds (total phenolics and quercetinic-flavonoids fraction). The incidence and progression of gray mold disease on plants elicited Streptomyces sp. PM9, and coculture of these microorganisms (Streptomyces and B. cinerea) were also evaluated. Streptomyces sp. PM5 and PM9 isolates produced more auxin than the other isolates tested. Streptomyces sp. PM9 showed the highest rhizogenic potential on Eucalyptus sp. and modulated secondary metabolism of these plants. Antagonism of this isolated over B. cinerea was evidenced. Plants elicited with Streptomyces sp. PM9 and challenged with B. cinerea showed changes in PPO and POX enzymes and levels of phenolic compounds at different time points of analysis, which may be related to initial defense response. Phenolic compounds chlorogenic acid and gallic acid were, on average, the most abundant, while caffeic acid, benzoic acidand catechin were induced at specific time points. A delay in the onset of disease was significant in plants of E. grandis elicited with Streptomyces. The induction of resistance, disease delay and antagonism against B. cinereaindicate the capacity of Streptomyces sp. PM9 as an inducer of plant systemic resistance, and poses this microorganism as a potential candidate for biological control programs in nurseries of Eucalyptus. Interaction of rhizobacteria with eucalyptus plant, as well as the modulation of defense mechanisms may contribute to the establishment of new biocontrol strategies applied to forestry. / O eucalipto ? uma esp?cie lenhosa economicamente importante, destacando-se como mat?riaprima em diversos setores industriais. O Brasil ocupa a segunda posi??o mundial em ?rea plantada, totalizando aproximadamente tr?s milh?es de hectares. As esp?cies de eucalipto s?o muito suscet?veis a pat?genos como Botrytis cinerea (mofo-cinzento), o qual leva ? mortalidade de estacas em fase de enraizamento. O controle biol?gico de doen?as em plantas utilizando microrganismos do solo tem sido considerado uma alternativa para reduzir o uso de agroqu?micos e o ataque de pat?genos. Rizobact?rias promotoras de crescimento vegetal podem agir diretamente no desenvolvimento das plantaspela produ??o de fitorm?niosou indiretamente, como antagonistas a fungos patog?nicos, al?m de causar altera??es no metabolismo secund?rio, com consequente indu??o de resist?ncia sist?mica. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a a??o direta no desenvolvimento vegetal de isolados rizobacterianos do g?nero Streptomyces atrav?s da produ??o de auxinas e potencial rizog?nico de Eucalyptus grandis e E. globulus, bem como oefeito modulador no metabolismo secund?rioe a indu??o de resist?ncia sist?mica em plantas eliciadas com Streptomyces sp. e desafiadas com o fungo patog?nico B. cinerea. As respostas metab?licas foram avaliadas atrav?s das atividades de enzimas realacionadas ? defesa vegetal (PPO e POX) e dos compostos secund?rios induzidos (compostos fen?licos totais e fra??o flavon?ides quercet?nicos). A incid?ncia e progress?o da doen?a mofo cinzento em plantas eliciadas com Streptomyces sp. PM9, e cocultivo destes microrganismos (Streptomyces e B.cinerea) tamb?m foram avaliados. Os isolados de Streptomycessp.PM5 e PM9 apresentaram maior produ??o de auxina que os demais isolados testados. Streptomyces sp.PM9 apresentou o maior potencial rizog?nico em plantas de Eucalyptus sp. emodulou o metabolismo secund?rio destas plantas. Oantagonismo deste isolado sobre B. cinerea foi evidenciado.As plantas eliciadas com Streptomyces sp. PM9 e desafiadas com B. cinereaapresentaram altera??es nas enzimas PPO e POXe nos n?veis de compostos fen?licos totais em diferentes tempos de an?lise, as quais foram relacionadas ? resposta inicial de defesa.Os compostos fen?licos ?cido g?lico e clorog?nico foram, em m?dia, os mais abundantes, embora os ?cidos cafeico e benzoico e a catequina tenham sido induzidos em momentos espec?ficos. O retardo no estabelecimento da doen?a foi significativo em plantas de E. grandis eliciadas com Streptomyces. Os resultados de indu??o de resist?ncia, retardo da doen?a eantagonismocontra B.cinerea, demonstram a capacidade de a??o de Streptomycessp. PM9 como indutor de resist?ncia sist?mica vegetal, colocando este microrganismo como potencial candidato aos programas de controle biol?gico em viveiros de mudas de Eucalyptus. A intera??o da planta de eucalipto com a rizobact?ria, bem como a modula??o dos mecanismos de defesa podem contribuir para o estabelecimento de novas estrat?giasde biocontrole aplicado ? silvicultura.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-01-26T10:49:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Rafaela Scalise Xavier de Freitas.pdf: 1344462 bytes, checksum: 1e3669fc0b4da746d7a41a31525f3492 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T10:49:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Rafaela Scalise Xavier de Freitas.pdf: 1344462 bytes, checksum: 1e3669fc0b4da746d7a41a31525f3492 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This survey was divided into two chapters, the first one producing and characterizing Urochloa humidicola methanol extract in order to present secondary metabolites classes and bromathological and chemical composition. These metabolites have several functions within the plant and are associated to defense system, protecting the environment where they have been living. These compounds have been used on animal feed in the reason presenting antimicrobial properties that could be employed for inducing ruminal fermentation. Phytochemical screening tests and chemical composition of U. humidicola methanol extract and in natura plant were carried out on this present survey. The following secondary compounds classes: saponins, tannins, flavonoids, non-protein amino acids, cardiotive glycosides, steroids, tripernoids, catechins and saccharides were indentified U. humidicola methanol extract in regarding to in natura plant showed 10,20% and 5,17% crude protein concentrations, 35% and 1,51% lipids and 9,59% aand 39,92% non-fibrous carbohydrates, respectively. These results might be explained by percolation with methanol extraction methods extracting only soluble constituents transporting silted protein, lipids and ash to the extract. The second chapter of this survey aimed evaluating U. humidicola extract addition effect containing saponin associated to U. brizantha assessing gases production, (methane and carbon dioxide), ruminal kinetics, dry matter degradation and short chain fatty acids production (SCFA: acetate, propionate and butyrate), as well. Plant extracts have been an alternative inducing ruminal fermentation by secondary metabolites in the reason they are from natural sources and with no residue hazards in products like meat and milk. Ruminal fermentation induction could reduce methane production, as well as, increase acetate: propionate ratio and improve food degradation. Four U. humidicola methanol extract concentrations (0, 75, 150 and 250 g/L) on U. brizantha degradability by in vitro gases production were tested. At 150 g/L extract concentration gas production from fibrous carbohydrates was 118,21 mL. However, the highest fiber concentration rate occurred at 150 g/L. Increasing extract concentrations (75, 150 and 250 g/L) soluble fraction values were: 10,27; 7,46 and 14,07%, respectively. Effective ruminal degradability at 75, 150 and 250 g/L concentrations for passage rates for an animal in maintenance were 38,53%, 27,71% and 20,30%, respectively. Extract concentrations increase exerted a linear effect (P<0.05) on ruminal pH values being more evident at high extract concentration (250 g/L) as 5,73 and 5,43 at 12 and 24 hs, respectively. CO2 averages in regarding to incubated and degraded dry matter did not differ with extract concentrations increase at 12 hs. Methane averages in regarding to incubated and degraded dry matter were no significative by regression analysis. Treatment at 250 g/L concentration presented the lowest value for methane at 12 hs. At 75 g/L concentration, total SCFA (acetic, propionic and butyric acid) increase at 12 and 24 hs was reported. U. humidicola methanol extract different concentration addition improved U. brizantha fermentation kinects parameters at 150 g/L and 250 g/L concentrations. However, negative effect on U. brizantha dry matter degradation and ruminal pH values according to extract concentrations increase was reported. Strong correlation between pH values and dry matter degradation (p=0,61, P<0,05) was presented. Carbon dioxide concentration increased, as well as, methane production decreased U. humidicola crude methanol extract presented potential for use as ruminal fermentation promoter. New studies about U. humidicola extract employing animals for justifying its efficiency as food additive should, furthermore, be developed. / Este trabalho foi dividido em dois cap?tulos, o primeiro teve por objetivo produzir e caracterizar o extrato metan?lico de Urochloa humidicola, com o intuito de conhecer as classes de metab?litos secund?rios presentes e a composi??o qu?mico-bromatol?gica. Estes metab?litos possuem diversas fun??es dentro dos vegetais e est?o associados ao sistema de defesa, os protegendo no ambiente que vivem. Estes compostos est?o sendo utilizados na alimenta??o animal por apresentarem propriedades antimicrobianas que podem ser empregadas para induzir a fermenta??o ruminal. Para este estudo foram realizados os testes de prospec??o fitoqu?mica e as an?lises de composi??o bromatol?gica do extrato metan?lico de U. humidicola e da U. humidicola in natura. Foram identificadas as seguintes classes de compostos secund?rios: saponinas, taninos, flavonoides, amino?cidos n?o proteicos, glicos?deos cardioativos, ester?ides e tripern?ides, catequinas e sacar?deos. O extrato metan?lico de U. humidicola em rela??o ? planta in natura, apresentaram concentra??es de prote?na bruta de 10,20% e 5,17%, e mat?ria mineral de 16,14% e 8,14%, extrato et?reo de 35% e 1,51%, carboidrato n?o fibroso, 9,59% e 39,92%, respectivamente. Esse resultado pode ser explicado pelo m?todo de extra??o que foi por percola??o com metanol, extraindo somente os constituintes sol?veis carreando somente prote?na, lip?deos e cinzas para o extrato. No segundo cap?tulo deste trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adi??o de extrato de U. humidicola contendo saponina, associada ? Urochloa brizantha, avaliando a produ??o de gases (metano e de di?xido de carbono), a cin?tica ruminal, a degrada??o da mat?ria seca e produ??o de ?cidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC; acetato, propionato e butirato). Os extratos vegetais de plantas s?o uma alternativa para induzir da fermenta??o ruminal por possu?rem metab?litos secund?rios, por serem de fontes naturais e sem riscos de res?duos nos produtos como carne e leite. A indu??o da fermenta??o ruminal pode reduzir a produ??o de metano, aumentar a rela??o de acetato: propionato e melhorar a degrada??o do alimento. Foram testados quatro concentra??es de extrato metan?lico de U. humidicola (0, 75, 150 e 250 g/L) sobre a degradabilidade da U. brizantha pela produ??o de gases in vitro. Na concentra??o de 150 g/L do extrato, a produ??o de g?s proveniente dos carboidratos fibrosos, foi de 118,21 mL. No entanto, a maior taxa de degrada??o dos carboidratos fibrosos ocorreu na concentra??o 150 g/L. Com o aumento das concentra??es de extrato (75, 150 e 250 g/L) os valores da fra??o sol?vel foram de 10,27; 7,46 e 14,07% respectivamente. A degradabilidade ruminal efetiva nas concentra??es de (75, 150 e 250 g/L) para as taxas de passagem para um animal em manten?a foram de 38,53%, 27,71% e 20,30%, respectivamente. O aumento das concentra??es de extrato exerceu um efeito linear (P<0,05) sobre os valores de pH ruminal, sendo mais evidente na alta concentra??o de extrato (250 g/L) que foi de 5,73 e 5,43 nos tempos de 12 e 24 horas, respectivamente. As m?dias de CO2 com rela??o ? mat?ria seca incubada e degradada n?o diferiram entre si com o aumento das concentra??es de extrato nos tempos de 12 horas. As m?dias de metano com base na mat?ria seca incubada e degradada n?o apresentaram signific?ncia para an?lise de regress?o. O tratamento com a concentra??o de 250 g/L de extrato apresentou menor valor para metano no tempo de 12 horas. A concentra??o de extrato (75 g/L) proporcionou um aumento do total de AGCC, ?cido ac?tico, ?cido propi?nico e ?cido but?rico tanto no tempo de 12 e 24 horas. A adi??o das diferentes concentra??es de extrato metan?lico de U. humidicola melhorou os par?metros da cin?tica da fermenta??o da U. brizantha nas concentra??es de 150 e 250 g/L. Mas causou um efeito negativo sobre a degrada??o da mat?ria seca da U. brizantha e no pH ruminal com o aumento das concentra??es de extrato. Existe uma forte correla??o entre os valores de pH e degrada??o da mat?ria seca (?=0,61, P<0,05). Aumentou as concentra??es de g?s carb?nico e reduziu a produ??o de metano. O extrato metan?lico bruto de U. humidicola tem potencial para uso como indutor da fermenta??o ruminal. ? necess?rio ? purifica??o e o isolamento da saponina do extrato para comprovar o efeito ben?fico sobre a fermenta??o ruminal. S?o imprescind?veis novos estudos com o extrato de U. humidicola, utilizando animais para se comprovar a efici?ncia na utiliza??o como aditivo alimentar

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-03T14:33:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jo?o Kleber da Costa Fernandes.pdf: 3419179 bytes, checksum: 438592497d93b0e2004465d0aa5c057c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T14:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jo?o Kleber da Costa Fernandes.pdf: 3419179 bytes, checksum: 438592497d93b0e2004465d0aa5c057c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / Lauraceae Juss. is a pantropical and economically important plant family, consisting of 50 genera and approximately 3,000 species, mostly found in humid forests. Several species are important resource in the construction timber, spice, essential oil, and medicinal plants. Among the 22 genera of Lauraceae occurring in Brazil, Urbandodendron Mez. is a genus with three species found in Southeastern Brazil and in Bahia state. Due to the complexity of that group, several classification systems have been proposed to the family. The most recent system suggests the division of the Lauroidea subfamily into three tribes, based on inflorescence morphology and on characters of wood and bark anatomy. On the other hand, Urbanodendron has not been included in that classification, since there are no studies on wood anatomy for that genus up to date. This study aims to provide information that can support Lauraceae taxonomy by describing wood characters of Urbanodendron bahiense (Meisn.) and U. verrucosum (Ness) Mez., followed by a literature review on the wood anatomy of other 21 genera of Lauraceae. Wood samples of both species were collected with an increment borer and processed based on usual techniques of optical and scanning electron microscopy. In order to verify if environmental factors may affect wood structure, samples were collected in Lowland and Submontane Ombrophilous Dense Forest remnants located in two conservation units in Rio de Janeiro state, the Parque Natural Municipal do Curi? and the Reserva Biol?gica de Po?o das Antas. A Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) was used to evaluate how wood anatomy characters may support an intrafamiliar diagnosis in Lauraceae. The comparative analysis between the wood anatomies of U. bahiense e U. verrucosum indicated a homogeneous wood structure for both species, as observed in the other genera of Lauraceae, showing the following wood anatomical characters: growth ring boundaries distinct; porosity diffuse, solitary vessels and radial multiplex of 2-4, circular to oval outline, exclusively simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits; septate fibre; axial parenchyma paratracheal vasicentric; uniseriate and multiseriate (2-3 cells) rays; presence of phenolic compounds, mucilage and oil cells. Both species differ only in the location and frequency of oil/mucilage cells. The PCoA showed that wood anatomical characters effectively supported the diagnosis of tribes Cryptocaryeae, Laureae and Perseeae. The structure of the secondary xylem in Urbanodendronhave characters which are common to genera Aniba, Licaria, Nectandra, Ocotea and Persea, all belonging to tribe Perseeae, suggesting the placement of Urbanodendron in that same tribe. There were no quantitative statistically significant differences between cell elements present in individuals from both forest remnants. / Lauraceae Juss. ? uma fam?lia de grande import?ncia econ?mica sendo empregada na culin?ria, na perfumaria e na ind?stria farmac?utica, na fabrica??o de papel, em marcenaria e constru??o civil. As esp?cies t?m distribui??o pantropical, ocorrem nas florestas tropicais e subtropicais, em ambientes ?midos. A fam?lia ? constitu?da por 50 g?neros e aproximadamente cerca de 3.000 esp?cies. No Brasil s?o encontrados 22 g?neros, dentre eles Urbandodendron Mez, constitu?do por tr?s esp?cies, cuja distribui??o est? restrita aos estados do Sudeste e Bahia. Diversas classifica??es foram propostas devido a complexidade do grupo. O sistema de classifica??o mais recente sugere a divis?o da subfam?lia Lauroidea em tr?s tribos baseada na morfologia da infloresc?ncia e na anatomia do lenho e da casca. No entanto, Urbanodendron n?o ? citado nesta classifica??o, devido aus?ncia de estudos sobre a anatomia do lenho para o g?nero, at? o momento. O presente estudo tem como objetivo fornecer subs?dios ? taxonomia de Lauraceae, por meio da descri??o das caracter?sticas do lenho de Urbanodendron bahiense (Meisn.) e U. verrucosum (Ness) Mez, e de uma revis?o sobre a anatomia do lenho de 21 g?neros pertencentes ? fam?lia. Al?m de avaliar se as varia??es ambientais encontradas em Floresta Ombr?fila Densa de terras baixas e submontana promovem mudan?as significativas na estrutura do lenho. As amostras foram coletadas atrav?s de m?todos n?o destrutivos e processadas de acordo com as t?cnicas usuais para observa??o do lenho em microscopia ?ptica e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. Os indiv?duos provem de duas ?reas de estudo do estado do Rio de Janeiro: O Parque Natural Municipal do Curi? e a Reserva Biol?gica de Po?o das Antas. Para a revis?o foram feitos levantamentos em bases de dados e peri?dicos especializados. A an?lise de coordenadas principais (PCoA) foi utilizada para avaliar como os caracteres anat?micos do lenho podem auxiliar no diagn?stico infrafamiliar em Lauraceae A partir do estudo comparativo da anatomia do lenho de U. bahiense e U. verrucosum foi poss?vel verificar que o lenho apresenta uma estrutura homog?nea como os demais g?neros da fam?lia, que incluem: camadas de crescimento distintas; porosidade difusa, vasos solit?rios e m?ltiplos radiais de 2-4 c?lulas, placa de perfura??o exclusivamente simples e pontoa??es intervasculares alternas; fibras septadas; par?nquima axial paratraqueal vasic?ntrico; raios unisseriados e multisseriados (2-3 c?lulas), integrados por c?lulas procumbentes na por??o central e eretas ou quadradas nas margens; presen?a de subst?ncias fen?licas, c?lulas ole?feras/mucilaginosas associadas ao raio. As esp?cies estudadas diferiram apenas na localiza??o e frequ?ncia das c?lulas ole?feras/mucilaginosas. A an?lise de coordenadas principais mostrou que os caracteres anat?micos do lenho auxiliam no diagn?stico das tribos Cryptocaryeae, Laureae e Perseeae. A estrutura do xilema secund?rio de Urbanodendron apresenta caracteres comuns aos g?neros Aniba, Licaria, Nectandra, Ocotea e Persea que pertencem ? tribo Perseeae, sugerindo o posicionamento do g?nero estudado nessa mesma tribo. A an?lise quantitativa dos elementos celulares encontrados nos indiv?duos de ambas as esp?cies, das duas forma??es vegetais, n?o apresentou diferen?as estat?sticas

Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-01-05T12:08:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 hudson_bernardes_nunes_oliveira.pdf: 547878 bytes, checksum: 66378b8548d84c2a55ae2734b5c7395b (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-01-05T12:08:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 hudson_bernardes_nunes_oliveira.pdf: 547878 bytes, checksum: 66378b8548d84c2a55ae2734b5c7395b (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-01-05T12:09:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 hudson_bernardes_nunes_oliveira.pdf: 547878 bytes, checksum: 66378b8548d84c2a55ae2734b5c7395b (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-05T12:09:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 hudson_bernardes_nunes_oliveira.pdf: 547878 bytes, checksum: 66378b8548d84c2a55ae2734b5c7395b (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de uma mistura comercial de ?leos essenciais (capsaicina, eugenol, cinamalde?do e carvacrol) microencapsulados, com inclus?es crescentes sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, desempenho e a composi??o do leite de 20 vacas Holandesas prim?paras. O delineamento adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo em esquema 4 ? 3 ? 5. A dieta experimental foi formulada para atender ?s exig?ncias dos animais e as doses de ?leos essenciais testadas foram de 0; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5 gramas por animal ao dia. O experimento teve dura??o de 60 dias e foi divido em tr?s per?odos de 20 dias cada, com as coletas de alimentos, sobras, fezes e leite realizadas nos ?ltimos tr?s dias para posterior an?lise e c?lculos. A an?lise de vari?ncia foi realizada para todas as vari?veis usando modelo linear e, quando os efeitos foram significativos (P<0,05), o teste t-Student foi aplicado para discriminar as m?dias de quadrados m?nimos e quando n?o significativos, foi realizada uma an?lise descritiva. As correla??es existentes entre as medidas tomadas no mesmo animal e a produ??o antes do in?cio do experimento foi usada como covari?vel para verificar se a produ??o pr?via influenciou o resultado. N?o houve intera??o entre os tratamentos e os per?odos avaliados e o efeito dos tratamentos n?o foi significativo (P>0,05) para as vari?veis consumo, digestibilidade, desempenho e composi??o do leite. Mas, avaliando separadamente os per?odos testados, encontrou-se diminui??o significativa (P<0,05) na produ??o de leite e aumento nas concentra??es de s?lidos totais (ST). N?o houve diferen?a (P>0,05) para os teores de extrato seco desengordurado e contagem de c?lulas som?ticas. Concluiu-se que o composto de ?leos essenciais n?o teve intera??o com os per?odos estudados e os n?veis usados n?o influenciaram as vari?veis consumo, digestibilidade, produ??o e composi??o do leite de vacas holandesas prim?paras, indicando a necessidade de maiores estudos sobre o assunto. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2013. / ABSTRACT Aimed to evaluate the effects of a commercial mixture of essential oils (capsaicin, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol) microencapsulated with increasing inclusion on intake, digestibility, performance and milk composition of primiparous Holstein cows 20.The design was completely randomized split plot with a 4 ? 3 ? 5 layout. The experimental diet was formulated to meet the requirements of the animals and the doses of essential oils tested were 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 grams per animal per day. The experiment lasted 60 days and was divided into three periods of 20 days each, with the collection of food scraps, feces and milk made in the last three days for further analysis and calculations. Analysis of variance was performed for all variables using linear model and when effects were significant (P <0.05), Student's T test was used to discriminate the least square means and when not significant, a descriptive analysis was performed.The correlations between the measures taken in the same animal and production before the start of the experiment was used as a covariate to determine whether the prior production influenced the outcome.There was no interaction between treatment and observation periods and the effect of the treatments was not significant (P> 0.05) for the variable intake, digestibility, performance and milk composition. But, evaluating separately tested periods, showed a significant decrease (P <0.05) on milk production and increased concentrations of total solids (TS).There was no difference (P> 0.05) to the levels of total solids and somatic cell count.It was concluded that the compound of essential oils had no interaction with the periods studied and the levels used did not influence variables intake, digestibility, milk production and composition of primiparous Holstein cows, indicating the need for further studies on the subject.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-02-21T21:54:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielleMacedoPereira_TESE.pdf: 7916343 bytes, checksum: 47f4f16d292c186e81c42187080b1343 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-02-23T21:04:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielleMacedoPereira_TESE.pdf: 7916343 bytes, checksum: 47f4f16d292c186e81c42187080b1343 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-23T21:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielleMacedoPereira_TESE.pdf: 7916343 bytes, checksum: 47f4f16d292c186e81c42187080b1343 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O bioma Caatinga ? exclusivamente brasileiro, marcado pelo clima semi?rido. Este bioma se destaca pelo alto ?ndice de endemismo e desconhecimento cient?fico ao seu respeito. Para sobreviver neste ambiente, as plantas desenvolveram mecanismos intr?nsecos de percep??o dos sinais ambientais externos e suas respectivas respostas metab?licas. Dentre as esp?cies de ocorr?ncia no bioma Caatinga, como fonte de alcaloides bioativos, destaca-se Erythroxylum pungens, que apresenta potencial pouco explorado. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho ? investigar o proteoma total e o perfil metab?lico de E. pungens, aliado ? bioprospec??o de alcaloides trop?nicos com potencial citot?xico. Para isso, no cap?tulo 1 identificou-se, por espectrometria de massas, sete alcaloides trop?nicos conhecidos; 3-(2-metilbutiriloxi)tropan-6, 7-diol como tamb?m 3-(2-metilbutiriloxi)nortropan-6, 7-diol foram isolados e caracterizado por RMN 1D e 2D pela primeira vez. N,N-Dimetil-1-H-indol-3-etanamina foi isolado e caracterizado a partir de ra?zes de E. pungens. Al?m disso, verificou-se que alcaloides isolados de E. pungens, frente a cinco linhagens celulares, apontaram potencial seletivo de 3-(2-metilbutiriloxi)tropan-6, 7-diol contra c?lulas de tumorais de pr?stata. Para melhor conhecer a esp?cie e, com vistas na produ??o de alcaloides trop?nicos, trabalhou-se o proteoma e perfil alcalo?dico no cap?tulo 2. Dessa forma foi poss?vel identificar 1746 prote?nas nas folhas, 1779 no caule e 1026 na raiz de E. pungens. Atrav?s da recupera??o dos termos no Gene Ontology, observou-se os processos nos quais estas prote?nas est?o envolvidas, verificando o mesmo perfil de processos para os tr?s ?rg?os de E. pungens, com destaque para respostas a estresses bi?ticos, abi?ticos, qu?micos, al?m das respostas ao estresse oxidativo. Foram observados n?veis significativos de prote?nas envolvidas na fotoss?ntese das folhas de E. pungens, fotorrespira??o, al?m prote?nas relacionadas ?s respostas ao estresse: prote?nas da fam?lia 14-3-3, peroxidases, catalases, super?xido-dismutase e prote?nas de choque t?rmico, que tamb?m podem atuar no turnover prote?co. Ainda foram identificadas cinco prote?nas hom?logas a tropinona redutase na folha, e produ??o de alcaloide em todos os ?rg?os. No cap?tulo 3, por meio do experimento com esp?cimes de E. pungens submetidas a estresse h?drico por suspens?o de rega em casa de vegeta??o, notou-se que esta esp?cie investe no aumento de prote?nas relacionadas ?s respostas ao estresse h?drico, aumenta significativamente o teor de prolina livre no citosol. Ademais, mat?m a produ??o de alcaloides que parecem estar mais relacionado a fase de desenvolvimento da planta. Com isso, os resultados deste trabalho busca contribuir para a fitoqu?mica e fisiologia de E. pungens, assim como promove o uso racional da esp?cie, e consequentemente a conserva??o do bioma Caatinga. / Caatinga biome is exclusive brazilian, marked by semi-arid climate. This biome stands out for the high endemism index and scientific unfamiliarity.To survive in this environment with peculiar edaphoclimatic conditions, plants show evolution of intrinsic mechanisms of external environmental signals perception and their respectives metabolic responses. Among the occurrence genera in Caatinga biome, as bioactive alkaloids source, the Erythroxylum pungens species, which has unexplored potential, is outstanding. Thus, the objective of this work is to investigate total proteome and metabolic fingerprint of E. pungens, together with tropane alkaloids bioprospection with cytotoxic potential. For this, in chapter 1 it was possible to identify, by mass spectrometry, seven known tropane alkaloids; 3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)tropan-6, 7-diol as well as 3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)tropan-6, 7-diol were isolated and characterized by 1D and 2D NMR for the first time. N,N-Dimethyl-1-H-indol-3-ethanamine was isolated and characterized from roots of E. punctures. In addition, it was found that alkaloids isolated from E. pungens, against five cell lines, indicated selective potential of 3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)tropan-6, 7-diol against prostate tumor cells. In chapter 2, it was possible to identify 1746 proteins in the leaves, 1779 in the stem and 1026 in the root of E. pungens. Through the recovery of the GO terms, it was possible to evaluate processes in which these proteins are involved, verifying the same process profile for three organs of E. pungens, with emphasis on biotic, abiotic, chemical stress responses, as well as responses to oxidative stress. Were observed significant proteins levels involved in photosynthesis of E. pungens leaves, photorespiration, as well as many proteins related to stress responses: proteins from 14-3-3 family, peroxidases, catalases, superoxide dismutase and shock proteins, which can also act on protein turnover. Were still identificated five proteins homologous to tropinone reductase, and alkaloid production in all organs suggesting that even under chronic stress conditions, E. pungens maintains the production of these metabolites. In chapter 3, through specimens submission experiment of E. pungens to water stress by irrigation suspension in greenhouse, it was observed that this species invest in the increase of proteins related to the responses to water stress, it significantly increases free proline content in cytosol which functions as an important osmoprotector. Furthermore, maintains alkaloids production that appear to be more related to development stage of the plant than stress condition in which it is inserted. The results of this work seek to contribute to knowledge of E. pungens phytochemistry and physiology, as well as to promote the species and consequently conservation of Caatinga biome.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-06-02T22:15:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipeEmmanuelDoEspiritoSantoGomes_DISSERT.pdf: 3727906 bytes, checksum: 5ccaabce900c234137ecb8f5d64843dd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-08T18:54:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipeEmmanuelDoEspiritoSantoGomes_DISSERT.pdf: 3727906 bytes, checksum: 5ccaabce900c234137ecb8f5d64843dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-08T18:54:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipeEmmanuelDoEspiritoSantoGomes_DISSERT.pdf: 3727906 bytes, checksum: 5ccaabce900c234137ecb8f5d64843dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A criptococose, causada pelas esp?cies f?ngicas Cryptococcus neoformans e Cryptococcus gattii, ? uma das micoses oportun?sticas e/ou sist?micas mais importantes no mundo. Cada esp?cie possui quatro gen?tipos, usualmente definidos pelo PCR-RFLP do gene URA5, os quais apresentam diferen?as em sua ecologia, epidemiologia, distribui??o geogr?fica e susceptibilidade a antif?ngicos. Marcadores moleculares de acesso mais direto s?o atrativos para um r?pido reconhecimento de gen?tipos ou de carater?sticas relevantes como virul?ncia e susceptibilidade antif?ngica. Neste sentido, introns autocatal?ticos do grupo I, no rRNA LSU mitocondrial foram aqui avaliados como potencial marcador molecular para os gen?tipos de C. neoformans e C. gattii, bem como quanto a sua rela??o com a susceptibilidade a antif?ngicos. Foram utilizados 77 isolados brasileiros, sendo a maioria do gen?tipo VNI (39 cepas), seguido de 20 VGII, 5 VNIV, 4 VNII, 3 VNIII, 2 VGI, 2 VGIII e 2 VGIV. Os introns Cne.mL2449 e Cne.mL2504 foram amplificados em um s? PCR com primers complementares a regi?o do gene rRNA LSU flanqueadora dos introns. Os produtos de PCR mostraram um polimorfismo de comprimento significativo entre gen?tipos de C. neoformans e C. gattii. O sequenciamento destes produtos indicou que algumas cepas apresentaram nenhum, um, dois, tr?s ou quatro introns em s?rie. Estes dois novos introns, n?o descritos anteriormente, foram nomeados de Cne.mL2439 e Cne.mL2584 em C. neoformans e Cga.mL2439 e Cga.mL2584 em C. gattii. Os introns Cne.mL2439/Cga.mL2439 foram classificados como pertences a subclasse IB2 ao passo que Cne.mL2584/Cga.mL2584, pertencentes a subclasse IA1. Curiosamente, os gen?tipos com isolados sem introns, VNI, VGII, VGI e VNIV, s?o aqueles conhecidos como mais virulentos e menos suscept?veis a agentes antif?ngicos. De fato, tais isolados apresentaram MICs significativamente superiores para 5-flucitosina. Estes achados sugerem que estes elementos podem ser utilizados como potenciais marcadores moleculares para a resist?ncia deste antif?ngico. Por fim, an?lises filogen?ticas sugeriram alta similaridade de sequ?ncia entre os introns Cne.mL2449, Cne.mL2504, Cne.mL2439/Cga.mL2439 e Cne.mL2584/Cga.mL2584 com outros introns mitocondriais presentes nos genes COX1, COX2, COX3, NAD5, ATP9, COB, LSU de fungos distintos, sustentando a hip?tese de origem antiga dos introns (hip?tese ?introns early?), al?m da dispers?o destes elementos em s?tios heter?logos, via splicing reverso. / Cryptococcosis, caused by the fungal species Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii, is one of the most important systemic and/or opportunistic diseases in the world. Each species has four genotypes, usually accessed by PCR-RFLP of the URA5 gene, which present differences in their ecology, epidemiology, geographical distribution and antifungal susceptibility. Easier accessible molecular markers are attractive for rapid recognition of genotypes or relevant characteristics such as virulence and antifungal susceptibility. In this way, group I autocatalytic introns in the mitochondrial LSU rRNA were evaluated as potential molecular marker for the genotypes of C. neoformans and C. gatti, as well as their relationship to antifungal susceptibility. Seventy-seven Brazilian isolates were used, most of the genotype VNI (39 strains) followed by 20 VGII, 5 VNIV, 4 VNII, 3 VNIII, 2 VGI, 2 VGIII and 2 VGIV. The introns Cne.mL2449 and Cne.mL2504 were amplified in a single PCR with complementary primers to the flanking region of the introns LSU rRNA gene. PCR products showed a significant polymorphism between C. neoformans and C. gattii genotypes. Sequencing of the PCR products indicated that some strains had none, one, two, three or four introns followed. This new two introns, not previously described in the mitochondrial genome of Cryptococcus, were named Cne.mL2439 and Cne.mL2584 in C. neoformans and Cga.mL2439 and Cga.mL2584 in C. gattii. Cne.mL2439/Cga.mL2439 introns were classified as belonging to IB2, whereas Cne.mL2584/Cga.mL2584, as belonging IA1 subclass. Interestingly, genotypes with some intronless strains, VNI, VGII, VGI and VNIV, are those known to be more virulent and less susceptible to antifungal agents. Here, we observed that those intronless isolates had significant higher MICs values for 5-flucytosine. The findings suggest that these elements can be used as potential molecular markers for antifungal resistance. Finally, phylogenetic analyzes suggested high sequence similarity between the introns Cne.mL2449, Cne.mL2504, Cne.mL2439/Cga.mL2439 and Cne.mL2584/Cga.mL2584 with other mitochondrial introns present in the genes COX1, COX2, COX3, NAD5, ATP9, COB, LSU of fungi supporting the ?introns early? hypothesis, as well as its dispersion to heterologous sites by reverse splicing.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2018-07-12T20:09:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-RGV Tecla dos Santos Silva.pdf: 2247297 bytes, checksum: 4ad8767bfc78928e03453c4831326a56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T20:09:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-RGV Tecla dos Santos Silva.pdf: 2247297 bytes, checksum: 4ad8767bfc78928e03453c4831326a56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-28 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. (Anacardiaceae) is an endangered tree that has wood and medicinal potential. This work aimed to study the induction of in vitro buds of M. urundeuva and to analyze the calogenesis process, as well as qualitatively evaluate the chemical composition of different organs of the species submitted to different culture conditions. In the induction of shoots, silver nitrate (AgNO3) and plant regulators 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (KIN), meta-topoline (mT) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were evaluated using different explants (cotyledons, petiole, nodal, cotyledonary and apical segments). For calogenesis, combinations of 2,4-D, KIN and glutamine in leaf explants were tested. The callus growth curve was performed for 56 days (7 day intervals) and the reducing sugars (RS), sucrose and total soluble sugars (TSS) were quantified. For the phytochemical study, we used methanolic extracts from material grown in vitro, in a greenhouse and in a natural environment. It is possible the induction of buds in M. urundeuva from the explant cotyledon node with the use of BAP combined with NAA. Calogenesis is potentiated with the combination of 2,4-D, KIN and glutamine in the nutrient medium. The growth curve of the callus is sigmoidal. The carbohydrate content, except for RA, presents a distinct behavior, varying according to the growth curve phases of the callus. The type of cultivation influences the yield of extracts of M. urundeuva and there are differences in the production of secondary metabolites between the different organs of the species. / Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. (Anacardiaceae) ? uma ?rvore amea?ada de extin??o que possui potencial madeireiro e medicinal. Este trabalho objetivou estudar a indu??o de brotos in vitro de M. urundeuva e analisar o processo de calog?nese, bem como avaliar qualitativamente a composi??o qu?mica de diferentes ?rg?os da esp?cie submetida a distintas condi??es de cultivo. Na indu??o de brotos avaliou-se o uso do nitrato de prata (AgNO3) e dos reguladores vegetais 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP), cinetina (CIN), meta-topolina (mT) e ?cido naftalenoac?tico (ANA) sob distintos explantes (cotil?dones, pec?olo, segmentos nodais, cotiledonares e apicais). Para calog?nese testou-se combina??es de 2,4-D, CIN e glutamina em explantes foliares. Realizou-se a curva de crescimento dos calos durante 56 dias (intervalos de 7 dias) e quantificou-se os a??cares redutores (AR), sacarose e a??cares sol?veis totais (AST). Para o estudo fitoqu?mico, utilizou-se extratos metan?licos advindos de material cultivado in vitro, casa de vegeta??o e em ambiente natural. ? poss?vel a indu??o de brotos em M. urundeuva a partir do explante n? cotiledonar com o uso de BAP combinado com ANA. A calog?nese ? potencializada com a combina??o de 2,4-D, CIN e glutamina no meio nutritivo. A curva de crescimento dos calos apresenta forma sigmoidal. O conte?do de carboidratos, excetuando os AR, apresenta comportamento distinto, variando de acordo com as fases da curva de crescimento dos calos. O tipo de cultivo influencia no rendimento de extratos de M. urundeuva e existem diferen?as na produ??o de metab?litos secund?rios entre os diferentes ?rg?os da esp?cie.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RusceliDA_DISSERT.pdf: 4254928 bytes, checksum: 4fab1232a45d2adb5dcfe7b1b0dac83a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Recently, marine organisms have attracted attention because of the complexity and potent biological activity from your secondary metabolites. Our planet has 80% it surface covered by oceans and seas, therefore, housing a wide number of different forms of life, among them, the sponges. These sessile and filtrating animals, according to numerous researches, come showing like true chemistry factories. The substances from these animals, sometimes show as news targets to therapeutics agents, and some countries has already use them for treatment of some diseases. Further of the secondary metabolites, the polysaccharides of marine origin also have been target of studies, because the presence of the sulfates groups in its molecules. Polysaccharides with differents biological activities have been related in a large number of researches. Actually, many studies show the sponges as source of promising medicine. These studies inspire new researches, because the few number of sponges species studied until now. Because of that, the present work shows the chemistry prospection of the sponge Callyspongia vaginalis. Chromatographic methods in silica gel allowed the isolations of two secondary metabolites: the known &#946;- sitosterol and a ceramide, no reported in the genus Callyspongia, previously. The analysis of the their lipid extracts show different kinds of fatty acids with a variety of chain length (saponifiable fraction), and others metabolites like Lupenone and stigmasterol, also unprecedented in the genus. The Polysaccharide characterization and the elucidation of the secondary metabolites acquired through of chromatography analysis (CC, molecular exclusion) and spectrometric (NMR 1H and 13C, mass, IR), respectively and comparison with literature data / A diversidade estrutural de subst?ncias de origem marinha, associadas as suas atividades biol?gicas, t?m atra?do aten??o de pesquisadores do mundo inteiro. Dentre os organismos estudados atualmente dois grupos de invertebrados marinhos, as asc?dias e as esponjas, merecem destaque. Estes animais s?sseis e filtradores, segundo in?meras pesquisas, v?m se mostrando verdadeiras f?bricas qu?micas , produzindo subst?ncias que por vezes apresentam-se como aspirantes a agentes terap?uticos, com efic?cia cl?nica comprovada. Al?m dos metab?litos secund?rios, os polissacar?deos de origem marinha tamb?m tem sido alvo de estudos, sendo relatados diversos compostos sulfatados e com diferentes atividades biol?gicas associadas a estes. Tendo em vista a pequena quantidade de esp?cies de esponjas estudadas at? o momento, comparado ao potencial qu?mico destes organismos, o presente trabalho apresenta a prospec??o qu?mica da esponja Callyspongia vaginalis. T?cnicas cl?ssicas de cromatografia em gel de s?lica permitiram o isolamento de dois metab?litos secund?rios: o &#946;-sitosterol e uma ceramida, ambos in?ditos no g?nero Callyspongia. A an?lise das fra??es lip?dicas mostraram diferentes tipos de ?cidos graxos com variados tamanhos de cadeia (fra??o saponific?vel), e de outros metab?litos como lupenona e estigmasterol, tamb?m in?ditos no g?nero em quest?o. O polissacar?deo obtido atrav?s do material animal tamb?m foi isolado e, como amplamente relatado na literatura apresentou-se sulfatado, caracter?stica diferencial dos polissacar?deos de origem marinha. A caracteriza??o do polissacar?deos e a elucida??o estrutural dos metab?litos secund?rios foram realizadas atrav?s da an?lise dos dados de espectrometria de massa, Infravermelho e Resson?ncia Magn?tica Nuclear de Hidrog?nio-1 e Carbono-13, atrav?s de sequ?ncias de pulsos uni e bidimensionais e compara??o com dados da literatura

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Delci de Deus Nepomuceno.pdf: 2585936 bytes, checksum: affdc594602e56d94685fd2c4d55993e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work was divided into three chapters; the first one was carried out for identifying secondary metabolites classes on three forage legumes: Pueraria phaseoloides (puero), Macrotyloma axillare (archer) and Neonotonia wightii (perennial soybean). These sorts of metabolites when present in plants may cause to animal adverse effects resulting ingestion and digestion decreasement and nutrients bioavailabity named antinutritional factors as well as may systematically induce to animal or herd performance decreasement. For this stud, phytochemical prospection, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis (NMRA) and Infrared Spectroscopy (IS) were performed. Following secondary metabolites classes: organic acids, reducing sugars, depsidians and depsidones, coumarine derivatives, steroids and triterpenoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, saccharides and tannins on three forage legumes species were identified. Puero e perennial soybean for alkaloids presence were compatible. According bibliographic references, secondary metabolites classes have presented antinutritional effects compounds, some of totally dependent on intake and specie like reducing sugars and saccharides responsible for antinutritional effects on monogastric animals as well. The second chapter of this survey was carried out for quantifying condensed tannin content by Stiasny Reaction and for evaluating puero, archer and perennial soybean in vitro foam stability. For tannin quantification separated portions of entire plant, leaves, and stem by Simple Randomized Design with legumes allocated on subdivided parcels and portions on subparcels was used. By analysis of covariance, obtained result average, as well as interactions effects between legumes and portions by Tukey Test (P<0.05) were achieved. In vitro foam stability and yielding evaluation due to produced foam by legumes considered ruminant foamy meteorism potential etiological agent was performed. Simple Randomized Design consisting by subdivided parcels with three replications each was carried out where portions were composed by entire plant, leaves and stem as well as crude methanol extract related to parcels and remaining time (0, 5, 10, 30 and 60 minutes) for monitoring volume to subparcels. By Tukey Test (P<0.05) each portion averages within each time were compared and by analysis of variance results related to volume and remaining time were submitted to. By statistical analysis of Regression, saved volume effect during time and legumes interaction and checking time were evaluated as well as foam stability interaction in relation to remaining foam was estimated. Condensed tannin content ranged from 1 to 1.6%. In regard to perennial soybean and archer, foam stability produced by entire plant, leaves, stem and legumes methanol extract was considered constant, nevertheless puero showed significative result, creating the following regression equations y= -2.0111x 44.984 for leaf; y= -2.4x 37.957 for stem; y= -2.9049 x 31.779 for plant entire and y= -15.383x 125.31 for methanol extract. The aim of third chapter was to evaluate fungi association to legumes: Pueraria phaseoloides (puero), Neonotonia wightii (perennial soybean), Macrotyloma axillare (archer), Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo) and Arachis pintoi cv Amarillo (pinto), however, due to substances over legumes leaves presenting disgusting feature they have been considered unappropriate to animal feeding. According Barnett and hunter (1990) and Pitt and Hocking (1997) fungi amorphous reproduction elements were used. For fungi macroscopic and microscopic identification, Imprint tape technique, NaOH and blue cotton were used. The following fungi: Alternaria spp, Phitomyces chartarum, Nigrospora spp, Cladosporium spp, Mucor spp, Fusarium spp, Pseudomicrodochium spp, Tetraploa spp, Acremonium spp, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia spp and Micelia sterilia were reported, at all. / Este trabalho foi dividido em tr?s cap?tulos, o primeiro realizou-se com o objetivo de identificar as classes de metab?litos secund?rios presentes em tr?s leguminosas forrageiras Pueraria phaseoloides (kudzu tropical), Macrotyloma axillare (macrotiloma) e Neonotonia wightii (soja perene). Metab?litos estes, que quando presentes em plantas podem provocar efeitos adversos ao animal ocasionando diminui??o na ingest?o, digest?o e biodisponibilidade de nutrientes os que lhes conferem a denomina??o de fatores antinutricionais, estes efeitos podem repercutir de forma sist?mica acarretando diminui??o do desempenho animal ou rebanho. Para este estudo foi realizada a prospec??o fitoqu?mica, an?lise de Resson?ncia Magn?tica Nuclear de Hidrog?nio (RMN 1H) e Espectroscopia no Infravermelho (IV). Foram identificadas as seguintes classes de metab?litos secund?rios: ?cidos org?nicos, a??cares redutores, deps?dios e depsidonas, derivados da cumarina, ester?ides e triterpen?ides, saponinas, glicos?deos card?acos, sacar?deos e taninos nas tr?s esp?cies estudadas. O kudzu tropical e soja perene apresentaram ainda sinais compat?veis para a presen?a de alcaloides. As classes de metab?litos secund?rios estudadas apresentam compostos com efeitos antinutricionais para os animais, alguns destes efeitos s?o dependentes da quantidade ingerida e da esp?cie animal como o caso dos sacar?deos e ac?cares redutores que possuem efeitos antinutricionais em monog?stricos segundo literaturas consultadas. O segundo cap?tulo deste trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar o teor de tanino condensado atrav?s da Rea??o de Stiasny e avaliar a estabilidade in vitro da espuma formada pelas leguminosas, kudzu tropical, macrotiloma e soja perene. Para a quantifica??o do tanino, foram tomados em separados as por??es, planta inteira, folhas e haste, utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas alocando-se as leguminosas nas parcelas e as por??es nas subparcelas. A m?dia do resultado obtido foi submetida ? an?lise de vari?ncia e comparadas pelo Teste de Tukey (P<0,05), os efeitos das intera??es entre leguminosas e por??es foram desdobrados pelo teste de Tukey (P<0,05) a avalia??o da produ??o e estabilidade da espuma in vitro foi realizada devido ? espuma produzida por leguminosas ser referida como poss?vel agente etiol?gico do meteorismo espumoso em ruminantes. Neste estudo utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas com tr?s repeti??es cada, onde as por??es compostas por planta inteira, folhas, e haste e o extratos metan?lico bruto foram consideradas as parcelas e o tempo de repouso (0, 5, 10, 30 e 60min) onde aferiu-se o volume as subparcelas. O resultado referente ao volume produzido e conservado durante o tempo de repouso foi submetido ? an?lise de vari?ncia e as m?dias de cada por??o dentro de cada tempo foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P<0.05) o efeito do volume conservado durante o tempo e a intera??o entre leguminosas e tempo de aferi??o foi desdobrados pela an?lise de regress?o e a intera??o da estabilidade da espuma formada foi avaliada em fun??o da porcentagem de espuma remanescente. Como resultado deste estudo o teor de tanino condensado variou de 1 a 1,6%. Quanto ? estabilidade da espuma produzida pelas por??es planta inteira, folha, haste e extrato metan?lico das leguminosas foi considerada est?vel para as por??es referentes ? soja perene e macrotiloma, entretanto o kudzu apresentou um resultado significativo para a estabilidade da espuma para as quatros por??es em estudos, gerando as equa??es de regress?o y=-2,0111x44,984 para a por??o folha; y= -2,4x37,957 para a por??o haste; y= -2,9049x31,779 para a por??o planta inteira e para o extrato metan?lico a equa??o y= -15,383x 125,31. O objetivo da realiza??o do terceiro cap?tulo deste estudo foi avaliar a associa??o de fungos com as leguminosas: Pueraria phaseoloides (kudzu tropical), Neonotonia wightii (soja perene), Macrotyloma axillare (macrotiloma), Calopogonium mucunoides (calopog?nio) e Arachis pintoi cv.amarillo (amendoim forrageiro) devido ? presen?a de subst?ncias encontradas depositadas sobre as folhas das leguminosas as quais conferiram aspecto repugnante para inclus?o na alimenta??o animal. Para esta avalia??o foram utilizados os elementos de reprodu??o amorfas dos fungos de acordo com as metodologias de Barnett e Hunter, (1990) e Pitt e Hocking, (1997). Na identifica??o observaram-se a macroscopia e microscopia dos fungos utilizando Imprint com fitas adesivas ou lam?nulas de vidro, NaOH e Azul de algod?o, diretamente do material obtido das leguminosas e das col?nias desenvolvidas em Agar Sabouraud Dextrose e Agar Simples, sendo identificados os fungos Alternaria spp, Phitomyces chartarum, Nigrospora spp, Cladosporium spp, Mucor spp, Fusarium spp, Pseudomicrodochium spp, Tetraploa spp, Acremonium spp, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia spp e Mic?lia ster?lia.