"Where the power of the wall is to deny, the power of the door is to permit, and allow entry. 1" Borders are represented on maps as thick, predetermined lines that delineate, separate, and segregate one area from another. A whole is divided into two or more parts. Borders become boundaries and, in reality, are abstract and intangible, often responsible for creating both geographic and political havoc. In between a border are thresholds that signal a transition between layers, spaces, times, and countries. This project engages within this Liminal space, an in-between of the threshold. Prompted by humanitarian and political crises, thousands of people are fleeing their homes in search of safety and protection from danger, including persecution for protected reasons such as race, religion, nationality, or political opinion. Many, like unaccompanied minors, travel dangerous paths to seek asylum at one of these borders, which promise safety and security from the violent conditions in their countries. In the USA and elsewhere, seeking asylum is a human right. Simultaneously, thousands of people whose claims for asylum are unsuccessful are detained, deported, or repatriated. In 1873, Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada, the 27th President of Mexico (1872 to 1876) declared, "Let there be a desert between strength and weakness." The United States of America and the United Mexican States share a historically-contested 1,954-mile border. Any wall separating two countries belongs to both countries. This thesis considers borders as more than places that close or delimit one place from another, but also as opportunities to expand into living and organic spaces. Borders both delimit and negotiate between two sides of neither a single state nor a single place but as thresholds which hundreds of thousands of separate lives navigate every single day along the border regions. This thesis explores how architecture focused on empowering at-risk asylum seekers can shape the border space. In particular, the chosen design proposes a Halfway House on the threshold space between the twin-sister borderplex of Laredo, Texas, United States of America, and Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. / Master of Architecture / Borders are represented on maps as thick, predetermined lines that delineate, separate and segregate one area from another. A whole divided into two or more parts. Borders become boundaries and in reality, are abstract and intangible, often responsible for creating both geographic and political havoc. In between these borders, is where we find liminal space. Prompted by humanitarian and political crises, thousands of people are fleeing their homes in search of safety and protection from danger, including persecution of race, religion, nationality, or political opinion. Many people, including unaccompanied minors, travel dangerous paths to seek asylum at one of these borders, which promise safety and security from the violent conditions in their countries. In the USA and elsewhere, seeking asylum is a human right. Simultaneously, thousands of people whose claims for asylum are unsuccessful are detained, deported, or repatriated. This thesis considers borders as more than places that close or delimit one place from another, but also as opportunities to expand into living and organic spaces. Borders both delimit and negotiate between two sides of neither a single state, nor a single place but as thresholds which hundreds of thousands of separate lives navigate every single day along the border regions. This thesis explores how architecture focused on empowering at-risk asylum seekers can shape the border space. In particular, the chosen design proposes a halfway house between Laredo, Texas, and Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas.

This thesis critically examines the role of suffering in violence, by applying a postmodern perspective to empirical examples gathered during fieldwork in Malmö in 2011.by Combing Bourdieu’s perspectives on practice with Turner’s concepts of space and liminality, Malmö takes on a new light. Through the criminalization of rejected asylum seekers, Malmö — otherwise a location of everyday peace — becomes an inside-out space defined by suffering where the clandestine asylum seekers are physically located within Swedish society, yet legally, culturally and socially located outside. Within this space bought into existence through the creation of clandestine asylum seekers new social relationships are formed — new ways of ‘being in the world’. In this thesis the clandestine asylum seekers are facilitating the altruistic and philanthropic practices of volunteers, whilst simultaneously becoming a utility for personal gain through exploitation. By examining these newly created social relations this thesis explores the experiences of suffering from an emic perspective, which provides an alternative and holistic approach to understanding the relationalities of experiences of suffering, personhood and the social field. These relationalites of suffering are exhibited through postulates of identity, performances, ways of doing and being, subjectivities and difference, as tools for viewing the social encounters taking place in a specific field.

Bakgrund: Flyktingar och asylsökande är personer som lämnat sina hemländer i syfte att bosätta sig permanent i ett annat land. Det finns många anledningar till att människor tvingas fly. Flyktingar och asylsökandes möte med hälso- och sjukvården är problematiskt på grund av tidigare erfarenheter och kulturskillnader. Med studien är förhoppningen att bättre förstå de utmaningar som denna grupp upplever och som sjuksköterska ge adekvat sjukvård.  Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka och beskriva flyktingars och asylsökandes erfarenheter av att söka vård. Metod: Litteraturstudien är genomförd med kvalitativ forskningsansats och följer Polit och Becks niostegsmodell. Materielat utgår från åtta originalartiklar från databaserna PubMed och CINAHL och har analyserats med hjälp av Graneheim och Lundmans innehållsanalysmodell.  Resultat: Resultatet beskrivs med två kategorier; Hinder med att vara flykting och Erfarenheter av att motta god vård.  Slutsats: Globalt anser flyktingarna och asylsökande att de får ett negativt bemötande, några upplever positivt bemötande och lokalt anser sjuksköterskorna att de ger ett adekvat bemötande men upplever patientgruppen som svårbemött. Förslag på integrering av konceptet TIC. Vidare forskning inom ämnet krävs för att förstå fler flyktingars och asylsökandes erfarenheter, positivt är om sjuksköterskors erfarenheter undersöks på samma enhet.  Nyckelord: Asylsökande, erfarenheter, flykting, traumatiska händelser, upplevelser / Background: Refugees and asylum seekers are people that have left their homeland to settle in a new country permanently. There are numerous reasons why people are forced to flee. Refugees and asylum seekers encounter with the healthcare system are problematic due to past experiences and cultural differences. Through this literary review, the expectation is to better understand the challenges refugees and asylum seekers experience and provide adequate nurse health care. Aim: The aim of this literary study was to examine and describe refugees and asylum seekers' experiences from seeking health care. Method: A qualitative research approach was used and the nine-step model from Polit and Beck was the fundamental model. The material was eight original articles found in the databases PubMed and CINAHL and have been analyzed using Graneheim and Lundmans qualitative content analysis. Results: The results are described using two categories; Obstacles with being a refugee and Experiences of receiving adequate care. Conclusion:  Globally, refugees and asylum seekers regard they receive a negative interaction, some of them experience the interaction as positive and locally nurses believe they preform adequate care, and this group of patients is complicated. Suggestions for interacting with the concept TIC. Further research is needed to understand more refugees' and asylum seekers' experiences, positive would be if nurses' experiences is investigated in the same unit.

Background: Perinatal depression disproportionately affects asylum seeking and refugee (AS&R) women, but they are less likely to receive support than other women. There is no published research which considers the assessment and support for symptoms of perinatal depression provided by midwives for AS&R women navigating England’s maternity services. Aim: To investigate how midwifery practice can be developed to support asylum seeking and refugee women with symptoms of perinatal depression. Methods: A post-colonial feminist inquiry consisting of a scoping survey (study one) and a qualitative research study (study two) using remote interviews with AS&R women and midwives. Qualitative data was analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Findings: Study one demonstrated that midwives who care for AS&R women work within diverse roles and service structures across England. Study two identified that midwives lack the resources and support structures required to effectively recognise and support symptoms of perinatal depression in AS&R women. These factors were sometimes invisible to AS&R women, but still negatively affected their ability to effectively discuss perinatal depression with a midwife and access help for any symptoms. The lack of appropriate resources was harmful to both AS&R women and midwives. Conclusion: AS&R women and midwives who care for them navigate an inequitable maternity system in England. Midwives do not have the appropriate resources to provide a level of care which is equitable to women in the general maternity population. This leaves AS&R women’s perinatal mental health needs unrecognised and unmet, acting as a barrier to receiving effective support. / Mary Seacole research development scholarship

Yes / Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the factors that determine the knowledge exchange intention and behavioural nature of academics by the help of social media tools in the Indian higher education. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study has used Valance – Instrumentality – Expectancy (VIE) theory to determine the knowledge exchange behaviour of academics. The study has considered the effect of Knowledge Contributor (KC) and Knowledge Seeker (KS) as moderators. The model has been validated by using a survey with 320 usable respondents. Findings – The results highlight that if the stakeholders of higher education institutions feel the deficits of knowledge exchange, they realise importance of knowledge sharing and use social media to increase effect of knowledge exchange. Besides, perceived usefulness impacts on the use of social media for knowledge exchange by the concerned stakeholders. Moreover, it is observed that experience of the use of social media impacts the use of this tool for knowledge exchange. Theoretical Implication – The use and application of VIE theory has successfully been able to interpret the factors affecting the use of social media for knowledge exchange in the higher education institutions. The use of VIE theory has also been able to explain the proposed model better as the model could achieve a high explanative power (87%). Practical Implication – This study has provided meaningful insights to the practitioners or policymakers to realise how the stakeholders of the higher education institutions in India can be motivated to feel the need of sharing of knowledge and how they can use the social media with ease for this purpose. Originality/Value – Not much research has been conducted with regards to the usage of social media as a tool for knowledge sharing in higher education sector in India. In that sense, this study is a novel attempt to undertake such research.

In this thesis, the problem of intercepting highly manoeuvrable threats using seeker-less interceptors that operate in the command guidance mode, is addressed. These systems are more prone to estimation errors than standard seeker-based systems. Several non-linear and optimal estimation and guidance concepts are presented in this thesis for interception of randomly maneuvering targets by seeker-less interceptors. The key contributions of the thesis can be broadly categorized into six groups, namely (i) an optimal selection of bank of lters in interactive multiple model (IMM) scheme to cater to various maneuvers that are expected during the end-game, (ii) an innovative algorithm to reduce chattering phenomenon and formulate effective guidance algorithm based on 'differential game guidance law' (modi ed DGL), (iii) IMM/DGL and IMM/modified DGL based integrated estimation/guidance (IEG) strategy, (iv) sensitivity and robustness analysis of Kalman lters and ne tuning of lters in filter bank using innovation covariance, (v) Performance of tuned IMM/PN, tuned IMM/DGL and tuned IMM/modi ed DGL against various target maneuvers, (vi) Performance comparison with realistic missile model. An innovative generalized state estimation formulation has been proposed in this the-sis for accurately estimating the states of incoming high speed randomly maneuvering targets. The IMM scheme and an optimal selection of lters, to cater to various maneu-vers that are expected during the end-game, is described in detail. The key advantage of this formulation is that it is generic and can capture evasive target maneuver as well as straight moving targets in a uni ed framework without any change of target model and tuning parameters. In this thesis, a game optimal guidance law is described in detail for 2D and 3D engagements. The performance of the differential game based guidance law (DGL) is compared with conventional Proportional Navigation (PN) guidance law, especially for 3D interception scenarios. An innovative chatter removal algorithm is introduced by modifying the differential game based guidance law (modified DGL). In this algorithm, chattering is reduced to the maximum extent possible by introducing a boundary layer around the switching surface and using a continuous control within the boundary layer. The thesis presents performance of the modified DGL algorithm against PN and DGL, through a comparison of miss distances and achieved accelerations. Simulation results are also presented for varying fiight path angle errors. Apart from the guidance logic, two novel ideas have been presented following the evolving "integrated estimation and guidance" philosophy. In the rst approach, an in-tegrated estimation/guidance (IEG) algorithm that integrates IMM estimator with DGL law (IMM/DGL), is proposed for seeker-less interception. In this interception scenario, the target performs an evasive bang-bang maneuver, while the sensor has noisy measure-ments and the interceptor is subject to an acceleration bound. The guidance parameters (i.e., the lateral acceleration commands) are computed with the help of zero e ort miss distance. The thesis presents the performance of the IEG algorithm against combined IMM with PN (IMM/PN), through a comparison of miss distances. In the second ap-proach, a novel modi ed IEG algorithm composed of IMM estimator and modi ed DGL guidance law is introduced to eliminate the chattering phenomenon. Results from both of these integrated approaches are quite promising. Monte Carlo simulation results re-veal that modi ed IEG algorithm achieves better homing performance, even if the target maneuver model is unknown to the estimator. These results and their analysis o er an insight to the interception process and the proposed algorithms. The selection of lter tuning parameters puts forward a major challenge for scien-tists and engineers. Two recently developed metrics, based on innovation covariance, are incorporated for determining the filter tuning parameters. For predicting the proper combination of the lter tuning parameters, the metrics are evaluated for a 3D interception problem. A detailed sensitivity and robustness analysis is carried out for each type of Kalman lters. Optimal and tuned Kalman lters are selected in the IMM con guration to cater to various maneuvers that are expected during the end-game. In the interception scenario examined in this thesis, the target performs various types of maneuvers, while the sensor has noisy measurements and the interceptor is subject to acceleration bound. The tuned IMM serves as a basis for synthesis of e cient lters for tracking maneuvering targets and reducing estimation errors. A numerical study is provided which demonstrates the performance and viability of tuned IMM/modi ed DGL based modi ed IEG strategy. In this thesis, comparison is also performed between tuned IMM/PN, tuned IMM/DGL and tuned IMM/modi ed DGL in integrated estimation/guidance scheme. The results are illustrated by an extensive Monte Carlo simulation study in the presence of estimation errors. Simulation results are also presented for end game maneuvers and varying light path angle errors . Numerical simulations to study the aerodynamic e ects on integrated estimation/ guidance structure and its e ect on performance of guidance laws are presented. A detailed comparison is also performed between tuned IMM/PN, tuned IMM/DGL and tuned IMM/modi ed DGL in integrated estimation/guidance scheme with realistically modelled missile against various target maneuvers. Though the time taken to intercept is higher when a realistic model is considered, the integrated estimation/guidance law still performs better. The miss distance is observed to be similar to the one obtained by considering simpli ed kinematic models.

Bakgrund: Generellt betraktas flyktingar, asylsökande och papperslösa ingå i en sårbar population. Med hänsyn till det ökande antalet asylsökande i Sverige det senaste decenniet, kommer de flesta som arbetar inom hälso- och sjukvård troligen att möta patienter som har en flyktingbakgrund. Många yrkesgrupper i vården saknar däremot kunskaper om migrationens påverkan och vilka rättigheter patienten har. Sjuksköterskor måste ha förmågan att tillgodose patientens såväl fysiska, psykiska, sociala, andliga som kulturella behov, och göra detta på ett kulturellt känsligt sätt. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda flyktingar, asylsökande och papperslösa. Metod: En litteraturöversikt enligt Fribergs metod genomfördes. Arbetet baseras på tolv vetenskapliga artiklar av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Efter analys av materialet utkristalliserades teman och subteman. Resultat: Resultatet redogörs i form av två huvudteman med tillhörande subteman. Det första huvudtemat Erfarenheter av hinder i vårdmötet behandlar de olika hindrande faktorer för sjuksköterskan i mötet med patienter som är flyktingar, asylsökande och papperslösa. Det andra huvudtemat Sjuksköterskors känslomässiga reaktioner behandlar de subjektiva känslorna som väckts hos sjuksköterskorna i arbetet med denna patientgrupp. Diskussion: Resultatet tyder på att sjuksköterskorna erfor svårigheter i kommunikationen, samt svårigheter i att vårda på grund av olika syn på hälsa. Stereotypbilder och föreställningar om patienter kunde även förekomma, vilket påverkade vårdandet negativt. Dessa betydande fynd diskuteras i relation till Leiningers teori om transkulturell omvårdnad. / Background: In general, refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants are considered to be a vulnerable population. With regards to the increasing number of asylum applicants during the last decade in Sweden, health care staff is likely to encounter individuals with a refugee background. Although, many working in health care have limited knowledge about the effects of migration and legal rights. Nurses are required to have the ability to meet patients’ physical, psychological, social, spiritual as well as cultural needs, and to deliver the care in a culturally sensible way. Aim: The aim of this bachelor’s thesis was to illustrate nurses’ experiences of caring for refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants. Method: A literature review according to Friberg’s method was conducted. Twelve scientific articles of both qualitative and quantitative design are the foundation of this paper. Data was collected from the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Themes and subthemes were then formed after analyses of the material. Results: The results are presented in two main themes along with their subthemes. The first main theme Experiences of obstacles in caring describes various difficulties the nurses encountered while caring for patients who are refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants. The second main theme The nurses’ emotional reactions describes subjective feelings the nurses expressed while working with patients who have this background. Discussion: The results show that nurses experienced difficulties in the communication and difficulties giving care related to different cultural views on health. Stereotyping and bias of patients could also occur among nurses, which affected the care negatively. These consequential findings are discussed in relation to Leininger’s theory of transcultural nursing.

Many oppressed people wish to seek permanent refuge within the borders of affluent Western liberal democratic states such as Canada and Australia. Since the conclusion of the Second World War, the International refugee regime has established a global legal migration framework for contracting states such as Canada and Australia to grant admission to asylum seekers into each respective political community while retaining effective border control measures to maintain public safety. This thesis argues that the international refugee regime has suffered a gradual decline during the last two decades, especially during the post-9/11 era, primarily due to the dominance of the notions of national sovereignty and security in Canada and Australia. The author recognizes the importance of realpolitik and pays tribute to the concept of national sovereignty. However, he contends that the predominance and prevalence of the securitization phenomenon in recent years in both Canada and Australia, has given rise to a culture of suspicion which primarily perceives and publicly portrays asylum seekers as entities with ulterior motives. Such views have subsequently culminated in the normalization of national refugee determination policies which inherently favor the implementation of human containment measures such as arbitrary and indefinite detention and Temporary Protection Visas (TPVs); restrictive measures which inherently violate some of the core legal principles of the international refugee regime. The author recommends a return by both Ottawa and Canberra to a more balanced refugee determination system which is aligned with the 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocol and further explores several alternative solutions that may be employed by Canada and Australia to effectively manage asylum seeker populations in each country. / Graduate / gheshmat@uvic.ca

To develop and maintain a modern combat aircraft it is important to have simple, yet accurate, threat models to support early stages of functional development. Therefore this thesis develops and evaluates a model of an active radio frequency (RF) seeker for a missile with data-link capability. The highly parametrized MATLAB-model consists of a pulse level radar model, a tracker using either interacting multiple models (IMM) or particle filters, and a guidance law. Monte Carlo simulations with the missile model indicate that, under the given conditions, the missile performs well (hit rate>99%) with both filter types, and the model is relatively insensitive to lost data-link transmissions. It is therefore under normal conditions not worthwhile to use the more computer intense particle filter today, however when the data-link degrades the particle filter performs considerably better than the IMM filter. Analysis also indicate that the measurements generated by the radar model are neither independent, white nor Gaussian. This contradicts the assumptions made in this, and many other radar applications. However, the performance of the model suggests that the assumptions are acceptable approximations of actual conditions, but further studies within this are recommended to verify this.

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