Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka fritidsgårdar ur ett miljöpsykologiskt perspektiv, där det ingår att jämföra fritidsgårdar från starka respektive svaga socio-ekonomiska områden. Uppsatsen undersöker bland annat psykologiska effekter av fritidsgårdarnas fysiska miljö. Studiens empiri bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med fritidsledare från sex olika fritidsgårdar, varav tre fritidsgårdar från socio-ekonomiskt svaga områden och tre från socio-ekonomiskt starka områden. Studiens teo-retiska referensram utgörs framförallt av miljöpsykologi och teorier om ekonomiskt och etnisk seg-regation i storstadsmiljö. Uppsatsen innehåller en historisk redogörelse för fritidsgårdar i Sverige och med hjälp av denna bakgrund kan studiens empiri också förstås ur en historisk kontext. Resulta-tet visar att fritidsgårdar använder sig av miljöpsykologi i syfte att påverka ungdomar samt att den fysiska miljön skiljer sig åt beroende på områdets socio-ekonomiska status. I min diskussion pre-senterar jag argument för att miljöpsykologiska val drivs på och förhandlas fram av enskilda aktörer vilket förklarar varför fritidsgårdarna skiljer sig åt och varför de lyckas olika bra med att skapa en fysisk miljö som ungdomar uppskattar. Avslutningsvis redogör jag för miljöpsykologi som en växande trend och ger förslag till vidare forskning.

This thesis explores the development of residential segregation over a long time period in Stockholm, Sweden. By following the spatial distribution of two socio- economic indicators and two indicators of housing characteristics between 1930 and 2015, it describes how changing housing policy has affected the indicators. Historic data was gathered and compiled in a longitudinal data base. Spatial analysis of the variables produced results that indicate spatio-temporal variation in all variables, and indicate a central-peripheral pattern that has developed and persisted for long time periods. Variation in spatial distributions of the variables is furthermore connected to changes in undertaken housing policy. Regression models also indicate that the characteristics of residential segregation has arguably been different in different times. The long time period is argued to be important in segregation research because of the longevity of many segregation processes. Following continuous indices of residential segregation over long time periods is important as it may help us understand contemporary trends better, conversely creating better knowledge for policy makers when counter segregation policy is implemented. Long time approaches are, however, lacking the literature, motivating the analysis performed in this thesis.

O desvio de segregação, processo biológico definido pela formação de progênie cujas proporções genotípicas diferem das predições mendelianas, pode apresentar diferentes causas: a segregação não aleatória dos cromossomos durante a meiose, a seleção gamética e a viabilidade pós-zigótica diferencial. A fim de investigar a distorção de segregação em humanos, estudamos uma família com transmissão preferencial paterna de uma alteração patogênica no gene CAPN3(CAPN3 c.759_761del), previamente associada à distrofia muscular de cinturas do tipo 2A (LGMD2A). Inicialmente, definimos uma região com 2,1 Mb de extensão, presente na maior parte dos indivíduos da família. O sequenciamento direto de 14 genes contidos nesse intervalo não revelou variantes raras que pudessem estar diretamente associadas à vantagem da subpopulação de gametas portadores da alteração em CAPN3. Entretanto, a presença de variantes comuns distribuídas em cinco genes da região pode indicar que a distorção de segregação observada é consequência da interação, em nível proteico, de pequenas alterações genômicas, resultando no desempenho diferencial de tais células gaméticas. Além disso, utilizamos outra abordagem: espermatozoides de indivíduos saudáveis foram selecionados segundo sua motilidade e as frequências alélicas de cada loco em heterozigose foram comparadas entre células lentas e rápidas, a fim de identificarmos regiões suscetíveis ao desvio de segregação. Alguns resultados estatisticamente significantes foram obtidos para regiões que contêm genes envolvidos na reação acrossômica e na motilidade espermática, como PDE1C e PDE4D. Isso nos sugere que tais processos constituem alvos da seleção, o que pode culminar em formação de progênie com proporções que fogem às predições mendelianas. Esses achados são importantes porque possibilitam a ampliação de nossos conhecimentos acerca do desvio de segregação e seu impacto na espécie humana, considerando ainda possíveis efeitos na fertilidade masculina / The transmission ratio distortion (TRD), a biological process defined as a deviation from Mendelian predictions, is caused by different mechanisms: nonrandom segregation of chromosomes during meiosis or gametic and postzygotic viability selection. In order to investigate TRD in humans, we have studied a family with an overtransmitted pathogenic deletion in the CAPN3 gene (CAPN3 c.759_761del), previously associated to limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A). Initially, it was possible to define a 2.1 Mb region which was present in most of the individuals. The direct sequencing of 14 genes contained in this interval did not reveal rare variants that could be responsible for the advantage of gametes carrying the CAPN3 mutation. Nevertheless, common variants identified in five genes could indicate that the observed transmission distortion is caused by the interaction among proteins with small dissimilarities, resulting in differential performance of these gametic cells. Subsequently we developed another approach: spermatozoa from healthy individuals were sorted according to their motility and allelic frequencies at each locus in heterozygous state were compared in order to identify genomic regions susceptible to TRD. Surprisingly, some statistically significant results were achieved for regions containing genes involved with acrosome reaction and sperm motility, as PDE1 and PDE4, suggesting these processes are targets of the selection that ends in offspring with proportions skewed away from the Mendelian predictions. These results are important for enlarge our knowledge about TRD and its impact in humans, considering possible effects in male fertility

Homeownership may be the American Dream, but renting is the American reality for nearly half of Portland, Oregon’s residents. In Oregon, where I conducted fieldwork from 2014 to 2017, a statewide ban on rent control, the prevalent use of no-cause evictions, and the lack of renters’ protections pushed Portland residents, especially renters, into a Housing State of Emergency. Many renters in this housing crisis are forced to rent and face the threat of being repeatedly displaced as their apartment units change hands from investor-to-investor. These investor landlords used no-cause evictions to remove tenants from their homes and to quickly empty entire apartment buildings, flip the buildings, and increase their rate of return. As gentrification increased the rent in Portland, it also push low-income people and communities of color as they moved to the suburbs in search of scarce low-income rental housing. Employing ethnographic methods of participant observation and in-depth interviewing, this dissertation explores the inequalities built into the rental housing system for different groups of vulnerable tenants in Portland. A qualitative analysis revealed that families of color and low-income residents not only experience serial displacement as renters, but also serial segregation. / 2020-09-06

Den här studien handlar om den etniska bostadssegregationen i Norrby, ett bostadsområde i Borås. I Norrby bor en majoritet av människor tillhörande etniska minoriteter och ett högt antal av dessa människor är arbetslösa. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på vilka de bidragande faktorerna som ett antal personer från myndigheter och lokala organisationer anger till den etniska bostadssegregationen i Norrby och vad man gör från myndigheters och lokala organisationers håll för att integrera och motverka segregationen. Studien är en kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer från myndigheter och lokala organisationer kopplade till Norrby. Resultatet visar att de bidragande faktorerna som de intervjuade anger till den etniska bostadssegregationen är många. Ur ett historiskt perspektiv har det alltid funnits lägenheter tillhands, hyrorna på dessa lägenheter attraherar etniska minoritetsfamiljer. Vidare framhåller respondenterna att många etniska minoritetsgrupper bosätter sig i Norrby för att deras landsmän bor där. Vidare framgår det att myndigheter och lokala organisationer främst försöker integrera och motverka segregationen genom arbete. Att integreras mot arbetsmarknaden ses som den bästa lösningen. I denna studie kommer vi fram till att respondenterna är eniga om att den etniska stadssegregationens bidragande faktorer bör ses ur både ett historiskt perspektiv (arbetskraftsinvandringen samt tillgängligheten på lägenheter), samt att självsegregationen bland etniska minoriteter är en kraftigt bidragande faktor i Norrbys fall. Sist men inte minst beaktas även de olika kapitalens inflytande. Det mest utmärkande är det ekonomiska och sociala kapitalet vars inverkan på etniska minoritetsgruppers bosättning i Norrby bör uppmärksammas. Myndigheterna och de lokala organisationerna försöker motverka segregationen och integrerar främst genom arbetsmarknadsåtgärder, vidare använder man sig av strategier för att utbilda och bidra till sociala nätverk. / Program: Organisations- och personalutvecklare i samhället

Esta pesquisa consiste em um estudo de caso realizado com jovens estudantes da Zona Leste de São Paulo que fizeram parte da mobilização secundarista de 2015, marcada pelas ocupações de escola. O objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar a formação de visões de mundo e as formas de engajamento político desses sujeitos, procurando relacioná-las aos elementos imediatos do seu cotidiano. Ao longo da dissertação, discute-se a relação desses jovens tanto com ativistas quanto com atores que compõe sua realidade local. Verificou-se que o envolvimento em um cursinho popular atuante na Zona Leste de São Paulo teve grande peso em seu processo de politização e que, a partir dos laços ali construídos, ligaram-se a uma rede mais ampla de novas formas de ativismo. Identifica-se também uma tensa relação com o conjunto de atores identificado como agentes da ordem: policiais, burocracia escolar, igreja e famílias. Por fim, acompanhando seu percurso de engajamento posterior à onda de ocupações escolares de 2015, percebe-se o rompimento desses jovens com a ideia de representação e a afinidade com repertórios autonomistas, bem como uma forte ligação com plano local. / This research consists of a case study made with young students from the east side of São Paulo who were part of a mobilization in 2015, marked by a wave of school occupations. The objective of the research was to investigate the formation of the students worldview and political engagement, relating them to the immediate elements of their daily life. Throughout the dissertation, we discuss their relationship with both activists and actors that are part of their local reality. It was verified that a community college course had a great influence in their process of politicization and that, from the bonds built there, they were connected to a wider network of new forms of activism. It also identifies a tense relationship with the set of actors identified as \"agents of order\": police officers, school bureaucracy, church and families. Finally, following their path of engagement after the wave of school occupations, one can see the youth breakup with the affinity and idea of autonomist representation repertoires, as well as a strong connection with local plan.

In Drosophila oocytes, chromosomes undergo dynamic reorganisation during the prophase of the first meiotic division. This is essential to prepare chromatin for synapsis, recombination and consequent chromosome segregation. The progression of meiotic prophase I is well described, while the molecular mechanisms and regulation of these dramatic chromosomal reorganisations are not well understood. Histone modifying enzymes are major regulators of chromatin structure, however, our knowledge of their roles in meiotic prophase I is still limited. In this work, I investigated the role of the histone demethylase Kdm5/Lid, which removes one of the trimethyl groups at Lys4 of Histone 3 (H3K4me3). I showed that Kdm5/Lid is important for the assembly of the synaptonemal complex, pairing of homologous centromeres, and the karyosome formation. Additionally, Kdm5/Lid promotes crossing over and therefore ensures accurate chromosome segregation. Although loss of Kdm5/Lid dramatically increased the level of H3K4me3 in oocytes, catalytically inactive Kdm5/Lid rescued the above cytological defects. Thereby, I found that Kdm5/Lid regulates chromatin architecture in meiotic prophase I oocytes independently of its demethylase activity. To further identify the regulators of meiotic chromatin organisation during prophase I, I carried out a small-scale RNAi screen for karyosome defects. I found that depletion of ubiquitin ligase components, SkpA, Cul-3 and Ubc-6, disrupted the karyosome formation and the assembly of the synaptonemal complex. The success of the small-scale screen motivated me to initiate the genome-scale RNAi screen for karyosome defects. I found 40 new genes that, when depleted, strongly impaired karyosome morphology. Further studies are required to confirm and elucidate their role in chromatin organisation in oocytes. Overall, my findings have advanced our understanding of the regulation of chromatin reorganisation during oocyte development. Because of the conservation between Drosophila and human meiosis, this study provides novel insights into the regulation of meiotic progression in human oocytes.

Marine bivalves are a group of species composed of clams, mussels and oysters. Bivalves are keystone species in coastal ecosystems and represent an increasingly important segment of the global aquaculture industry. Domestication of shellfish species is in the early stages, with few organized breeding programmes and a heavy reliance on wild seed. Consequently, the development and use of genomic markers may significantly assist shellfish aquaculture breeding and production. However, molecular genetic markers typically exhibit unusual patterns of segregation in bivalve species, which result in deviations from Mendelian expectations, and could potentially limit their use in parental assignment, mapping of quantitative trait loci and genomic prediction. Previous studies have suggested that segregation distortions originate at the larval stage, as a result of the linkage of markers to deleterious mutations. This high genetic load has been associated with the high fecundity of bivalve species. However, no direct evidence of a high incidence of de novo mutations has been provided. The aim of this thesis is to gain further insight into segregation distortions in bivalve species by studying the phenomenon at a genome-wide scale, using modern high-throughput sequencing technology. The studies presented in this thesis derive from experiments involving genotyping of parents and offspring from pair-crosses of three different bivalve species (the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, the Blue mussel Mytilus edulis, and the GreenshellTM mussel Perna canaliculus) using high throughput sequencing and SNP arrays. The parent and offspring genotype data were used to characterize patterns of segregation distortion at a genome-wide level, followed by exploratory analyses to test hypotheses related to possible causes of this distortion. Three main findings resulted from the genome-wide analysis of segregation patterns. First, by using Restriction site Associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) we observe that technical artefacts are more widespread than previously considered, contributing to apparent distortions via unreliable genotype calls. By analysing read depth data from RAD-Seq, we suggest that apparent homozygous genotype calls may actually be hemizygous, suggesting a very high frequency of null alleles which contribute to distorted segregation patterns. Bioinformatic pipelines to improve RAD-Seq locus assembly and marker genotyping for bivalve species are presented. Second, by using a high-density SNP array and RAD-Seq in pair crosses of Pacific oyster and aligning to the reference genome assembly, we find that segregation distortions cover extensive regions of the genome, and that certain genomic regions are consistently distorted in different families. Finally, following previous suggestions that the reproductive strategies of bivalve species may favour a high mutation rate, we provide preliminary evidence of a high incidence of de novo mutations that appear spontaneously (i) during male and female gamete formation and (ii) post-zygotically, during larval development. This putative high de novo mutation rate is likely to also contribute to deviations from Mendelian inheritance patterns in these species. New genomic technologies have allowed us to gain substantial insight into the intriguing yet poorly understood phenomena related to inheritance in bivalve species. The results have both fundamental and practical implications for genetic analysis interpretation and selective breeding for aquaculture in this large and highly diverse group of species.

Submitted by RODRIGO YOKOYAMA XAVIER null (rodyok@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-16T01:10:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado - Rodrigo Yokoyama Xavier.pdf: 6767206 bytes, checksum: 36a0ac2db721a2114f623ea26fe9f582 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-22T17:27:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 xavier_ry_me_guara.pdf: 6767206 bytes, checksum: 36a0ac2db721a2114f623ea26fe9f582 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T17:27:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 xavier_ry_me_guara.pdf: 6767206 bytes, checksum: 36a0ac2db721a2114f623ea26fe9f582 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-30 / O nível de qualidade de peças produzidas a partir de grandes lingotes está intimamente relacionado à qualidade dos lingotes em si. Dentre os diversos defeitos inerentes ao processo de solidificação, destacam-se as microssegregações de elementos de liga, que causam uma deterioração nas propriedades do produto final. Uma maneira de reduzir o dano causado pela microssegregação é através do Tratamento Térmico de Homogeneização, este por sua vez demanda elevados tempos de processo, elevando custos e tempos de fabricação. Uma das formas de reduzir os tempos de homogeneização, uma vez que este apresenta caráter difusional, é através da redução do espaçamento interdendrítico. Neste trabalho foi analisada a influência da deformação plástica como forma de reduzir o espaçamento entre dendritas no tratamento térmico de homogeneização. Para tal fim, utilizou-se um lingote fundido em aço ferramenta de composição química similar ao AISI A2. As amostras foram retiradas do núcleo do lingote no estado bruto de solidificação e sofreram deformações de 0,6 e 1,3 através do processo de laminação a quente, sendo temperadas em água na sequência. Após laminadas as amostras passaram por um tratamento térmico de homogeneização na temperatura de 1200°C por 8h ou 16h e foram novamente temperadas em água. As análises foram feitas através de Microscopia Óptica, Dureza Vickers, Difratometria de Raios-X e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Foi observado em todas as amostras a presença de microrechupes, e uma microestrutura composta predominantemente por dendritas oriundas da solidificação, identificadas pela fase martensítica, envoltas por uma matriz formada de austenita retida, contendo carbonetos e sulfetos. Com a deformação plástica foi possível quebrar a estrutura dendrítica a aproximar as regiões segregadas das não segregadas. O tratamento térmico por um tempo de 8h não foi suficiente para homogeneizar a microestrutura e reduzir as microssegregações, independentemente do estado de deformação das amostras. O tratamento térmico por 16h apresentou os melhores resultados em relação à homogeneidade química, sendo tanto melhor o resultado quanto maior a deformação imposta às amostras. / The quality of pieces produced from large ingots is closely related to the quality of ingots itself. Among the various defects inherent to the solidification process, there is the microsegregation of alloying elements, causing a deterioration in the properties of the final product. One way to reduce the damage caused by microsegregation is through the homogenization heat treatment, this in turn demands long time of process, increasing costs and lead-times for manufacture. One way to reduce the homogenization time, since it has a diffusive character, is by reducing the interdendritic spacing. In this study was analyzed the influence of plastic deformation as a mean to reduce the spacing between dendrites in the homogenization heat treatment. For this purpose it was used a cast ingot of chemical composition similar to the AISI A2 tool steel. Samples were cut from the ingot center in the as-cast state and suffered deformations of 0.6 and 1.3 through the hot rolling process and quenched in water in the sequence. After rolling the samples passed through a homogenization heat treatment at a temperature of 1200°C for 8h and 16h and again were quenched in water. Analyses were performed by Optical Microscopy, Vickers Hardness, X-Ray Diffractometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy. It was observed in all samples the presence of microcavities, and a microstructure consisting predominantly by solidifications dendrites identified by a martensitic phase, involved by a retained austenite matrix containing carbides and sulfides. The plastic deformation broke the dendritic structure, and approached the segregated regions to the non-segregated regions. The heat treatment for 8h was not sufficient to homogenize the microstructure and reduce the microsegregation, independently of the deformation state of the samples. The heat treatment for 16h presented the best results in relation to the chemical homogeneity, and the better the result as the greater the deformation imposed on the samples.

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