This thesis discusses racial segregation during the reconstruction period.

One of the most present challenges within today's society is the growing residential segregation and how it can be mitigated and prevented. Increased residential segregation implicates social differences between individuals and unequal accessibility to resources and opportunities. Citizens are in many cases divided into geographical areas based on their socioeconomic level, and in a Swedish context the million housing program that emerged during the 1960s, have had a big effect on society in terms of segregation. This study has an approach based on Susan S. Fainstein's theory of the just city and her guidelines on how to promote justice within urban planning. The three core values that she means are necessary to achieve a just city, are equity, diversity and democracy, and will be permeated throughout the whole thesis. The theory is applied and compared to a case study of Motala municipality, to provide an understanding of how just planning practices are used within a municipality's work on residential segregation. By conducting document analysis and interviews, it appears that even though the just city theory is made for bigger cities, it can be applied in smaller contexts as well. In the end, all the criteria that aim for a just city could in one way or another be achieved.

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Although a number of definitions of mixing have been proposed in the literature, no single definition accurately and clearly describes the full range of problems in the field of industrial mixing. Based on the review of mixing and segregation characterization techniques in chemical engineering, spatial statistics and population studies, a definition of industrial mixing is proposed in this thesis, based on three separate dimensions of segregation. The first dimension is the intensity of segregation which quantifies the uniformity of concentration; the second dimension is the scale of segregation or clustering; and the last dimension is the exposure or the potential to reduce segregation. The first dimension focuses on the instantaneous concentration variance; the second on the instantaneous length scales in the mixing field; and the third on the driving force for change, i.e. the mixing time scale, or the instantaneous rate of reduction in segregation. The definition is introduced using concepts, theory and mathematical equations. This definition provides a theoretical framework for the rigorous analysis of mixing problems, encompassing all industrial mixing processes and allowing a clear evaluation of experimental methods. In this work, the three dimensions of segregation are presented and defined in the context of previous definitions of mixing, and then applied to a range of industrial mixing problems to test their accuracy and robustness. Suitable quantities for direct measurement of the dimensions of segregation are then investigated in detail. The result is a toolkit of ready-to-use methods for the measurement of the intensity (CoV) and the scale of segregation (maximum striation thickness on a transect, point-to-nearest neighbour distributions and variogram), provided as Matlab codes. The chosen methods are thoroughly investigated by testing their applicability, limitations, sampling strategies and meaningfulness of the results using selected sets of mixing data, resulting in creation of guidelines for the use of each of the provided methods. The developed definition of mixing, together with tools and guidelines for measurement of mixing will help researches to further develop the field of mixing, engineers to solve practical industrial mixing problems, and instructors of chemical engineering courses to introduce mixing concepts more easily. / Chemical Engineering

The study is a qualitative study that aims to examine how foreign-born parents affect second-generation immigrants choice of form of housing and residential areas and what differences there are between Swedish native-born and foreign-born parents. The study also examines how ethnicity affects young adults' choice of housing and residential area and the importance of second-generation immigrants attitudes towards segregated areas in the future have. The study focuses on the residential neighbourhoods of Sätra located in Gävle and Vivalla located in Örebro. Both neighbourhoods are million program areas but in different ways. The data collection consisted of ten people, five women and five men. The method asked specific questions and then interviewees spoke about themselves and how they perceive housing segregation. The selection has been made strategically thus the people that have been interviewed are born in Sweden and have parents that are born abroad. Also all of the interviewed individuals live in segregated areas. There is a lot of prejudice in the media and the public about segregation and the vulnerability of segregated areas. The results shows five women and five men’s own experiences and thoughts about living in segregated residential areas, having foreign- born parents, how both have affected them and their views of ethnic segregation. / Undersökningen är en kvalitativ studie där intervjuer kommer göras för att jag somforskare ska kunna befinna mig i den sociala miljön som analyseras. Studien syftar tillatt granska hur utlandsfödda föräldrar påverkar andra generationens invandrares val avbostadsform och bostadsområde samt vilka skillnader det finns mellan inlandsfödda ochutlandsfödda föräldrar. Samt hur etnicitet påverkar unga vuxnas val av bostadsform ochbostadsområde och vilken betydelse andra generationens invandrares inställning tillboendesegregerade områden i framtiden har. För att utföra arbetet har en fallstudieanvänts. Anledningen till att en fallstudie har använts är för att arbetet ska utföras underen tidsbegränsad period. I studien ligger fokus på bostadsområdena Sätra och Vivalla,det dessa två områden har gemensamt är att de är segregerade på olika sätt och ärmiljonprogramsområden. Datainsamlingen bestod av tio personer, fem kvinnor och femmän. I studien tas intervjupersonernas erfarenheter, tankar och upplevelser med ochmetoden går ut på att ställa bestämd frågor och sedan har intervjupersonerna fått pratautifrån sig själva och hur de själva upplever ämnet. Urvalet är strategiskt, detintervjupersonerna har gemensamt är att de själva är födda i Sverige och harutlandsfödda föräldrar från olika länder samt bor i segregerade områden. Detförekommer mycket fördomar av media och människor utifrån på grund avsegregationen och utsattheten som råder i områdena. Resultatet visar fem kvinnor ochfem mäns egna erfarenheter, upplevelser och tankar av att bo i bostadsområdena och attha utlandsfödda föräldrar, hur det har påverkat dem och hur de ser på den etniskaboendesegregationen.

Boendesegregationsfrågan har under de senaste årtiondena blivit mer och mer uppmärksammad i den kommunala planeringen. Personer med olika bakgrund och attribut bor allt mer segregerat, där den geografiska uppdelningen debatteras för att innebära social exkludering och utsatthet. Det har därmed riktats fysiska åtgärder mot utsatta områden med syfte att motverka boendesegregation och dess negativa effekter. Hanterandet av boendesegregation har av den anledningen också fått möta mycket kritik, då kommuner tenderar att se boendesegregation som en effekt av den fysiska strukturens utformning, medan kritiker menar på att boendesegregation snarare grundas i andra sociala bakomliggande faktorer. Denna studie har därmed undersökt och redogjort för hur kommuner hanterar boendesegregation i sin kommunala planering, och vilka bakomliggande resonemang som förekommer mellan planerare. I studien framgår det att de undersökta kommunerna visar stor tilltro till fysiska åtgärder som att blanda upplåtelseformer, skapa mötesplatser och skapa bättre fysiska kopplingar mellan boendeområden, och att dessa åtgärder vidare förväntas ha en motverkande effekt på boendesegregation. Studien visar därtill att boendesegregation hanteras utefter institutionaliserade och stigberoende tankefigurer om att problemet till stor del ligger i den fysiska miljön och en föreställning om att det går att påverka sociala strukturer med förändringar i den fysiska miljön.

Urban segregation is considered a major social problem in Sweden and several national anti-segregation initiatives have been launched to decrease social and ethnic segregation but so far only with marginal effects (SOU 2005:29). Urban design and town planning are rarely the focus in national anti-segregation initiatives; the architectural issue has mainly been confined to matters concerning housing policies. This thesis argues that the strong focus on residential segregation in prevailing research on urban segregation is unfortunate and skewed, confusing issues related to urban design.This licentiate thesis explores urban segregation in relation to urban form because physical separation between people or between activities has an obvious direct relationship to how cities are shaped and structured by built form. Urban public space is often neglected in discussions on segregation and this thesis suggests that its role has been underrated. If it can be shown that segregation in public space influences such aspects of life as accessibility to other people and amenities, movement flows, co-presence in public space, and movement patterns, then it can be established that urban public space – as it is structured and shaped by built form – very directly influences people’s everyday lives. The thesis explores how urban segregation can be conceptualized, analysed, and described in a way that increases knowledge and under­standing regarding the role of urban form. Using a configurational morphological approach, this study shifts the focus by bringing attention to spatial relations within the city through public space, i.e., from spatial location to spatial relations. Hence, analysis focuses on distributions of space and through space rather than distributions in space. The result shows that configurational theories, methods, and tools contribute to more nuanced descriptions of spatial relations on both a local and a comprehensive level and analysis has the ability to shed light on essential differences in neighbourhoods and in the city as a whole. Using Södertälje as a case study, this thesis found a pronounced ruptured interface between the global and the local structure that clearly speaks of segregation in public space; this finding suggests that whether the neighbourhoods are residentially segregated or not, public space in most areas already is segregated. Results show that the built environment has a significant influence: urban space can both reinforce and mitigate certain social outcomes. This thesis identifies various negative social consequences of the hierarchical and segregated spatial structure found in Södertälje. Although it is not possible to say that integration processes are hindered by urban form, it is possible to conclude that spatial properties may both create and reproduce segregation patterns.Segregation in public space is found to be a far more urgent issue in the context of urban segregation than earlier recognised, and the result shows that urban form has a distinguishable influence on people’s everyday lives. This understanding opens for the possibility to address urban segregation from an urban design perspective, contributing to a significant discussion of space and society as well as issues related to urban sustainability. The findings of this study widen the possibility for urban design practice to be an important tool within anti-segregation initiatives in the future, a tool that in Sweden is used only to a very limited extent. / <p>QC 20101109</p>

Många svenska städer står idag inför utmaningen att dämpa de negativa effekterna som uppstår från den ökade segregationen. Det finns en tydlig rumslig åtskillnad mellan personer med olika socioekonomiska förutsättningar vilket påverkar individens valmöjligheter att arbeta, utbilda eller bosätta sig var hen vill. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka, genom en fallstudie, hur arbetet i Linköping ser ut för att motverka boendesegregationen i staden. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med personer, involverade i segregationsfrågan, har detta undersökts med den fysiska miljön och organisatoriska åtgärder som utgångspunkt. Studien visar att genom tydlig tvärsektoriell samverkan och blandade bostadsmiljöer möjliggörs förutsättningarna för en blandad befolkningssammansättning, men att det krävs ett mångsidigt ansvar från alla individer för att minska stigmatiseringen kring utsatta områden. / Many Swedish cities face the challenge of mitigating the negative effects that arise from the increased segregation. There is a clear spatial segregation between people with different socio-economic backgrounds which affects the individual's choices to work, education or live wherever they want. The purpose of this study is to investigate, based on a case study, how measures are taking place in Linköping to counteract increased housing segregation. Through qualitative interviews with people involved in the segregation issue, the subject has been investigated with the physical environment and organizational actions as a starting point. The study shows that through cross-sectoral cooperation and incorporating mixed housing environments the conditions for a mixed population are made possible, but that responsibility is required from all individuals to reduce the stigma around the vulnerable areas.

Reine und dotierte SnO2 Feinstpulver und Einkristalle wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden hergestellt. Die Abhängigkeit der Eigenschaften von der Dotierungsart und der Dotierungskonzentration wurde untersucht. Die Dotierung mit fünfwertigen Elementen (Sb, Nb) führt zur Erniedrigung des spezifischen elektrischen Widerstandes und die Dotierung mit dreiwertigen Elementen (z.B. In) zu seiner Erhöhung. An den dotierten Materialien kann mittels XPS eine Segregationsschicht nachgewiesen werden. Der Umfang dieser Schicht ist abhängig sowohl von dem Dotierungselement, als auch von den Herstellungsbedingungen (z.B. Temperatur und Temperungszeit). Für die Pulver wird, im Gegensatz zu den Einkristallen, kein thermodynamisches Gleichgewicht für Segregationsprozess im untersuchten Zeitfenster gefunden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Model vorgestellt, dass es erlaubt, die Dicke der Segregationsschicht, als auch der verbleibenden Volumenkonzentration der Dotierungselement im SnO2 Kristallit zu berechnen. Die Volumenkonzentration beträgt in Abhängigkeit von der Dotierungsart und Temperatur bis zu 70% der gesamten Dotierungskonzentration. Die sich ausbildende Segregationsschicht erreicht einen Bedeckungsgrad von bis zu einer Monolage. Die Aktivierungsenergie der Diffusion, sowie die freie Enthalpie des Segregationsprozesses können für die hier untersuchten Dotierungselemente in SnO2 bestimmt werden.

En av samhällets stora frågor är hur den ökade segregationen kan motverkas och förebyggas. Den förstärkta segregationen innebär ett utökat avstånd mellan individer, bostäder och samhällsservice som vidare leder till ökade ojämlikheter mellan individer, och kan ses som ett resultat av hur våra samhällen är gestaltade. Studien utgår från Motala kommun och syftar till att undersöka hur boendesegregation kommer till uttryck i nationella respektive kommunala strategier, samt vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som identifieras med aktuella insatser utifrån ett socialt hållbarhetsperspektiv. Detta görs med utgångspunkt från följande begrepp som alla är centrala för att en hållbar stadsutveckling ska uppnås: helhetssyn, samband, variation, identitet, inflytande. Med hjälp av dokumentanalyser och intervjuer framgår det att de kommunala strategierna i stor utsträckning speglar de nationella strategierna. Det framgår även att kommunen saknar ett helhetsperspektiv i sitt segregationsarbete och att en socialt hållbar stadsutveckling därmed blir svår att åstadkomma i flera avseenden. / One of society's biggest questions is how the growing segregation can be countered and prevented. The reinforced segregation implicates an increased distance between individuals, housing and community services which further reinforce inequalities between individuals and can be seen as a result of the way our societies are shaped. This study is based on the municipality of Moala and aims to investigate how residential segregation is expressed in both national and municipal strategies, as well as what opportunities and challenges that are identified with current efforts from a social sustainability perspective. This is done on the basis of the following concepts which are central to achieving a sustainable urban development: holistic view, connection, variation, influence, identity. By using document analysis and interviews it appears that the municipal strategies largely reflect the national approach. It also appears that the municipality lacks an overall perspective in their segregation work and that a socially sustainable urban development therefore is difficult to achieve in several respects.