Scholarship on occupational gender segregation has almost exclusively focused on women’s experiences (e.g., as targets of discrimination in masculine domains), yet understanding factors that perpetuate men’s underrepresentation in traditionally feminine occupations is equally important. In my dissertation, I examine a consequential dynamic early in the job search process in which individuals come to learn that an occupation that fits them is perceived as stereotypically feminine versus masculine. Specifically, I develop and test the prediction that the perceived femininity or masculinity of occupations will exert a stronger impact on men’s (versus women’s) interest in them, such that men will be less interested in gender-atypical occupations than women. Across six studies (N = 4,914), I consistently observed robust evidence for this prediction among diverse samples, including high school students, unemployed job seekers, US adults, and undergraduates, and using experimental and archival methods. I observed this asymmetry after controlling for alternative accounts related to economic factors (e.g., expected salary), suggesting that they alone cannot fully explain men’s lack of interest in feminine occupations, as previously discussed in the literature. Further, I consistently observed that men, compared to women, show heightened sensitivity to gender-based occupational status, and men’s greater sensitivity to gender-based occupational segregation explains men’s (versus women’s) reduced interest in gender-atypical occupations. Notably, an intervention aimed at addressing men’s sensitivity to gender-based occupational status effectively increased their interest in a traditionally feminine occupation. Though past scholarship suggests that increasing pay is key to stoking men’s interest in feminine occupations, this research suggests that targeting men’s sensitivity to gender-based occupational status may be an underappreciated pathway to reducing gender segregation.

Bedload transport is a complicated phenomenon in gravel-bed streams. Several factors account for this complication, including the different hydrologic regime under which different stream types operate and the wide range of particle sizes of channel bed material. Based on the hydrologic regime, there are two common types of gravel-bed streams: perennial and ephemeral. In terms of channel bed material, a gravel bed may have either unimodal or bimodal sediment. This study examines more closely some aspects of bedload transport in gravel-bed streams and proposes explanations based on fluvial mechanics. First, a comparison between perennial and ephemeral gravel-bed streams is conducted. This comparison demonstrates that under a wide range of Shields stresses, the trends exhibited by the bedload transport data of the two stream types collapse into one continuous curve, thus a unified approach is warranted. Second, an empirical bedload transport relation that accounts for the variation in the make-up of the surface material within a wide range of Shields stresses is developed. The accuracy of the relation is tested using available bedload transport data from streams with unimodal sediment. The relation is also compared against other formulae available in the literature that are commonly used for predicting bedload transport in gravel-bed streams. Third, an approach is proposed for transforming the bimodal sediment into two independent unimodal fractions, one for sand and another for gravel. This transformation makes it possible to carry out two separate computations of bedload transport rate using the bedload relation developed in this study for unimodal sediment. The total bedload transport rate is estimated by adding together the two contributions. / Ph. D.

The problem addressed by this study was that of determining whether significant differences existed among selected apprehensions concerning work, church, social, and family life of sample groups drawn from the black and white faculties in selected Virginia Community Colleges where student population are no less than 10 percent black. The subjects consisted of 256 community college faculty of which 190 faculty members responded. These subjects consisted of 75 black faculty members and 181 white faculty members in 9 selected Virginia Community Colleges. The study utilized the descriptive-survey research design to define and interpret the problem under investigation: (1) the willingness of the faculty members of the opposite race, (2) the kinds of people with whom black and white faculty members were most willing and unwilling to associate, and (3) the apprehensiveness of the faculty members and the intensity of such apprehension in campus-related situations. To answer the first concern of the study, a twenty-item questionnaire containing a rating scale was constructed. The rating scale was designed to ascertain the attitudes of faculty members in Different Role Behavior Situations. To respond to the second concern of the study, a list of twentyseven items were derived from pertinent literature. The subjects were asked to indicate by selecting only one response from two categories consisting of six items each and from "yes" or "no" in fifteen attitude situations. To respond to the third concern of the study, a twenty-item questionnaire containing a numerical rating scale was constructed. The rating scale was designed to ascertain the apprehensions of faculty members with respect to campus-related situations and determine the relative intensity of each. The Statistical Package Program SPSSH, Version 6.01 and contributed programs in the computer user's library at Virginia Western Community College were used to test chi-square between groups. Further, analysis of data using the Wilcoxan and Friedman tests also contributed to the computer user's library at Virginia Western Community College were used. The analysis was done on the Hewlett-Packard System 3000 in the computer center at Virginia Western Community College, Roanoke, Virginia. The findings revealed a relationship in the data to support conclusions concerning the varying degrees of apprehension related to role behavior, interpersonal reactions, and campus-related situations. These conclusions are summarized below. In the area of role behavior as it related to levels of apprehension expressed by respondents the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. The analysis of the data suggests that there exists a relationship between years teaching experience and the respondent's expressed level of apprehension about associating with members of the opposite race. Since this relationship was indicated by the chi-square test, but not confirmed by the Wilcoxan test further study in this area is needed before a conclusion can be reached. 2. The data analysis indicated a relationship between degree of apprehension a respondent expressed about associating with members of the opposite race and the respondent's own race. Additional analysis of the data indicates that blacks are less apprehensive than whites. 3. The analysis suggests there is a relationship between the respondent's sex and the degree of apprehension expressed concerning association with members of the opposite race. Males appeared to be more apprehensive than females collectively. Also, white males appear to be more apprehensive than black males and white females more apprehensive than black females. Additional investigation into the question suggest there is a relationship between sex and the degree of apprehension among whites. The data did not show a statistically significant relationship between sex and degree of apprehension among blacks. Analysis of individual survey items suggested a relationship between sex and the degree of apprehension in two social situations: (a) joining a club where most of the members are women and (b) joining a church where half of the members are of the opposite race. The examination of the responses related to different kinds of interpersonal reactions revealed the following trends: The data suggests a relationship between race and characteristics of individuals of the opposite race with whom the respondents would be most willing to associate. The data did not produce statistically significant findings that a relationship exists between race and the characteristics of individuals of the opposite race with whom the respondents would be most unwilling to associate. Neither did the analysis suggest a relationship between sex and characteristics of individuals of the opposite race with whom the respondents would be most willing or unwilling to associate. An examination of the data related to campus-related situations suggested that: 1. There is a relationship between degree of apprehension expressed and race, with blacks being more apprehensive than whites. 2. There is a possible relationship between degree of apprehension expressed and sex with white females expressing less apprehension than black females. / Ed. D.

In 1902, in an effort to reestablish what they saw as whites' natural right to control government rule over blacks, the delegates to Virginia's Constitutional Convention of 1901-1902 declared the new constitution law that they felt reflected "the true opinion of the people of Virginia." This thesis argues that while Virginia's 1902 Constitution increased the political power of whites and decreased that of black Virginians, the reasons why they needed the document in the first place highlights an important aspect regarding the anxiety of many white Virginians in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Specifically, it helps to show how whiteness as a source of political and social power was not concrete or absolute, but rather was a reaction to the increasing presence and assertion of power by black Virginians. I argue that white Virginians, faced with the increasing political and social presence of black Virginians as equals, sought to reestablish their racial superiority through law and constitutional revision. However, by making their whiteness "visible"-- by continually reasserting their claim to legitimate power because they were "white"-- white Virginians revealed how unstable their racial world had become. / Master of Arts

Any attempt to tell the story of federal involvement in the dismantling of America's formalized systems of racial discrimination that positions the judiciary as the first branch of government to engage in this effort, identifies the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision as the beginning of the civil rights movement, or fails to recognize the centrality of President Harry S. Truman in the narrative of racial equality is in error. Driven by an ever-increasing recognition of the injustices of racial discrimination, Truman offered a comprehensive civil rights program to Congress on 2 February 1948. When his legislative proposals were rejected, he employed a unilateral policy of action despite grave political risk, and freed subsequent presidential nominees of the Democratic party from its southern segregationist bloc by winning re-election despite the States' Rights challenge of Strom Thurmond. The remainder of his administration witnessed a multi-faceted attack on prejudice involving vetoes, executive orders, public pronouncements, changes in enforcement policies, and amicus briefs submitted by his Department of Justice. The southern Democrat responsible for actualizing the promises of America's ideals of freedom for its black citizens is Harry Truman, not Lyndon Johnson. The shift in white American opinion necessary for the passage of the civil rights acts of the 1960s was generated by the cumulative effects of actions taken between 1945 and 1953. / Master of Arts

No / We used biased random-dot dynamic test stimuli to measure the strength of the motion aftereffect (MAE) to evaluate the usefulness of this technique as a measure of motion adaptation strength. The stimuli consisted of noise dots whose individual directions were random and of signal dots moving in a unique direction. All dots moved at the same speed. For each condition, the nulling percentage (percentage of signal dots needed to perceptually null the MAE) was scaled with respect to the coherence threshold (percentage needed to perceive the coherent motion of signal dots without prior adaptation). The increase of these scaled values with the density of dots in the test stimulus suggests that MAE strength is underestimated when measured with low densities. We show that previous reports of high nulling percentages at slow speeds do not reflect strong MAEs, but are actually due to spatio-temporal aliasing, which dramatically increases coherence thresholds. We further show that MAE strength at slow speed increases with eccentricity. These findings are consistent with the idea that using this dynamic test stimulus preferentially reveals the adaptation of a population of high-speed motion units whose activity is independent of adapted low-speed motion units.

No description available.

Hageby är en stadsdel i Norrköping som i huvudsak betraktas som segregerad, med en hög andel utlandsfödda innevånare. Området förknippas också med låg socioekonomisk status, kriminalitet, hög arbetslöshet och utanförskap. Den externa bilden av området är i hög grad negativ medan den interna upplevelsen och uppfattningen om Hageby till största delen är positiv. Vissa interna konflikter, baserade på etnicitet och religion, är tydligt närvarande men de flesta informanter har en positiv syn på ”svenskar”, trots att många har få möjligheter eller tillfällen att interagera med etniska svenskar. För många av innevånarna tycks det upplevas som åtminstone delvis positivt att bo i ett mångkulturellt område och för nyanlända tycks närheten till familj och den etniska gruppen ha en tydligt dämpande effekt på den stress som anpassningen till den nya livssituationen och samhället kan ge upphov till. En omfattande mängd forskning visar att boendesegregation tenderar att förlänga integrationsprocessen ochhar negativ inverkan på språkutveckling, skapandet av nätverk på arbetsmarknaden, förståelse och fullt deltagande i samhället och därmed utövandet av medborgarskap. Trots det, visar mina informanter att boende i ett segregerat område inte nödvändigtvis får dessa effekter för individer. Men den negativa stereotypiseringen av området och dess innevånare tenderar att ha en viss effekt på självbilden och identitetsskapandet hos människor som bor där. / Hageby is a district in Norrköping, which is mainly perceived as segregated with a large number of inhabitants of foreign origin. It's also associated with low socioeconomic status, criminality, high unemployment and social exclusion. The external perception of the area is mainly negative, whilst the internal experiences and views, on the contrary are quite positive. Some internal conflicts, based on ethnicity and religion is clearly present here, but most informants expresses a positive view of the Swedish people, though many have little opportunity to interact with ethnic Swedes. Living in a multicultural area, seems for many of the local inhabitants to be something partly positive. For newcomers living there, closeness to family and their ethnic group, also helps soften the stress of settling in and adjusting to a new community. Extensive research shows that living in a segregated area, tend to slow the integration process, having negative effect on learning the new language, developing networks necessary for finding work, understanding of and full participation in society. Newer the less, my informants show that living in a segregated area, does not necessarily have these effects on an individual level. Although the extended influence of negative stereotyping of the area and the people who live there, tend to have an effect on self image and the construction of identity.

Racial residential segregation in Dallas public housing projects is analyzed before and after the implementation of the "central tenant assignment plan," adopted in May of 1975, Among the socioeconomically segregated population served by public housing, the effects of race and the nondiscrimination policy are investigated using project occupancy data. Indexes of dissimilarity are used to measure racial segregation, and the racial compositions of the communities in which the projects are located are described using 1970 U.S. census and 1976 Dallas City Profile Survey data. The findings indicate that the nondiscrimination policy was not effective in reducing the high levels of racial segregation. A small decline in segregation was noted after a change in project administrative personnel late in 1974.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux documenter les différentes manières d'habiter des adolescents de zones urbaines sensibles (ZUS) franciliennes en prenant appui sur l'analyse de leurs pratiques de mobilité quotidienne. Elle vise à répondre aux trois questions suivantes :-les adolescents de ZUS ont-ils une mobilité spécifique par rapport aux autres adolescents ? -la diversité géographique des ZUS et l'hétérogénéité sociale des adolescents de ces quartiers se traduisent-elles par des pratiques de mobilité différenciée et, au final, par différentes manières d'habiter un quartier ségrégué ? -selon la manière dont ils habitent leur quartier, certains adolescents de ZUS subissent-ils plus que les autres les externalités négatives de la ségrégation urbaine ? Les mobilités quotidiennes jouent ainsi un rôle fondamental à l'adolescence car elles sont le support du passage progressif du monde familier au domaine public urbain. Elles mettent notamment à l'épreuve les habitudes d'action que les adolescents ont acquises dans leur quartier de résidence ou dans leur famille. Elles donnent ainsi lieu à des interactions, qui si elles sont d'une autre nature que dans ces deux sphères, n'en sont pas moins socialisantes. Les pratiques de mobilité participent de ce fait aux différentes manières d'habiter des adolescents, tout autant que les interactions quotidiennes qu'ils ont dans leur famille ou dans leur quartier. Se focaliser sur les ZUS permet alors d'enrichir les approches traditionnelles de la ségrégation, qui insistent sur une influence néfaste du cadre urbain sur les adolescents et ne prennent pas en compte les effets socialisants de leurs pratiques de mobilité. Nous montrons que ces pratiques sont cependant déterminées par trois éléments principaux : l'environnement social, économique et géographique des adolescents ; les dispositions qu'ils ont acquises dans la sphère familiale ou leur quartier de résidence ; les épreuves de co-présence avec des citadins d'un autre milieu social et résidentiel dont ils ont déjà fait l'expérience. Pour répondre à nos questions de recherche, nous nous appuyons sur des matériaux statistiques (l'enquête global transports et des indicateurs d'accès en transports en commun aux principales aménités urbaines franciliennes), une ethnographie d'un an dans une maison de quartier d'une ZUS de grande couronne ainsi que des projets de recherche-action dans sept établissements scolaires. Ces projets articulent quatre-vingt douze entretiens semi-directifs d'une heure et des ateliers thématiques sur la mobilité (photographies et écriture de textes). Ces matériaux nous ont permis de mettre en évidence les contraintes spécifiques qui pèsent sur la mobilité des adolescents de ZUS, mais également d'élaborer sept manières typiques d'habiter un quartier ségrégué ou à proximité. L'objectif de la construction de cette typologie n'est alors pas de classer stricto sensu les adolescents, mais de comprendre et d'expliquer pourquoi, dans un contexte donné, ils habitent de telle ou telle manière leur quartier / This PHD aims at documenting the spatial mobility practices of the teenagers who live in segregated neighbourhoods, so as to promote an understanding of life in such places and to explore potential desegregation effects of increased mobility. This issue is addressed here through the case of the "Zones urbaines sensibles" (ZUS) in the Parisian region, mainly the “cités” as coined by the French. So as to understand what distinguishes the teenagers who live in ZUS from the others, so as to understand also what divides them, we have chosen to apprehend them under the double angle of their district and social background. That double angle allows to take into account the social socio-spatial distinctions within the ZUS but also to question the theory of a gradual replacement of the social issue by “a new urban issue” : social problems would no longer be apprehended as class conflicts centred on work but as segregation. The fact of taking into account the mobility capacities of the teenagers living in ZUS without disregarding the influence of their residential and social environment on these practices leads us then to wonder whether the working and lower middle-class teenagers of ZUS have a specific and homogeneous use of space inside and outside their district?In order to answer this question, we mainly focused on three materials : the Parisian metropolitan mobility survey, an ethnographic survey of about one year with young boys frequenting the local community centres of a municipality in the outer suburbs, seven in-school research projects consisting in about ninety-two one-hour interviews as well as thematic work on mobility in class (photos and writing mainly). These materials reveal seven predominant ways of using the space inside and outside the neighbourhood including public transportation. These seven predominant ways, influenced by social and territorial variables, depict the heterogeneity of the inhabitants of the ZUS