Public sector corruption is endemic in many economies and is frequently cited as a cause of poor economic performance. Corruption hinders the completion of beneficial transactions and distorts the outcomes of economic policies. It can also affect the policy choices of governments as they attempt to counteract the consequences of corruption. Excessive inflation may be a negative side effect of corruption if the government compensates for lost revenue by increasing the rate of monetary expansion to exploit seigniorage. There is convincing empirical evidence from cross-section studies that inflation and corruption are positively correlated. It has been suggested that this is a consequence of governments in corrupt economies turning to the use of seigniorage as a method of raising revenue (Al-Marhubi, 2000). This seems a likely route through which the correlation can arise, but the mechanism at work has not received any theoretical attention. In particular, there has been no demonstration that an optimizing government will rationally exploit seigniorage as a response to corruption. The contribution of this study is an analysis of this issue in theoretical models in which the growth rate of money supply is chosen by an optimizing government. Although an empirical analysis is undertaken to explore the relationship between corruption and inflation in chapter one, the main focus of the study is on chapters three, four, and five where theoretical analysis plays the principal role in the research.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 2, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

The objective of this thesis is to see how effectively can central banks can conduct monetary policy under specific circumstances. Four hypothesis are being examined on the case study of five central banks - the Czech National Bank, the Central Bank of Chile, the Bank of Jamaica, the Central Bank of Argentina and the Swiss National Bank. Firstly this work confirms that solid monetary policy can be applied even if CB is dealing with loss based on inflation targeting success rate of central banks. Secondly, in the case of Czech National Bank using VAR, was concluded that inflation expectations can influence the outcome of CB's monetary policy. In the second part of this hypothesis the expectations from the government side in SNB case were examined. On the case of Argentina the negative effect of adjusting monetary policy was demonstrated. The last part elaborates on the topic of determining optimal capitalisation of central bank.

När Lehman Brothers INC lämnade in sin konkursansökan hösten 2008 sände detta chockvågor genom finanssektorn världen över och spred sig senare till den reala ekonomin med en ekonomisk kris som följd. Spanien som är Europas fjärde största ekonomi drabbades hårt av denna kris som punkterade landets överhettade bostadsmarknad vilket ledde till massarbetslöshet och stora budgetunderskott. I uppsatsen har författarna använt sig av en finanspolitisk regel samt teorier om finanspolitisk hållbarhet. Dessa har använts för att analysera huruvida Spaniens finanspolitik har varit en bidragande orsak till landets allvarliga ekonomiska situation. I empirin används data och statistik från trovärdiga källor som till exempel OECD och Eurostat. Den data som används i empirin är variabler som återfinns i teorikapitlet. Resultatet visar att Spanien finanspolitiskt har agerat i strid med de teorier som använts. De förde under 2000-talet en finanspolitik som inte var hållbar på lång sikt. Detta gjorde att situationen blev allvarligare än vad den hade behövt vara när finanskrisen drabbade landet. Spanien förde en expansiv finanspolitik trots en hög tillväxt vilket ledde till budgetunderskott trots den goda tillväxten. Detta gjorde att när tillväxten sjönk som en följd av krisen låg skatter och offentliga utgifter inte på långsiktigt hållbara nivåer.

預算赤字透過發行貨幣來融通的過程，稱為赤字貨幣化(Moneization)，在貨幣數量學說成立下，赤字貨幣化必引發通貨膨脹，此一過程透過了通貨膨脹而收取之收入，稱為鑄幣稅(Seigniorage)，因為它的多寡又與通貨膨脹密不可分，所以又稱為通貨膨脹稅(Inflation Tax)，鑄幣稅與通貨膨脹稅實為同義複詞！ 　　本文目的在探討預算赤字下之鑄幣稅收入，首先先就鑄幣稅理論的相關文獻做一回顧整理。從經濟面，有關鑄幣稅的定義在說法上就相當紛歧，而不同的衡量方式也透過不同的方法對鑄幣稅做最適規劃，以尋求鑄幣稅和通貨膨脹二者之間的關係。從會計面，經由央行的資產負債表(Balance Sheet)與損益表(Income Statement)的結合，重新來詮釋鑄幣稅含義，並進一步區分出「貨幣型」鑄幣稅(Monetary Seigniorage)與「財政上」鑄幣稅(Fiscal Seigniorage)的不同，後者才是真正政府用來融通赤字的收入。 　　台灣目前預算赤字正不斷地擴大，而公債發行餘額也在短短幾年內快速累積，未來龐大的債息又將成為財政一大負擔，那麼同是融通工具的鑄幣稅在此際所發揮的功能又是如何？除了透過貨幣需求函數計量模型來觀察我國鑄幣稅的特性外，並透過會計面針對八十二、八十三預算赤字嚴重的兩個年度來觀察鑄幣稅在此際所發揮之融通赤字的功能，以此結果作為赤字貨幣化的指標。

A partir de 1996 pour combattre une inflation galopante, Haïti a mis en place une politique de ciblage de la masse monétaire avec un objectif d’inflation. La forte inflation a pris naissance dans l’accumulation du déficit budgétaire et le financement monétaire de celui-ci par le seigneuriage. Cette pratique du financement par l’impôt inflationniste engendre donc un problème de crédibilité, en dépit de la double circulation monétaire caractérisée par un niveau élevé de dollarisation de l’économie qui a atteint 50% dès 2004. La politique monétaire mise en œuvre vise à éviter le biais inflationniste et différentes approches pour améliorer la crédibilité ont été considérées. La crise économique commencée en 2007 dans les pays développés, est née de l’instabilité des marchés financiers et a obligé la mise en place de politique monétaire non conventionnelle afin d’éviter la trappe de liquidité. Cette crise a donné lieu à une accumulation de réserves internationales et un faible taux d’intérêt dans les économies des pays émergents et les économies des pays sous-développés. Il devenait évident que le fondement théorique de la stratégie de politique monétaire demeure la recherche à la fois de la stabilité monétaire et la stabilité des marchés financiers afin de conserver la crédibilité et l’efficacité de la politique monétaire des banques centrales. L’utilisation abusive faite par la FED aux USA de l’assouplissement quantitatif, fait craindre une crise de la dette souveraine des Etats, la création de bulle spéculative, et un retour à la récession. Avec le cas d’Haïti, les anticipations ne sont pas rationnelles à cause des erreurs de prévisions. Une analyse jointe des taux des banques, en utilisant un modèle VECM, ne nous a pas permis de trouver un taux d’équilibre de long terme entre eux. Le test de Seo conclu que les chocs ont affecté la dynamique de ces taux. Les accords avec le FMI ont permis une très faible amélioration de l’efficacité de la politique monétaire avec l’accumulation de réserves dans la foulée de la crise qui a démarré en 2007. / Since 1996 in order to fight inflation, Haiti put in place a monetary policy targeting money supply with inflation target. Inflation high gets started from budget deficit accumulation and monetary financing by seigniorage. This practice of financing by inflationary taxes implies a problem of credibility of monetary policy even with a double monetary circulation and a dollarization of the economy reaching 50% since 2004. The monetary policy implementation aims to avoid inflation bias and different approaches for improving credibility has been considered. The economic crisis started in 2007 created by the instability of the financial markets, forced the establishment of non-conventional monetary policy to avoid the liquidity trap. This crisis has resulted in an accumulation of international reserves and low interest rate in emerging economies and the economies of underdeveloped countries. It became more and more evident that the theoretical basis of the monetary policy strategy remains looking for both, monetary stability and the stability of the financial markets, in order to maintain the credibility and efficiency of the monetary policy of central banks. The misuse made by the FED in the USA of quantitative easing, rise concerns about a crisis of sovereign debt of the Sates, the creation of speculative bubble, and a possible return to the recession. With the case of Haiti, the expectations are not rationales because of forecast errors. A joint analysis of banks interests’ rates using a VECM model has not enabled us to find a long run equilibrium rate between them. The Seo test concluded that chocks affect the dynamic of both rates. The agreements with the IMF allowed improving weakly the monetary policy efficiency with the accumulation of international reserves in the wake of the crisis which started in 2007.