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Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Otillräcklig fysisk aktivitet innebär en förhöjd risk att drabbas av sjukdom och identifieras som en riskfaktor bakom dödlighet i världen. Fysisk aktivitet har i tidigare forskning visat sig reducera stressnivå och ge högre resultat på självskattad hälsa hos individer. Sjuksköterskor som själva utövar fysisk aktivitet beskriver fördelar som minskad stress och trötthet samt ökad energi till arbetet. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka förekomst av och samband mellan fysisk aktivitet på fritiden, arbetsrelaterad stress (utmattning) och upplevd hälsa hos sjuksköterskor i kommunal hemsjukvård. Metod: En kvantitativ ansats med en icke-experimentell tvärsnittsstudie har genomförts. Webbaserad enkätundersökning utfördes i tre kommuner i södra Sverige med 57 svarande distriktssköterskor och sjuksköterskor i kommunal hemsjukvård. Svarsfrekvensen var 41 procent. Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna i studien skattar generellt sin allmänna hälsa högt och är till stor del fysiskt aktiva inom olika ansträngningsnivåer. Vid förekomst av hård fysisk ansträngningsnivå uppgav 46,4 procent att de var fysiskt aktiva 2–3 ggr i veckan eller mer. Det framkommer att de deltagare som skattar sin hälsa högt också är fysiskt aktiva i större utsträckning. Sjuksköterskor som i studien skattade sin hälsa ”utmärkt”, ”mycket god” och ”god” utgör tillsammans 93 procent. Andel svarande i riskzon för utmattning/arbetsrelaterad stress är 17,5 procent. Inget statistiskt signifikant samband påvisas mellan grad av fysisk aktivitet och utmattning/arbetsrelaterad stress. Slutsats: Majoriteten av sjuksköterskorna i studien upplever att de klarar påfrestningar i arbetet bra och hinner med sina arbetsuppgifter. Många är också fysiskt aktiva inom olika ansträngningsnivåer samt upplever sin hälsa god. / Abstract Background: Insufficient physical activity means an increased risk of disease and is identified as a risk factor for mortality in the world. Physical activity has shown in previous research to reduce stress levels and provide higher outcomes for self-assessed health in individuals. Nurses who exercise physical activity themselves describe benefits such as reduced stress and fatigue as well as increased energy at work. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and relationship between physical activity at leisure, work-related stress (fatigue) and perceived health of nurses in municipal home care. Method: A quantitative approach with a non-experimental cross-sectional study were used. Web-based surveys was conducted in three municipalities in southern Sweden with 57 respondent district nurses and nurses in municipal home care. Response rate was 41 percent. Results: Nurses in the study generally rate their overall health high and are physically active to a large extent within different levels of exercise. In the presence of hard physical exercise, 46.4 percent indicated that they were physically active 2-3 times a week or more. It appears that those who are self-assessing their health high are also physically active to a greater extent. Nurses who estimated their health "excellent", "very good" and "good" together constitute 93 percent. The respondents in the risk zone for fatigue / work-related stress is 17.5 percent. No statistical significant relationship is detected between the level of physical activity and fatigue / work-related stress. Conclusion: The majority of nurses in the study experience that they are in a position to cope with stress at work and are able to fulfill their task assignment. Many are also physically active within different levels of effort and experience their health well.

My dissertation is composed of an introductory chapter followed by three independent chapters focusing on two themes: health and retirement. The last chapter concludes. After the introductory chapter, the second chapter investigates whether self reported general stress is a mediator in the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and health. I use a six-year long panel of the Canadian Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics and employ dynamic econometric modelling techniques to study men and women who are major income earners in their families. I find little evidence that general stress is a pathway from SES to health. While the results suggest a strong negative association between stress and health for both men and women, they provide little support to the hypothesis of a significant effect of income on stress, consistent with the direction of the SES-health gradient. The third chapter studies whether self-assessed health status (SAH) contains information about future mortality and morbidity, beyond the information that is contained in standard "observable" characteristics of individuals (including pre-existing diagnosed medical conditions). Using a ten-year span of the Canadian National Population Health Survey, we find evidence that SAH does contain private information for future mortality and morbidity. Moreover, the extra information in SAH is greater at older ages. Our results suggest that a shift from defined benefit to defined contribution pension arrangements may carry with it the cost of exacerbated adverse selection in the market for annuities, especially at older ages. That would make it more difficult for older individuals to insure longevity risk. The fourth chapter looks at whether differences in early retirement pathways are associated with differences in post-retirement outcomes of health, stress and dwelling tenure. I use a 5 ample of men from the Canadian Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, years 1996 to 2004. I find that differences in pre-retirement health indicators (such as self-assessed health and disability), as pathways to early retirement, are likely to be associated with differences in post-retirement health and stress. In addition, the results suggest that "involuntary" retirees (men who may have retired because of health and/or health related coniitions) are more likely to experience worse post-retirement outcomes (in terms of health and stress) than men who retire "voluntarily". Retirement circumstances are found to have no statistically significant effect on dwelling tenure. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Sociala medier är idag en integrerad del av människors vardagsliv och kan ses som en ny typ av hälsorelaterad levnadsvana som kan innebära både positiva och negativa hälsoeffekter för individen. Självskattad hälsa används för att mäta hälsostatus i en befolkning och lite forskning finns på hur användning av sociala medier påverkar människors hälsa generellt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur användningen av sociala medier påverkar ungdomars självskattade hälsa samt vilka könsskillnader som finns. Målgruppen för studien är gymnasieelever och studien är baserad på kvantitativ data. En tvärsnittsstudie med en enkätundersökning som datainsamlingsmetod har använts. Frekvenstabeller har gjorts för att beskriva ungdomars användning av sociala medier och deras självskattade hälsa och chitvå test har använts för att påvisa eventuella samband. Resultaten visade på signifikanta värden mellan kön och självskattad hälsa samt mellan användning av sociala medier och självskattad hälsa. Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån teorin om övervägda handlingar.

This study has examined the relationship between student´s grades in Physical education and self-assessed health and level of physical activity. In this way some of the subject´s aims has been examined. Students should, through the subject, develop knowledge and skills that enable them to take an active responsibility for their health and physical activity throughout life. A quantitative method were used where students at the upper secondary school have taken part in a survey. The results from the study were analyzed using the cultural sociological perspective as well as curriculum theory. The results show a positive relationship between student´s grades in Physical education and self-assessed health as well as level of physical activity. Relationships could also be seen between student´s grades and if they state that they make active choices regarding their health and physical activity based on knowledge and skills learned in the subject. The relationships indicate that the teaching lives up to the researched aims. However, the results also show that the answers from many students indicate that the teaching in the subject does not live up to the researched aims. The results can thus be interpreted in two different ways.