Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study has the objective to present some key elements of systems theory of Niklas Luhmann. Systems theory has widely circulated in the past half century, with contributions from biology, cybernetics and mathematics. Luhmann rejects the old tradition based on ontological concepts, the notion of system as a whole composed of parts, the search for the essence of the elements. In exchange initially proposes a systems theory that is guided by the distinction between system and environment. In its mature phase designs functionally differentiated social systems, autopoietic, self-reference and endowed with meaning. The first chapter will be devoted to the presentation of the evolution of systems theory, elements that are common to any social system and to question the place of the subject in theory luhmannian. The second chapter is devoted to communication, synthesis of information, the act of communicating and the act of understanding. Communication is the basic operation of social systems. We'll see how the contact with the psychic and living systems. The third chapter is devoted to the law. This subsystem has the social function of generating expectations of conduct. The self-reference, autopoiesis and select the legal operations of non-legal. The binary code legal / illegal conduct legal communication and indicates the pipes that are nonconforming or conforming to the law. The recursion of operations and the memory of the right, through positive and repeated decisions, reinforce this subsystem normative. Luhmann's work is vast, having numerous references to the tradition of philosophy and sociology, as it appropriates elements of the exact sciences and natural sciences. You can find two phases this author reference in their works. The division occurs in March with the introduction of the concept of autopoiesis, rescued the theory of Maturana and selfreference design and functionality. For all that, the theory developed by Luhmann shows extremely interesting and complex. Keywords: Theory of systems. Self-reference. / O presente trabalho possui o objetivo de apresentar alguns elementos centrais da teoria dos sistemas de Niklas Luhmann. A teoria dos sistemas possui grande difusão na metade do século passado, com contribuições da biologia, da cibernética e da matemática. Luhmann rechaça a tradição vétereo-européia baseada nos conceitos ontológicos, na noção de sistema como todo composto de partes, na busca da essência dos elementos. Em troca propõe inicialmente uma teoria dos sistemas que se pauta pela diferenciação entre sistema e entorno. Na sua fase madura concebe os sistemas sociais funcionalmente diferenciados, autopoiéticos, autorreferenciais e dotados de sentido. O primeiro capítulo será dedicado à apresentação da evolução da teoria dos sistemas, dos elementos que são comuns a qualquer sistema social e à pergunta pelo lugar do sujeito na teoria luhmanniana. O segundo capítulo é dedicado à comunicação, síntese da informação, do ato de comunicar e do ato de entender. A comunicação é a operação elementar dos sistemas sociais. Veremos como ocorre o contato com os sistemas psíquicos e vivos. O terceiro capítulo é dedicado ao direito. Esse subsistema social possui a função de gerar expectativas de conduta. A autorreferência e a autopoiésis selecionam as operações jurídicas das não-jurídicas. O código binário legal/ilegal conduz a comunicação jurídica e indica as condutas que são conformes ou desconformes ao direito. A recursividade das operações e a memória do direito, através da positividade e das reiteradas decisões, reforçam esse subsistema normativo. A obra de Luhmann é vasta, possuindo diversas referências à tradição da filosofia e sociologia, da mesma forma que se apropria de elementos das ciências exatas e biológicas. É possível encontrar nesse autor duas fases de referência em suas obras. O marco de divisão ocorre com a introdução do conceito de autopoiésis, resgatado da teoria de Maturana, e a concepção de autorreferência e funcionalidade. Por tudo isso, a teoria desenvolvida por Luhmann se mostra extremamente interessante e complexa.

Nesta tese, argumenta-se que as inscrições são a interface a partir da qual é possível considerar metodologicamente a condição de observadores na visualização do conhecimento. Para isso, considera-se os limites dos sistemas formais, a crise da representação e o modelo da Máquina de Turing como afirmações da condição encarnada do conhecer. Nesse contexto, a noção de informação mostra-se indício de uma transição paradigmática entre um modelo de conhecimento representacional, no qual a posição de um observador frente às representações não entra na configuração analisada, e um modelo sistêmico, que exige a consideração de diferentes níveis de organização e suas limitações que emergem da autorreferência. Propõe-se a noção superfície de inscrição para abordar a relação entre operatividades mecânicas, como a encontrada nos computadores, e o domínio consensual da linguagem que permite explicar um mundo entendido como realidade. Essa noção é forjada como um artifício teóricometodológico para evitar, em contextos educativos e de pesquisa, a reificação de uma posição frente aos quadros explicativos que reforça dicotomias tipo natureza-cultura e deslegitima o potencial enunciativo de qualquer ser humano. O artifício é proposto em três campos de análise e legibilidade: o campo das condições técnicas das superfícies; a estabilização de uma posição de observação diante das superfícies de inscrição; e o contexto político do uso de tais superfícies para compartilhar e explicar. / On this thesis, we discuss that the inscriptions are the interface from which it is possible to consider the conditions of observers methodologically on the knowledge visualization; therefore, we consider the formal systems limits, the representation crisis, and the Turing Machine Model as affirmations of the embodied condition of knowledge. In this context, the notion of information proves to be an indicative of a paradigmatic shift from a representational model of knowledge, in which the position of an observer in the face of representations does not infer the configuration that was analyzed, and a systemic model, which demands consideration of different levels of organization and its limitations that emerge from self-reference. We propose the notion of inscription surface to tackle the relation of different kinds of mechanical operability, as the one found in computers, and the consensual domain of language that helps one to explain a world perceived as reality. This notion is forged as a theoretic-methodological stratagem to avoid, in educational and research contexts, the reification of a position related to the explanatory frameworks that reinforces dichotomies such as nature-culture and delegitimizes the enunciative potential of any humanbeing. The stratagem is proposed in three fields of analysis and readability: the field of technical conditions of the surfaces; a position of observation stabilization on the inscription surfaces, and the political context of the use of such surfaces to share and explain.

Nesta tese, argumenta-se que as inscrições são a interface a partir da qual é possível considerar metodologicamente a condição de observadores na visualização do conhecimento. Para isso, considera-se os limites dos sistemas formais, a crise da representação e o modelo da Máquina de Turing como afirmações da condição encarnada do conhecer. Nesse contexto, a noção de informação mostra-se indício de uma transição paradigmática entre um modelo de conhecimento representacional, no qual a posição de um observador frente às representações não entra na configuração analisada, e um modelo sistêmico, que exige a consideração de diferentes níveis de organização e suas limitações que emergem da autorreferência. Propõe-se a noção superfície de inscrição para abordar a relação entre operatividades mecânicas, como a encontrada nos computadores, e o domínio consensual da linguagem que permite explicar um mundo entendido como realidade. Essa noção é forjada como um artifício teóricometodológico para evitar, em contextos educativos e de pesquisa, a reificação de uma posição frente aos quadros explicativos que reforça dicotomias tipo natureza-cultura e deslegitima o potencial enunciativo de qualquer ser humano. O artifício é proposto em três campos de análise e legibilidade: o campo das condições técnicas das superfícies; a estabilização de uma posição de observação diante das superfícies de inscrição; e o contexto político do uso de tais superfícies para compartilhar e explicar. / On this thesis, we discuss that the inscriptions are the interface from which it is possible to consider the conditions of observers methodologically on the knowledge visualization; therefore, we consider the formal systems limits, the representation crisis, and the Turing Machine Model as affirmations of the embodied condition of knowledge. In this context, the notion of information proves to be an indicative of a paradigmatic shift from a representational model of knowledge, in which the position of an observer in the face of representations does not infer the configuration that was analyzed, and a systemic model, which demands consideration of different levels of organization and its limitations that emerge from self-reference. We propose the notion of inscription surface to tackle the relation of different kinds of mechanical operability, as the one found in computers, and the consensual domain of language that helps one to explain a world perceived as reality. This notion is forged as a theoretic-methodological stratagem to avoid, in educational and research contexts, the reification of a position related to the explanatory frameworks that reinforces dichotomies such as nature-culture and delegitimizes the enunciative potential of any humanbeing. The stratagem is proposed in three fields of analysis and readability: the field of technical conditions of the surfaces; a position of observation stabilization on the inscription surfaces, and the political context of the use of such surfaces to share and explain.

O presente trabalho trata da cartografia produzida sobre a cidade de São Paulo entre 1877 e 1930 e de como essa cartografia interferiu na forma como a cidade foi vista e construída no período. Partimos da configuração do urbano metropolitano e de sua extensão, de forma que as questões que nortearam a pesquisa giravam em torno da lógica do espraiamento da cidade. A cidade foi pensada para ter essa característica ou foi sendo construída ao sabor do mercado imobiliário? Esse espraiamento é consequência das desigualdades sócio-espaciais ou é uma de suas causas? E, por fim, se os mapas interferiram na produção da cidade espraiada. Através de abordagem geohistórica e da metodologia de análise de mapas da Nova História da Cartografia, que constitui na desconstrução dos objetos cartográficos por meio da compreensão do contexto em que foram elaborados, desenvolveu-se a tese. Por isso, a primeira parte do trabalho é a contextualização do período na bibliografia existente, além das análises das atas e anais da Câmara Municipal de São Paulo, e dos relatórios de intendentes e prefeitos, visando compreender o período e a forma como o patrimônio municipal as terras pertencentes à municipalidade foi sendo apropriado pelo mercado imobiliário na construção da cidade, ao mesmo tempo em que não se obedecia o código de posturas que, desde 1875 exigia que o município fosse mapeado. Com o objetivo de analisar se os mapas teriam capacidade de agir com desempenho no espaço geográfico, se os mesmos atuaram como operadores na construção da cidade espraiada, optou-se também por análises desdobradas da semiose cartográfica para uma melhor compreensão dos fenômenos da autorreferencia e da iconização. A partir da análise de três séries de mapas da cidade foi possível, através da desconstrução e da ressiginificação dos mapas em suas séries, e da análise de seus aspectos autorreferenciais, chegar à gênese da imagem do espraiamento da cidade a partir da planta de 1897 e seus desdobramentos. / The present work deals with the cartography produced about the city of São Paulo between 1877 and 1930 and how this cartography interfered in the way the city was seen and constructed in the period. We begin from the configuration of the metropolitan urban and its extension, so that the questions which guided the research revolved around the citys sprawlings logic. The city was designed for such structure or was it a product of the real estate market? Is this spreading due to socio-spatial inequalities or is it one of its causes? And, finally, if the maps interfered in the production of the sprawled city. Through a geo-historical approach and methodology of New History of Cartography map analysis, which constitutes in the deconstruction of cartographic objects through the understanding of the context in which they were elaborated, the thesis was developed. Therefore, the first part of the work is the contextualization of the period through existing bibliography, in addition to the analysis of the São Paulo City Halls minutes and annals, and the main deputies and mayors reports, aiming the comprehension of the period and the way in which the municipal patrimony - as lands belonging to the municipality - was being appropriated by the real estate market in the citys construction, while obeying the code of posture that, since 1875, required that the municipality was mapped. With the objective of analyzing whether the maps would have performance capability in the geographic space, that is, if they acted as operators in the construction of the sprawled city, we also opted for unfolded analyzes of cartographic semiosis for a better understanding of the phenomena of self-reference and iconization. From the analysis of the three series of the citys maps it was possible, through the deconstruction and resignification of the map in its series, and the analysis of its self-referential aspects, to arrive at the genesis of the image of the city\'s sprawling - from the 1897 plant - and its unfolding.

[pt] Esquemas são estruturas mentais que organizam informações e influenciam processos cognitivos como a atenção e a recordação. Os esquemas que dizem respeito às próprias pessoas são chamados de autoesquemas. Informações relevantes para os autoesquemas podem ser mais facilmente recordadas. Assim, quando pessoas observam comportamentos característicos do seu autoesquema, elas tendem a recordar em maior grau essas informações. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar relações entre traços pessoais de personalidade e traços de personalidade recordados de terceiros. Participaram da pesquisa 4.488 pessoas, sendo 66,4 por cento mulheres e 33,6 por cento homens e com média de idade de 27,8 anos (DP = 9,17). Foi realizado um experimento com duas condições em que as pessoas liam a descrição de uma pessoa e, posteriormente, eram solicitadas e recordar as características dessa pessoa. A diferença entre as condições era o gênero da pessoa descrita. Os resultados indicaram que a maior parte dos efeitos encontrados ocorreram nas condições em que o gênero das pessoas foi compatível com o da personagem. Para os fatores extroversão e socialização verificou-se o efeito de autorreferência na recordação. Na condição em que os participantes leram sobre uma pessoa do mesmo gênero, verificou-se que uma proporção maior de homens baixos em extroversão recordou de características de extroversão; e uma proporção maior de mulheres altas no fator socialização recordou de características de socialização. Esses achados permitem concluir que, para contextos complexos, o efeito de autorreferência se sobressai para os traços diretamente relacionados à interação social. / [en] Schemas are mental structures that organize information and influence cognitive processes such as attention and recall. Schemas that concern people themselves are called self-schemas. Information relevant to self-schemas can be more easily recalled. Thus, when people observe behaviors characteristic of their self-schema, they tend to recall this information to a greater degree. Thus, this research aimed to verify the relationships between personal personality traits and personality traits remembered by others. Participated in the research 4,488 people, 66.4 percent women and 33.6 percent men, with a mean age of 27.8 years (SD = 9.17). An experiment was carried out with two conditions in which people read a person s description and were later asked to recall that person s characteristics. The difference between the conditions was the gender of the person described. The results indicated that most of the effects found occurred in conditions in which the people s gender was compatible with the character s. For the extraversion and socialization factors, the effect of self-reference on recall was verified. In the condition where the participants read about a person of the same gender, it was found that a greater proportion of men who were low in extraversion recalled characteristics of extraversion; and a greater proportion of women high in the socialization factor recalled socialization characteristics. These findings allow us to conclude that, for complex contexts, the self-reference effect stands out for traits directly related to social interaction.

This study focuses on the cybernetic complementarity of stability and change in family therapy. Stability and change involve both the client and therapist, and is a selfreferential process where the observer is part of that which is observed. One couple was involved in ten therapy sessions. During the action research cycles of planning, acting and reflecting, the principles of systems theory, cybernetics and second cybernetics were implemented. A team consisting of one lecturer and two students were actively involved throughout all the phases of the research process. During therapy, the therapist focused on stability to facilitate change in the structure of the couple's organizational system. The research served as a good example of how punctuation of two complementarity processes (stability and change) can enable and empower clients to autonomously reflect on their own behaviour, and to make decisions regarding patterns they would like or feel ready to change. / Social Science (Mental Health) / Thesis (M. Soc. Science)--University of South Africa, 2001. / M.A. (Social Science (Mental Health))

The aims of the present thesis were two fold. The first aim was to investigate the relationship between self-referential and emotional processing. The second aim was to investigate the extent to which self-referential processing is altered as a function of mood. In order to address these two aims, a variety of behavioural and physiological measures were recorded and a new methodology was employed in the following experimental chapters. The aim of experiment one was to investigate how non-dysphoric and dysphoric individuals evaluate the emotional valence and self-referential content of word stimuli at a behavioural level. A self-positivity bias was identified in non-dysphoric individuals, positive words were rated as self-referential and negative words were rated as non-self-referential. Compared to non-dysphoric individuals, dysphoric individualsâ evaluations of self-reference but not emotional valence were altered. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were employed in experiment two to investigate self-referential processing at a neural level. A two stage model of processing was identified in which, an evaluation of emotional valence was found to occur prior to an interaction between self-reference and emotional valence. A self-positivity bias was identified in the ERP component known as the N400. ERP waves were more negative going to self negative and non-self-positive words when compared to self-positive and non-self-negative words. This bias was explained in terms of the semantic mismatch hypothesis. The aim of experiment three was to investigate how the neural processing of self-referential and emotional information is altered as a function of mood. Differences between nondysphoric and dysphoric individuals were identified during the early stages of ii processing in an emotion task. Between group differences were identified during the later stages of processing in a self-reference task, around 400 ms. Skin conductance and heart rate were employed in experiment four to examine autonomic responses during self-referential and emotional processing in healthy individuals. Both decision-making tasks were found to elicit similar physiological responses. These findings were taken to suggest that a large component of self-referential processing involves the processing of emotional information. Finally, the aim of experiment five was to investigate if person-referent processing was altered during the experience of a negative mood. The behavioural and neural responses of non-dysphoric and dysphoric individuals were compared across self-referent and other-referent decision-making tasks. Between group differences were specific to the self-reference task at the behavioural level. However, group differences were identified in both the self-referent and other-referent tasks at the neural level. The results provide partial support for the hypothesis that negative mood is associated with specific impairments in self-referential processing. Overall the results of the present thesis illustrate that the processing of emotional information plays a large role in self-referential decision-making. Furthermore, the N400 was found be involved in this type of decision-making at the semantic level. Negative mood was associated with greater changes in self-referential processing than in other forms of emotional or person-referent processing. In the final chapter, a two stage model is proposed to account for self-referential processing. The implications of this model are discussed in terms of two macro-cognitive theories, interacting cognitive subsystems (ICS) and SPAARs. Finally, the limitations and future directions for developing this line of research are outlined.

Les programmes auto-modifiants fonctionnent de manière singulière car ils sont capables de réécrire leur propre code en cours d'exécution. Absents des modèles de calcul théoriques, ils sont pourtant omniprésents dans les ordinateurs et les systèmes d'exploitations actuels. Ils sont en effet utilisés par les chargeurs d'amorçages, pour la compilation à la volée ou encore l'optimisation dynamique de code. Ils sont également omniprésents dans les programmes malveillants, dont les auteurs ont bien compris qu'ils constituaient des objets complexes à analyser. Ils sont également virtuellement présents dans tous les autres programmes mais de manière non-intentionnelle. En effet, on peut voir certaines classes de vulnérabilités, par exemple les failles par débordement de tampon, comme la possibilité d'exécuter accidentellement des données -- ce qui est un comportement caractéristique des programmes auto-modifiants.Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons proposé un modèle théorique permettant de caractériser un certain nombre de comportements auto-modifiants avancés. Nous avons également mis au point un prototype, TraceSurfer, permettant de détecter efficacement ces comportements à partir de l'analyse de traces et de les visualiser sous forme de graphes d'auto-référence. Enfin, nous avons validé par l'expérience à la fois le modèle théorique et l'outil en les testant sur un grand nombre de programmes malveillants / Self-modifying programs run in a very specific way: they are capable to rewrite their own code at runtime. Remarkably absent from theoretical computation models, they are present in every modern computer and operating system. Indeed, they are used by bootloaders, for just-in-time compilation or dynamic optimizations. They are also massively used by malware authors in order to bypass antivirus signatures and to delay analysis. Finally, they are unintentionally present in every program, since we can model code injection vulnerabilities (such as buffer overflows) as the ability for a program to accidentally execute data.In this thesis, we propose a formal framework in order to characterize advanced self-modifying behaviors and code armoring techniques. A prototype, TraceSurfer, allows us to detect these behaviors by using fine-grained execution traces and to visualize them as self-reference graphs. Finally, we assess the performance and efficiency of the tool by running it on a large corpus of malware samples

Among philosophers of the emotions, it is common to view emotional content as purely descriptive – that is, belief-like or perception-like. I argue that this is a mistake. The intentionality of the emotions cannot be understood in isolation from their motivational character, and emotional content is also inherently directive – that is, desire-like. This view’s strength is its ability to explain a class of emotional behaviors that I argue, the common view fails to explain adequately. I claim that it is already implicit in leading theories of emotion elicitation in cognitive psychology – “appraisal theories.” The result is a deeper understanding of emotional intentionality. Employing Peter Goldie’s “Feeling Theory” of the emotions as an example of the common view, I suggest that emotional feelings, too, should be understood on this model: emotional feelings toward items in the world cannot be disentangled from felt motivation.

This study focuses on the cybernetic complementarity of stability and change in family therapy. Stability and change involve both the client and therapist, and is a selfreferential process where the observer is part of that which is observed. One couple was involved in ten therapy sessions. During the action research cycles of planning, acting and reflecting, the principles of systems theory, cybernetics and second cybernetics were implemented. A team consisting of one lecturer and two students were actively involved throughout all the phases of the research process. During therapy, the therapist focused on stability to facilitate change in the structure of the couple's organizational system. The research served as a good example of how punctuation of two complementarity processes (stability and change) can enable and empower clients to autonomously reflect on their own behaviour, and to make decisions regarding patterns they would like or feel ready to change. / Social Science (Mental Health) / Thesis (M. Soc. Science)--University of South Africa, 2001. / M.A. (Social Science (Mental Health))