The aim of this study is to compare and contrast the use of hyperbole or exaggeration in spoken Czech and English language. The research is based on comparative approach to two samples accounting for 100 hyperbolic instances in Czech and 100 instances of hyperbole in English. The Czech sample has been randomly excerpted from the oral part of the Czech National Corpus ORAL2008, whereas the English sample has been randomly excerpted from the "spoken context-govern" and "spoken demographic" sections of The British National Corpus. The two samples are subject to analysis. Firstly, the formal realization of hyperbole is examined. Secondly, the occurrences are classified semantically (quantitative versus qualitative hyperbole) and, thirdly, the lexico-semantics is examined (hyperbolic source domains). By this, the present study tests the hypothesis of universal hyperbolic source domains by examining the situation in Czech and English. Finally, the occurrence of conventionalized instances of hyperbole as opposed to creative instances of hyperbolic nonce-usages is examined. Last but not least, it is the aim of this study to provide the overall frequency figures of hyperbole in both languages.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:42:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 francisco_ca_dr_rcla.pdf: 26092972 bytes, checksum: 2b5d296d5af768b75ad5c4b94e459203 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho, apresentamos um estudo sobre os componentes que caracterizam a prática profissional do professor de matemática, segundo o entendimento de uma professora de ensino fundamental. Investigamos a produção de significados dessa professora para a sua prática, buscando estabelecer coerências que sustentem sua visão através de uma leitura plausível. Para tanto, utilizamos como procedimento metodológico um estudo de tipo etnográfico (ANDRÉ, 1995) e como referencial teórico da pesquisa o Modelo dos Campos Semânticos apresentado, por exemplo, em Lins (1993, 1996, 1999 e 2004) e Lins e Gimenez (1997). A pergunta diretriz dessa pesquisa é: quais são os componentes que caracterizam a prática profissional do professor de matemática, em seus próprios termos? As análises indicam o perfil de uma prática educativa idealizada pela professora no que se refere à sua prática cotidiana observada. Os depoimentos da professora mostram a sua expectativa para dominar formas eficientes de transmitir aos alunos os conteúdos matemáticos e de controlar a sala no que se refere à indisciplina. As demandas da prática, segundo sua visão, tiveram como foco questões ligadas ao gerenciamento de sala de aula que se mostraram mais evidentes do que as questões de ensino-aprendizagem. Porém, foi observado que a prática desta professora mostrou-se pouco flexível no sentido de buscar alternativas para lidar com essas demandas. Os depoimentos reforçam a idéia de que a professora luta para manter nas aulas de matemática seus valores que se mostram contrários aos valores que regem o comportamento dos alunos. As falas da professora sugerem que os formadores precisam entender a profissão docente levando em consideração o que o professor de matemática vive dentro da sala de aula, diante das demandas postas para ele, lidando com seus alunos reais. / In this work, we present a study about the components that characterize the Mathematics teachers’ professional practice, according to the understanding of a teacher who teaches in the elementary school. We have searched the production of meanings of this teacher for her practice, trying to establish coherences that support her point of view through a plausible reading. For that, we have used as a methodological procedure a study of ethnographic nature (ANDRÉ, 1995) and as a theoretical reference of this research we used the Model of Semantic Field presented, for example, in Lins (1993, 1996, 1999 e 2004) and Lins and Gimenez (1997). The main question of this work is: which are the components that characterize the professional practice of the Mathematics teachers, in his/her own terms? The analyses indicate the profile of an educational practice, idealized by the teacher, concerning her daily practice observed. The teacher’s statements show her expectations of both dominating efficient ways to transmit to the students the mathematical contents and controlling the class referring to the indiscipline. The demands of the practice, according to her point of view, have had as the focus issues related to the management in the classroom that have been more evident than the teaching-learning issues. However, it has been observed that the practice of this teacher seemed less flexible referring to the search for alternatives to deal with these demands. The statements reinforce the idea that the teacher fights to keep, in the Mathematics classes, her values that seemed to be opposite to the values that govern the students’ behavior. The teacher’s speeches suggest that the teacher educators need to understand the teaching profession with regard to what the Mathematics teachers face in the classroom, under the demands presented to him/her and dealing with his/her real students.

Orientador: Romulo Campos Lins / Banca: Amarildo Melchiades da Silva / Banca: Arlete de Jesus Brito / Banca: Miriam Godoy Penteado / Banca: Patricia Rosana Linardi / Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresentamos um estudo sobre os componentes que caracterizam a prática profissional do professor de matemática, segundo o entendimento de uma professora de ensino fundamental. Investigamos a produção de significados dessa professora para a sua prática, buscando estabelecer coerências que sustentem sua visão através de uma leitura plausível. Para tanto, utilizamos como procedimento metodológico um estudo de tipo etnográfico (ANDRÉ, 1995) e como referencial teórico da pesquisa o Modelo dos Campos Semânticos apresentado, por exemplo, em Lins (1993, 1996, 1999 e 2004) e Lins e Gimenez (1997). A pergunta diretriz dessa pesquisa é: quais são os componentes que caracterizam a prática profissional do professor de matemática, em seus próprios termos? As análises indicam o perfil de uma prática educativa idealizada pela professora no que se refere à sua prática cotidiana observada. Os depoimentos da professora mostram a sua expectativa para dominar formas eficientes de transmitir aos alunos os conteúdos matemáticos e de controlar a sala no que se refere à indisciplina. As demandas da prática, segundo sua visão, tiveram como foco questões ligadas ao gerenciamento de sala de aula que se mostraram mais evidentes do que as questões de ensino-aprendizagem. Porém, foi observado que a prática desta professora mostrou-se pouco flexível no sentido de buscar alternativas para lidar com essas demandas. Os depoimentos reforçam a idéia de que a professora luta para manter nas aulas de matemática seus valores que se mostram contrários aos valores que regem o comportamento dos alunos. As falas da professora sugerem que os formadores precisam entender a profissão docente levando em consideração o que o professor de matemática vive dentro da sala de aula, diante das demandas postas para ele, lidando com seus alunos reais. / Abstract: In this work, we present a study about the components that characterize the Mathematics teachers' professional practice, according to the understanding of a teacher who teaches in the elementary school. We have searched the production of meanings of this teacher for her practice, trying to establish coherences that support her point of view through a plausible reading. For that, we have used as a methodological procedure a study of ethnographic nature (ANDRÉ, 1995) and as a theoretical reference of this research we used the Model of Semantic Field presented, for example, in Lins (1993, 1996, 1999 e 2004) and Lins and Gimenez (1997). The main question of this work is: which are the components that characterize the professional practice of the Mathematics teachers, in his/her own terms? The analyses indicate the profile of an educational practice, idealized by the teacher, concerning her daily practice observed. The teacher's statements show her expectations of both dominating efficient ways to transmit to the students the mathematical contents and controlling the class referring to the indiscipline. The demands of the practice, according to her point of view, have had as the focus issues related to the management in the classroom that have been more evident than the teaching-learning issues. However, it has been observed that the practice of this teacher seemed less flexible referring to the search for alternatives to deal with these demands. The statements reinforce the idea that the teacher fights to keep, in the Mathematics classes, her values that seemed to be opposite to the values that govern the students' behavior. The teacher's speeches suggest that the teacher educators need to understand the teaching profession with regard to what the Mathematics teachers face in the classroom, under the demands presented to him/her and dealing with his/her real students. / Doutor

The dissertation is devoted to the complex comparative analysis of the semantics of lexical units of lexical-semantic field smell. The work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion, lists of bibliography and dictionaries. There are the volume and composition of lexico-semantic fields smell defined, principles of its organization in Russian and Chinese languages identified, the semantics of the nuclear units and comparative analysis of sites of lexico-semantic field describes, the national specifics of Russian olfaktor’s picture of the world in comparison with the Chinese shows in the work. This work is intended for specialists who are interested in the similarities and differences between the Chinese and Russian language picture of the world. / Диссертация посвящена комплексному сопоставительному анализу семантики лексических единиц лексико-семантического поля запах. Работа включает введение, три главы, заключение, списки использованной литературы и словарей. В работе определены объем и состав лексико-семантического поля, выявлены принципы его организации в русском и китайском языках, описана семантика ядерных единиц и проведен сопоставительный анализ участков лексико-семантического поля, показана национальная специфика русской ольфакторной картины мира в сопоставлении с китайской. Работа предназначена для специалистов, которых интересуют сходства и различия между русской и китайской языковыми картинами мира.

<p>  </p> <p>While the field of Monster Studies has proliferated across disciplines, particularly in relation to studies of the medieval period, often Early Middle English literature has been ignored. In some ways, this is sensible, since the term “monster” is not attested in English until Chaucer’s use of it in the late 14th century in <em>The Canterbury Tales. </em>However, nonhuman beings that might otherwise have been categorized as monsters are still present in the literature. Building on the idea of Hughes’ “non-human human beings” and Mittman’s and Heng’s reconceptualization of race and the “monstrous races,” I propose a new term: nonhuman person. I propose three criteria for determining if a particular literary being falls in this category. I use literary analysis to determine if each criterion is met. Then I examine the lexical choices made to identify and describe each of these nonhuman persons in two sample texts from each rough time period in the language: .<em>The Wonders of the East </em>and <em>Beowulf </em>for Old English; <em>The Owl and the Nightingale </em>and Layamon’s <em>Brut </em>for Early Middle English; and <em>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight </em>and <em>The Canterbury Tales </em>for Late Middle English. Finally, I examine the shifts in the lexicon over time in order to examine how English re-envisions the nonhuman person from the Old English period up through Chaucer’s use of “monster” in his <em>Tales. </em></p>

<p>Based on current research in historical and cognitive linguistics this thesis examines the German semantic field <fromm> (<pious>), partly contrasting it with its Swedish correspondent <from>. Starting at the time of Old High German the analysis follows the historical development of word and concept, exploring how attitudes to the Christian religion are verbalised in different ages. One important assumption is that ideas and attitudes are accessible to us through the lexicalised items of a language.</p><p>The thesis is part of the interlingual research project “Ethical concepts and mental cultures”, which, by applying a pluralistic method, examines various ethical fields, and assumes as central the oppositions a/o (action directed to others vs. to oneself), right/wrong (virtues vs. vices) and too much/too little vs. the ideal mean.</p><p>This study shows that true piety, in order to be classified as a virtue, has to include both trust and critical thinking in equal proportions and that if either of the two outweighs the other the virtue will become a vice. Furthermore, it is shown that a shift in meaning has taken place from ‘profitable’ or ‘advantageous’ in Old High German, through ‘excellent’, ‘righteous’, ‘virtuous’ into ‘religious’, with Luther’s usage as the critical factor in giving the word its religious meaning. As a result of Secularisation and Individualisation negative connotations have developed in modern German usage which do not seem to exist to the same extent in modern Swedish. This is confirmed by two corpus studies, evaluating the usage of <i>fromm/from</i> in German and Swedish newspaper texts, according to which <i>fromm</i> tends to be transferred to profane contexts, meaning for example ‘hypocritical’, ‘uncritically credulous’ and ‘uncritically obedient’ more frequently than its Swedish equivalent.</p><p>Based on results from socio-psychological research the study also identifies some strategies that speakers employ in order to mark distance or adherence to a group of believers or non-believers, for example metaphors (i.a. GOOD IS UP ÷ BAD IS DOWN) or stereotypes, which are often used to ridicule, criticise or insult a member of another group in order to strengthen the speaker’s own social identity.</p>

Based on current research in historical and cognitive linguistics this thesis examines the German semantic field &lt;fromm&gt; (&lt;pious&gt;), partly contrasting it with its Swedish correspondent &lt;from&gt;. Starting at the time of Old High German the analysis follows the historical development of word and concept, exploring how attitudes to the Christian religion are verbalised in different ages. One important assumption is that ideas and attitudes are accessible to us through the lexicalised items of a language. The thesis is part of the interlingual research project “Ethical concepts and mental cultures”, which, by applying a pluralistic method, examines various ethical fields, and assumes as central the oppositions a/o (action directed to others vs. to oneself), right/wrong (virtues vs. vices) and too much/too little vs. the ideal mean. This study shows that true piety, in order to be classified as a virtue, has to include both trust and critical thinking in equal proportions and that if either of the two outweighs the other the virtue will become a vice. Furthermore, it is shown that a shift in meaning has taken place from ‘profitable’ or ‘advantageous’ in Old High German, through ‘excellent’, ‘righteous’, ‘virtuous’ into ‘religious’, with Luther’s usage as the critical factor in giving the word its religious meaning. As a result of Secularisation and Individualisation negative connotations have developed in modern German usage which do not seem to exist to the same extent in modern Swedish. This is confirmed by two corpus studies, evaluating the usage of fromm/from in German and Swedish newspaper texts, according to which fromm tends to be transferred to profane contexts, meaning for example ‘hypocritical’, ‘uncritically credulous’ and ‘uncritically obedient’ more frequently than its Swedish equivalent. Based on results from socio-psychological research the study also identifies some strategies that speakers employ in order to mark distance or adherence to a group of believers or non-believers, for example metaphors (i.a. GOOD IS UP ÷ BAD IS DOWN) or stereotypes, which are often used to ridicule, criticise or insult a member of another group in order to strengthen the speaker’s own social identity.

在英文學術論文寫作上，引述動詞在文獻的重述、引用等方面扮演著重要的角色。透過引述動詞的使用，寫作者能更清晰、有力的陳述其論點。目前雖有許多關於引述動詞在句子中表達評論語氣與修辭功能的探討，但卻少有研究提及短語詞組的使用情形。引述動詞短語詞組的進一步探究能使學生在建構學術論述寫作的同時，對於經常與之共現的搭配字詞、句構有更敏銳的覺察能力。本研究從語意及句式兩方面著手，觀察常與PROPOSE和SUGGEST兩個高頻近義引述動詞共現的字詞與詞組。此二動詞所具有的共通點為：(一)字義上皆可表示「提出某事以作進一步考量」、(二)經常用於降低或弱化陳述句中的肯定語氣。本研究的目的在於釐清這兩個近義引述動詞的特點，並更完善地歸納出它們各自所偏好的短語詞組。 本研究的研究工具為擁有近四十五億詞彙的當代美式英文語料庫(Corpus of Contemporary American English)，蒐集了其中PROPOSE 和SUGGEST於學術寫作中的相關語料，以觀察此二動詞的不同詞形(V-base型、V-s型、V-ed型與V-ing型)在句子中的表現。至於本研究的分析則分成了三個部分：(一) PROPOSE 和SUGGEST的語法模組、(二) PROPOSE 和SUGGEST的搭配中，有生命性或無生命性的主詞在主要語法模組中的分布情形、(三) PROPOSE 和SUGGEST後的受詞語義分類。量化分析之餘，本研究也引進了語料庫中的索引行(concordance line)以進一步展示PROPOSE及SUGGEST出現的語言環境，分析模組在不同語境中的特點。 研究結果顯示此二動詞的用法有許多相異之處。SUGGEST具有強烈明確傾向與that子句共同出現，而PROPOSE和that子句共現的機率與其和名詞片語共現的機率相近；除此之外，PROPOSE較常與有生命性的主詞共現，SUGGEST則是偏好與無生命性的主詞共現。至於受詞方面，我們發現PROPOSE後的受詞，多屬「認知觀點」、「方法」、「規則」等語義類別，而 SUGGEST後的受詞則多與「可能性」、「狀態」、「性質特徵」有關，以上的對比結果使我們發現，在學術英文寫作中，PROPOSE通常表「提供計畫或行動供他人參考決定」，而SUGGEST則通常表「傳達可能的推論或概念」。我們也發現此二動詞若是以不同詞形呈現時，偏好的字詞也不同。舉例來說，[suggest that-clause]偏好與表達「研究結果」意義相關的主詞共現，[suggests that-clause]則多與表「研究文獻」有關之主詞一同出現。整體而言，若我們從功能的角度出發，PROPOSE通常用於表示某人提出、建議某事項，SUGGEST則多用於詮釋解讀本研究結果或先前文獻中所提出之觀點。 本研究結果揭示了近義詞間短語詞組使用上的不同，並且也證實了當動詞以不同詞形呈現時會選擇不同的搭配，產生不同的語境。本研究透過系統化分析近義引述動詞的搭配情形，期許能為語言教學教材設計及未來與動詞共現詞組相關之研究帶來啟發與助益。 / Reporting verbs are important in academic research papers for paraphrasing and reviewing previous studies to support a writer’s positions. While a large number of studies have been carried out to investigate the evaluative potential and rhetorical functions of reporting verbs in citations, comparatively little research has focused on the phraseological patterns of particular common reporting verbs, the exploration of which can be beneficial in raising student awareness of the recurrent associations of words and structures of reporting in academic written discourse. This study aims at examining the syntactic and semantic environments of two frequent near-synonymous reporting verbs, PROPOSE and SUGGEST. According to Hyland (1998a) and Hinkel (2016), PROPOSE and SUGGEST both can mean ‘putting forward something for consideration’ and are frequently applied to mitigate the certainty of a statement (e.g., Hyland, 1998a; Hinkel, 2016). We expect to distinguish the two verbs from each other and offer a more comprehensive phraseological profile of them in academic writing. We used the subcorpus of academic writing in the 450 million-word Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) as the source data to investigate the performance of PROPOSE and SUGGEST in V-base form, V-s form, V-ed form, and V-ing form. Based on the corpus, the analysis focused on three aspects: (1) the grammatical patterns of PROPOSE and SUGGEST; (2) the distribution of animate and inanimate subjects of the dominant patterns of PROPOSE and SUGGEST; (3) the semantic classification of the objects of PROPOSE and SUGGEST. In addition to the quantitative methods, qualitative-based concordance line analysis was also implemented to reveal the characteristics of the broader stretches of discourse where PROPOSE and SUGGEST occur. The results show that the two reporting verbs are distinct from each other. While SUGGEST has a rather strong propensity for co-occurring with that-clause, for PROPOSE, the possibilities of co-appearing with a simple noun object and with a that-clause are similar. In addition, PROPOSE is more likely to have animate subjects, whereas SUGGEST prefers inanimate subjects. As for the simple noun objects of the two verbs, a large number of instances occurring with PROPOSE systematically belong to the semantic groups of COGNITION, METHOD, and STANDARD; SUGGEST shows more preference for POSSIBILITY nouns, STATE nouns, QUALITY nouns and RELATION nouns. The inter-comparison of the results of PROPOSE and SUGGEST suggests that, in academic writing, PROPOSE usually carries the sense of ‘to offer a plan or action for others to consider’, whereas SUGGEST tends to mean ‘to communicate or show an idea, which is likely to be true’. Moreover, the differences across four word forms of PROPOSE and SUGGEST were also identified. It was found that [suggest that-clause] prefers subjects referring to research results, but [suggests that-clause] occurs with the subjects referring to articles or studies on a particular topic more frequently. Overall, in terms of functions, PROPOSE is mainly used for describing the action of offering something as a choice for people to think carefully; SUGGEST, in contrast, serves to interpret a research finding or present an argument suggested by previous studies and literature. The present study sheds light on the phraseological difference between synonyms. It has also proved that different word forms of the same lemma have different choices of collocations and phraseologies. The research findings will contribute to the teaching and research of English for academic purposes since they provide a systematic analysis of the different habitual collocations of two frequent and similar reporting verbs in research articles. We believe this study will bring some insights to the designs of language teaching materials and can serve as the basis for future studies on the co-occurrence patterns and phraseologies of verbs.

This has paper has two main purposes: to analyze the translation of specialized terminology and ways of addressing the reader in a specialized tourist text in Spanish and its Swedish target text. The terminological difficulties on volcanism in the translation concerns the fact that the semantic field on this topic is diversified in the Canary Islands, contrary to the semantic field on volcanoes in Swedish. The theoretical background in this paper gives keys to describing the meaning of words in terms of connotation and denotation and describes how to use semantic components to solve the difficulties of terminology. The theory applied to the difficulties concerning ways of addressing the reader in the source text, explains the relation between the sender and the reader in terms of distance and closenes. The paper shows that the source text is inconsistent in this matter. To solve this task the translator has adopted a homogeneous way of addressing the reader, to achieve a target text loyal to the Swedish speaking reader and to consistency. The translation of tourist texts has been thought of as being an easy task, not demanding too much of its translators. This paper aims at showing that this is not the case.

Объектом исследования явилась конфликтологическая компетентность студентов-психологов. Предметом исследования стали представления о конфликте, стратегии поведения в конфликте и конфликтность как свойство личности – составляющие конфликтологической компетентности студентов-психологов. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (88 источников) и приложений, включающих в себя бланки применявшихся методик и полученные результаты. Объем магистерской диссертации 102 листа, на которых размещены 20 рисунков и 9 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя исследование научных подходов к представлениям о конфликте, разведены понятия «конфликтологическая компетентность» и «конфликтологическая культура». Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: методике исследования семантического поля понятия «конфликт» А.И. Тащевой, методике оценки поведения личности в конфликте К.Н. Томаса, методике диагностики ведущего типа реагирования в конфликте М.М. Кашапова, методике «конфликтная личность» Н.А. Литвинцевой, методике «самооценка конфликтности—2» С.М. Емельянова. Также в главе представлены результаты контент-анализа, сравнительного анализа средних значений, корреляционного анализа результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object matter of the study is the conflictological competence among psychology students. The subject of the study is the notions of conflict, strategies of behavior in conflict and conflictiness as the components of conflictological competence of students of psychology. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of literature (88 sources) and an appendix, which includes the forms of the applied methodologies and results. The volume of the master's thesis is 102 pages, on which are placed 20 figures and 9 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the purpose and objectives of the research are set, the object and the subject of research are determined, the hypotheses are formulated, the methods and the empirical base are specified, the theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes the overview of scientific approaches to the notions of conflict, the concepts of «conflictological competence» and «conflictological culture» are separated. Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It provides a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained using all the methods used: method of research of a semantic field of concept «conflict» of A.I. Tascheva, a technique of an estimation of behavior of the person in the conflict of K.N. Thomas, a technique of diagnostics of leading type of reaction in the conflict of M.M. Kashapov, a technique «the conflictual person» of N.A. Litvintseva, a technique «self-esteem of conflictiness-2» of S.M. Emelyanov. Also, the chapter presents a comparative, correlation analysis of the results of the study. The findings of Chapter 2 are the conclusions on the hypotheses. In conclusion, brief results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented. The practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of the problematics are described.