The Issue of an Offender's Personality in Criminology In my diploma thesis, I have focused on the offender's personality in Criminology. Even though the personality of each person is individual, it still has some features that are common to more offenders. By describing these characteristics and factors, I tried to find the answer to the question whether a person is predestined to be a killer or whether it depends on our decisions. In connection with this, I was asking myself whether it is possible to know in advance that someone has a predisposition to be a killer or whether murder can be prevented. Can we choose our destiny? The diploma thesis is divided into two parts. After defining the basic concepts, in the second chapter I describe the offender's personality from the point of view of psychology, criminology and criminal law. In the third chapter I provide an overview of criminological theories, formed during the development of criminology, where a divergence from the conception of born criminal is perceptible. The fourth chapter is devoted to individual types of offenders and is complemented by chapter five that deals with factors that affect criminal behaviour. The second part of my work is divided into five chapters, where the chapter six and seven deal with a murder and a personality of...

No procedimento de discriminação condicional de origem skinneriana, geralmente, usa-se o procedimento de matching-to-sample (MTS). Esse procedimento também é utilizado para se estudar a equivalência de estímulos. Sidman e Tailby (1982) estabeleceram três testes para verificar se estímulos usados em tarefas de discriminação condicional podem ser considerados equivalentes entre si: reflexividade, simetria e transitividade. No procedimento de discriminação condicional de origem pavloviana, os estímulos podem ser apresentados de duas formas: simultânea e seriada. Na apresentação simultânea, os estímulos são apresentados juntos ou sucessivamente, sem intervalo entre suas apresentações (XA). Na apresentação seriada há um intervalo entre as apresentações dos estímulos (XA). Dependendo da forma de apresentação dos estímulos, diferentes associações entre os estímulos e o estímulo incondicionado (US) são formadas. Quando a apresentação é simultânea, forma-se uma associação entre o estímulo X e o US. Quando a apresentação é seriada, forma-se uma associação entre o estímulo A e o US e o estímulo X estabelece a ocasião para a ocorrência da relação entre A e US ocorre (Ross & Holland, 1981). Na discriminação condicional de origem pavloviana, a liberação do US não depende do comportamento do rato. Entretanto, o procedimento também pode ser usado com comportamento operante. No presente trabalho, buscou-se estudar o efeito da apresentação seriada dos estímulos sobre o desempenho de ratos durante os testes de equivalência de estímulos em um procedimento de discriminação condicional. Foram utilizados 32 ratos machos Wistar. O experimento envolveu diversas fases: (a) treino ao bebedouro, (b) modelagem do comportamento de pressão à barra, (c) CRF, (d) discriminação simples, (e) discriminação condicional, (f) testes de transferência e os de equivalência de estímulos (reflexividade, simetria e transitividade). Os ratos foram divididos em 2 grupos: o Simultâneo e o Seriado. No grupo Simultâneo, os estímulos foram apresentados sucessivamente, não havendo intervalo de tempo entre suas apresentações, enquanto que no grupo Seriado, houve um intervalo de 5 segundos entre as apresentações dos estímulos. Cada um desses grupos foram subdivididos em 2 grupos: grupo Tom e grupo Luz. No primeiro grupo, o estímulo característica usado foi um Tom, enquanto que no segundo grupo o estímulo foi uma Luz. Os resultados mostraram que os ratos aprenderam a tarefa de discriminação condicional. No teste de transferência observou-se que houve transferência em praticamente todos os 4 grupos. Durante o teste de equivalência, foi observadas a emergência de algumas relações. Na discussão, os dados foram discutidos a partir das literaturas de discriminação condicional de origem skinneriana e de origem pavloviana. / In a Skinnerian conditional discrimination procedure generally the procedure of matching-to-sample (MTS) is used. This procedure is also used to study the stimulus equivalence. Sidman and Tailby (1982) established three tests to verify whether stimuli used in conditional discrimination tasks can be considered equivalent to each other: reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity. In a Pavlovian conditional discrimination procedure, the compounds of stimuli may be in two forms: simultaneous and serial. In the simultaneous compounds, the stimuli are presented together or successively, without an interval between their presentations (XA). In the serial compounds there is an interval between stimuli presentations (X A). Depending on the form of presentation of the compounds of stimuli, different associations between stimuli and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed. In a simultaneous compound of stimuli an association between stimulus X and the US is formed. In a serial compound of stimuli an association between the stimulus A and the US is formed and the stimulus X sets the occasion for the occurrence of the association between stimulus A and the US (Ross & Holland, 1981). In Pavlovian conditional discrimination, the US presentation does not depend on the behavior of the rat. However, the procedure can also be used with operant behavior. In this study, we sought to study the effect of serial presentation of stimuli on the performance of rats during tests of equivalence of stimuli in a conditional discrimination procedure. We used 32 male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into two groups: Simultaneous Compounds and Serial Compounds. In the Simultaneous Compounds Group, stimuli were presented successively with no interval between their presentations. In the Serial Compounds Group, there was an interval of 5 seconds between the presentations of stimuli. Each of these groups was subdivided into two groups: Tone and Light. In the Tone Group, the feature stimulus used was a tone, and in the Light Group the feature stimulus was a light. The results of the experiment showed that the rats learned the task of conditional discrimination. In the transfer test was observed substantial transfer in almost all four groups. During the equivalence test were observed emergence of certain relationships. In the discussion, the data were discussed using the literature from Skinnerian conditional discrimination and from Pavlovian conditional discrimination.

Empirical evidence suggests that the visual system uses prior visual information to predict the future state of the world. This is believed to occur through an information integration mechanism known as serial dependence. Current perceptions are influenced by prior visual information in order to create perceptual continuity in an everchanging noisy environment. Serial dependence has been found to occur for both low-level stimuli features (e.g., numerosity, orientation) and high-level stimuli like faces. Recent evidence indicates that serial dependence for low-level stimuli is affected by current stimulus reliability. When current stimuli are low in reliability, the perceptual influence from previously viewed stimuli is stronger. However, it is not clear whether stimulus reliability also affects serial dependence for high-level stimuli like faces. Faces are highly complex stimuli which are processed differently from other objects. Additionally, face perception is suggested to be especially vulnerable to external visual noise. Here, I used regular and visually degraded face stimuli to investigate whether serial dependence for faces is affected by stimulus reliability. The results showed that previously viewed degraded faces did not have a very strong influence on perceptions of currently viewed regular faces. In contrast, when currently viewed faces were degraded, the perceptual influence from previously viewed regular faces was rather strong. Surprisingly, there was a quite strong perceptual influence from previously viewed faces on currently viewed faces when both faces were degraded. This could mean that the effect of stimulus reliability in serial dependence for faces is not due to encoding disabilities, but rather a perceptual choice.

This study examines the psychology of fictional and real-life serial killers and the behavioral similarities between them. Three fictional murderers, mainly Macbeth (William Shakespeare’s Macbeth), Buffalo Bill (The Silence of the Lambs), and the Creature (Frankenstein),as well as real life killers such as Charles Manson, Ed Gein, and Edmund Kemper were researched in depth. The data for this study was gathered from a variety of sources such as biographies, television interviews, published novels, articles, and documentaries. This study also focuses on predispositional factors and personality traits that led these killers to a life of crime. While no single behavioral trait was found to be present in every murderer studied, some of the psychological factors that were found to have predictive value included: abusive upbringings, mother hate, adoption, pornography, and brain damage were also reliable predictors in the lives of fictional and nonfictional perpetrators.

This master's thesis is aimed at development and realisation of a thermoregulation control unit with applications at school and in practice. The work briefly introduces the reader into the principles of electronic temperature measuring in practice and peripheral interconnection of Arduino platform using different types of serial communication. The main part of the thesis is the creation of the control unit itself and its subsequent application for school and laboratory purposes. The work contains several example laboratory tasks, which can fully utilise the potential of the constructed device.

PURPOSE: To determine, under flow conditions, whether reduced connections between Schlemm’s canal (SC) inner wall (IW) and juxtacanalicular tissue (JCT) cells play a role in giant vacuole (GV) formation; and whether decreased amount of cell margin overlap between adjacent IW cells promotes paracellular pore formation using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM). METHODS: Normal human eyes were immersion-fixed (0 mmHg, N=2) or perfusion-fixed (15 mmHg, N=1). Frontal and radial sections of SC were processed for SBF-SEM. IW and JCT cells, GVs, and pores were 3D-reconstructed. In each IW cell, total number of connections with underlying JCT cells/matrix was determined. Total cell margin length (TCML) and zero-overlap length (ZL) of each IW cell were measured to calculate percent zero-overlap length (PZL=ZL/TCML). All data were compared between the eyes fixed at 0 and 15 mmHg. RESULTS: Total number of IW/JCT connections in individual IWs significantly decreased in the eye fixed at 15 mmHg (33±5, N=5 cells) compared to those fixed at 0 mmHg (189±12, N=4 cells, p<0.001). The summed GV volume in individual cells significantly increased in the eye fixed at 15mmHg (218.03±19.65 μm3) compared to those fixed at 0 mmHg (82.33±27.22 μm3, p=0.0043). PZL increased 26.68% (p=0.001) in the eye fixed at 15mmHg vs. those fixed at 0mmHg, and all paracellular pores were found only in regions where the overlap length was 0 μm. CONCLUSIONS: Cellular connections between IW/JCT and IW/IW cells play a role in GV and pore formation in normal human eyes under flow conditions. Our results provide a baseline for future comparison with primary open angle glaucoma eyes.

Natural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that can recognize and kill virally infected or tumour transformed cells by the secretion of cytolytic granules containing perforin. An individual NK cell can kill several target cells sequentially. Each target cell can trigger NK cell activation via different activating ligands and here we report that the order in which ligands are encountered affects the NK cell response. When NK cells are repeatedly activated via their Fc receptor CD16, with the therapeutic antibody rituximab, perforin secretion decreases with each stimulation. However, perforin secretion is restored to its initial level upon subsequent activation by MICA, which ligates NKG2D. Repeated stimulation of NK cells via MICA also decreases the degranulation capacity of NK cells but, strikingly, this effect cannot be rescued by a subsequent stimulation with rituximab. The strength of perforin secretion is also translated to killing of Daudi target cells, expressing different ligands. When Daudi, opsonised with rituximab is the first target NK cell encounters, the sequential killing of another opsonised rituximab or Daudi, expressing MICA will not be affected. But, when Daudi-MICA is met first, the consecutive killing of Daudi-MICA as well as Daudi-rituximab will be impaired. We found that the mechanism underlying these differential outcomes involves shedding of CD16, which occurs upon NK cell activation through both, CD16 and NKG2D. Shedding of CD16 renders the cells insensitive to further activation via that receptor but they remain competent for further activation through NKG2D. Interestingly, however, we also identified the beneficial role of CD16 shedding for NK cell serial killing. NK cells are more motile on rituximab-coated surfaces than on MICA-coated surfaces and their migration speed decreases upon inhibition of CD16 shedding. Moreover, the inhibition of CD16 shedding also prevents the NK cell detachment from rituximab opsonised Daudi cells. Thus, the shedding of the receptor can serve to augment NK cell motility to move between target cells. Efficient NK cell detachment also correlated with their increased survival. Finally, we report that CD16 is constitutively organised in small, dense nanoclusters and that the ligation with rituximab does not affect their spatial distribution. Despite the shedding of the receptor, leading to less protein molecules at the surface, the area of these clusters remains the same. Together these data suggest that CD16 shedding hinders NK cell cytotoxicity against opsonised targets, but promotes their movements between different targets. Thus, receptor shedding is important for efficient NK cell serial killing. Manipulation of CD16 shedding, perhaps by boosting its recovery, might therefore represent an important target for NK cell-based therapies including treatments with therapeutic antibodies.

Orientador: Silvana Vieira da Silva / Banca: Julio Cesar Pimentel Pinto Filho / Banca: Karin Volobuef / Resumo: Essa dissertação dispõe-se a estudar o romance O perfume do escritor alemão Patrick Süskind, publicado pela primeira vez em 1985. Tem-se o objetivo de demonstrar como essa obra, que antecipa no subtítulo ser a história de um assassino, se configura em romance policial. Para viabilizar o trabalho, busca-se subsídio na teoria da literatura policial e na história desse gênero, permitindo então estabelecer semelhanças e distinções. Antes, porém, discorre-se brevemente sobre os variados gêneros que compõem O perfume, que leva ao extremo a definição de romance, ou seja, uma composição híbrida por excelência. A obra em questão mescla, além das duas categorias principais do romance policial, a saber, enigma e negro, os gêneros predecessores a ele. O perfume rompe as convenções da ficção policial, com isso, aproximá-lo do gênero possibilita que outros romances sejam analisados pelo mesmo viés e possam eventualmente ser considerados também romances policiais, embora aparentemente estejam distantes do romance policial tradicional / Abstract: This essay intends to study one of Patrick Süskind's novels, Perfume, published for the first time in 1985. Our goal is to show how this work, which subtitle foresees the story of a killer, is configured in a crime novel. To make this concrete, we look for some data in the theories of the crime novel and in the history of this gender, which allow us to establish similarities and distinctions. Previously, however, we briefly expose the several literary genders that compose Perfume, carrying the definition of the novel too far; in other words, a hybrid composition par excellence. The work at issue blends, besides the two main categories of the crime novel (the mystery and the noir one) the predecessor genders to it. Perfume tears the conventions of crime fiction; then, approaching this novel to the gender makes it possible for other novels to be analyzed the same way, so that they can occasionally be considered crime novels as well, although apparently far from the traditional crime stories / Mestre

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar cefalometricamente a estabilidade das medidas SNA, SNB, ANB, 1.NA, 1-NA, 1 .NB, 1 -NB, 1.ENP-ENA, IMPA e 1.1 a longo prazo, de pacientes tratados ortodonticamente com extrações dos quatro primeiros pré-molares e verificar, paralelamente a isto, se foram realizadas as compensações dentárias na mecânica ortodôntica e se estas foram preservadas cinco anos após o término do tratamento. Vinte e sete pacientes foram analisados no início (T1), no final (T2) e cinco anos após a finalização terapêutica (T3). No início do tratamento, a idade média era de 13 anos e 5 meses e todos os componentes apresentavam o ângulo ANB maior que 4º. Quatorze componentes apresentavam más oclusões Classe II, 1ª divisão de Angle, 12 componentes apresentavam más oclusões Classe I e 1, má oclusão Classe II, 2ª divisão. Os casos foram tratados com a técnica Edgewise. Nas três fases de estudo os cefalogramas laterais foram realizados manualmente, obtendo-se as oito grandezas angulares e as duas lineares. A análise estatística indutiva envolveu a análise de variância a um critério para identificar as alterações interfases no valor de cada variável estudada, e o teste de Tukey para indicar, especificamente, entre quais fases de estudo estaria ocorrendo diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, no afã de relacionar a medida cefal ométrica 1.1 com as demais medidas nas três fases de estudo. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, todas as medidas estudadas entre as fases inicial e final se alteraram significantemente refletindo a influência da mecânica ortodôntica sobre os movimentos dentários e entre as fases final e cinco anos após, todas as medidaspermaneceram estáveis. Obtiveram-se as compensações dentárias necessárias no final do tratamento ortodôntico e estas foram preservadas a longo prazo / The main objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term stability of the following cephalometric measurements: SNA, SNB, ANB, 1.NA, 1-NA, 1 .NB, 1 -NB, 1.ENP-ENA, IMPA, 1.1 . This analysis was carried out in orthodontically treated patients which had the four first pre-molars extracted. Alternatively, this study also determined the influence of the proposed treatment at the dento-basal arrangements by orthodontic mechanics and its preservation after five years of treatment completion. The sample of this study was comprised of twenty-seven patients that were assessed at the beginning (T1), at the end (T2) and five years later (T3). At the beginning of treatment the patients age averaged thirteen years and five months and all the subjects displayed an ANB angle over than 4 degrees. Among the studied sample, 14 subjects were classified as Angle Class II, Division 2 malocclusion, 12 subjects displayed Angle Class I, and 1 Angle Classe II, Division 2. All the subjects were orthodontically treated by means of edgewise appliances. During all the three phases of the study the radiological data were obtained through lateral cephalograms, which were performed manually, depicted eight angular and two linear measurements. The statistical analysis in which the data were processed included one way analysis of variance in order to identify the changes between the phases related to each studied measurement. As an adjunctive method, the Tukey test was conducted to indicate in which phases of the proposed study the statistically significant changes were occurring. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation was recorded to relate the 1.1 cephalometric measurements with all the remaining measurements obtained throughout the three phases of the study. According to the obtained results, all the studied measurements, between phases T1 and T2, significantly changed reflecting the influence of orthodontic mechanics on the dental movement. Between the T2 and T3 phases, all the measurements remained stable. By the end of the orthodontic treatment all the necessaries dental arrangements were performed and preserved in a long-term fashion.

Esta tese tem por objetivo (i) fazer uma análise descritiva de construções seriais em baulê, classificando-as segundo a tipologia elaborada por Aikhenvald & Dixon (2006), que subdivide construções seriais em dois grandes grupos semânticos - construções simétricas e construções assimétricas - de acordo com suas propriedades sintáticas e semânticas, e (ii) analisar a sua organização conceitual, a partir da perspectiva de duas teorias de orientação cognitivista, a saber, a Gramática Cognitiva (Langacker, 1997, 2008, 2010 e a Gramática de Construções (Goldberg, 1995). A análise buscou, ainda, comparar as construções seriais em baulê com construções coordenadas sem conectivo por serem semelhantes na estrutura, enfatizando que, na serialização, ocorre a descrição de um único evento, e, na coordenação, é possível representar dois ou mais eventos, o que as diferencia de forma fundamental. O corpora constitui-se da gravação de narrativas contadas por falantes de baulê e de frases elaboradas em português e francês e traduzidas para o baulê. / This thesis has the objective (i) to present a descriptive analysis of serial constructions in Baule, classifying them according to the typology elaborated by Aikhenvald & Dixon (2006), which subdivides serial constructions in two major semantic groups symmetrical and asymmetrical constructions pursuant to their syntactic and semantic properties, and (ii) to analyze its conceptual organization based on the perspective of two theories of cognitivist orientation, namely, Cognitive Grammar (Langacker, 1997, 2008, 2010) and the Grammar of Constructions (Goldberg, 1995). Furthermore, the analyzes sought to compare the serial constructions in Baule to coordinate constructions without connective for being similar in structure, emphasizing that, in serialization, occurs the description of a single event, and, in coordination, it is possible to represent two or more events, what fundamentally differentiates them. The corpora is constituted by the recording of narratives related by native speakers of Baule and by sentences elaborated in Portuguese and French translated to Baule.