9/67 Abstract My thesis deals with human alienation from nature. The theoretical section aims to answer what is nature and relationship to nature. It also describes how the relationship developed between man and nature. Neglected to stay or work in human nature - recreation and gardening settlements. The thesis also focuses on the children and nature around them. Besides, my study is searching for links within school eco- center and framework of educational programme for elementary education. There occur attempts to look for the causes and consequences of running away from nature. Furthermore, the answer to delay human alienation from nature is being looked around. A self-made research determines what types of environments the pupils in the fifth grade of elementary schools in Brandys nad Labem - Stara Boleslav use and spend their leisure time there. Whether the town Brandys nad Labem - Stara Boleslav offers to students natural space witch students may use for their relaxation and doing sports. The thesis is studying whom pupils spend their leisure time outside with and who is their partner or guide. Keywords Nature, relationship to nature, gardening settlements, environmental education center, eco-centers, teaching in the school garden, environmental education, framework of educational programme for...

The study focused on City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality situated in Gauteng Province. The study aims to explore the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality process of legalising squatters in relation to social development. A qualitative approach using semi- structured interviews, focus groups, observations and public documents was used to explore the process of legalising of squatters in relation to social development. The researcher, based on the evidence from the respondents, public documents and the discussion of findings, concludes that there is a positive relationship between the process of legalising of squatters in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and social development as an approach. The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality process of legalising squatters is in line with the South African legislations and social policies. The finding will add value to the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, Department of Human Settlements, Non –governmental and Faith Based Organisations and other sector stakeholders working with informal settlement dwellers in the following ways: a) Helping the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in the implementation of informal settlement policies and processes; b) Recommendations to policy issues; c) Advancement of knowledge. / Social Work / M. A. (Social Work)

The housing shortage in developing countries is one of the challenges of the 21st century. South Africa is no exception. This study has been undertaken to ensure that a bigger picture of this phenomenon can be understood. This study is also an attempt to understand whether governmental actions and interventions are near to addressing the challenges of homelessness for low-income households. In particular, the problem being investigated points to several issues which require extensive research towards possible proposals for future policy interventions. This means that the study takes interest in what the effects of the development and implementation of the national public housing policy in South Africa are. These effects need to be understood and identified for relevant conclusions and recommendations to be drawn. Further, the research problem has been broadened to understand the extent to which the effects of the Housing Act 107 of 1997 and the Gauteng Housing Act 6 of 1998 are conducive to addressing the public housing problems in the Gauteng Province. The literature review undertaken in this study shows that for South Africa, and particularly the Gauteng Province, to be more successful in addressing public housing problems, different approaches and interventions are necessary. This is due to the fact that most successful countries (especially Western countries) have allowed community organisations themselves, not only the government, to become actively involved in the provision of public and low-income housing. Other findings of this study are, inter alia, poor administrative capacities, shortage of land for housing development, housing affordability problems, and lack of sound intergovernmental relations systems. The main recommendation, on the basis of the findings, is that a constitutional review and amendment recommending public housing policy implementation to be the preserve of municipalities should be considered. Several additional recommendations include, inter alia, proposed changes in the hierarchical structures and the adoption of business models that could minimise red tape to improve the turn-around period for beneficiaries in the process of public housing provision in the Gauteng Province.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaMarizeDuarte.pdf: 20049163 bytes, checksum: 93bf2b1310b2d1440f0df7f042184162 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study deals with the rural settlements, resultant from the occupation lawsuits, mediated by the Central Única de Trabalhadores - CUT (Workers Unique Centre) and by the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (Movement of the Landless Rural Workers), in the period of 1985 - 2001. This study was developed in three Settlement Projects: João Batista II (PA), Cupiúba (PA) and Sumaré I (SP). The Settlement Project João Batista II originary from the expropriated area of the Fazenda Tanary (Bacuri)(Tanary Farm), located at the right side of the BR-316/Pará-Maranhão Highway, towards the municipal districts of the state of Pará, Castanhal/Santa Maria, on the KM-04 (Bacuri Branch), with hundred and thirty six (136) settled families, resultant from the MST organization. The Cupiúba Settlement Project, originary from the expropriated area of the Fazenda Cachoeira (Cachoeira Farm), located at the right side of the BR-316/Pará-Maranhão Highway, towards the municipal districts of the state of Pará, Castanhal/Santa Maria, with two hundred and thirty seven settled families, resultant from the FETAGRI/CUT organization and parties connected to the organic left. The Sumaré I Settlement Project, originary from the Horto Florestal de Boa Vista glebe (Boa Vista Forest Little Garden), located in the municipal district of Sumaré/São Paulo, with twenty seven (27) settled families, organized by MST/CUT. The study defends the thesis that in the organization of campings, pre-settlements and settlements, it has been produced a process of ressocialization (kinds of sociability) configured in the latent, consolidated and latent/consolidated forms. This process of ressocialization is founded on contents - synthesis of historical conflicts produced by the social movements, political parties, churches, syndicates and their central centers, and state technicians, etc. These kinds of sociability are disclosed when we decipher the different social codes, generated in the different processes of interiorization of the set of values, rules, behaviors, languages, etc. in a table of general reference. In order to decipherate the enigma of the origin of the settled ones, we take as basis the process of differentiation/and/or distribution of the present settled ones in the space of social, historical, political and cultural relations, previous to the process of occupation. The understanding of this process starts from the analysis of the trajectories/and/or transitory situations that the individual or social groups develop in the social and temporal spaces. The formation of the settlements is comprehensible by the process of land occupation, situation that is understood as a situation of interlegality.. the settlements constitution is realized with the legal possession of the land, basis of a new socialization, which involves a multiplicity of social situations such as the institutionalization and the legitimation; the interiorization and production of socialization mechanisms; the recreation of new spaces and symbolic times and/or recreation of a new rural world. This process requires an interiorization of social roles, which means the acceptance of a new institutional order, where the social actors (the settled ones) represent them in the society (social stage) according a social apparatus that originates and maintains the symbolic universe. This symbolic universe locates the collective happenings in a coherent and systematized unity which includes the present, the past (memory common to the socialized individuals in the community) and the future (table of common reference for the projection of individual actions). These plausibility structures, materialized and incorporated, can be observed in the political field through the institutions, political parties, syndicates, etc., and the agents and/or social actors who effect its functioning and/or combat them, that is, can be observed in the field of forces and/or in the field of conflicts, that implicate in the subversion of the order in the rural settlements / Este estudo trata dos assentamentos rurais, resultantes de processos de ocupação, mediados pela Central Única dos Trabalhadores CUT e pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra - MST, no período de 1985-2001. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido em três Projetos de Assentamentos - João Batista II (PA), Cupiúba (PA) e Sumaré I (SP). O Projeto de Assentamento João Batista II, originário da área desapropriada da Fazenda Tanary (Bacuri), localizado na margem direita da BR-316/Pará-Maranhão, no sentido dos municípios paraenses de Castanhal / Santa Maria, no KM 04 (Ramal Bacuri), com cento e trinta e seis (136) famílias assentadas, resultante da organização do MST. O Projeto de Assentamento Cupiúba, originário da área desapropriada da Fazenda Cachoeira, localizado na margem direita da BR-316/Pará-Maranhão, no sentido dos municípios paraenses Castanhal / Santa Maria, com duzentos e trinta e sete (237) famílias assentadas, resultantes da organização da FETAGRI/CUT e partidos ligados à esquerda orgânica. O Projeto de Assentamento Sumaré I, originário da gleba Horto Florestal de Boa Vista, localizado no município de Sumaré / São Paulo, com vinte e sete (27) famílias assentadas, organizadas pelo MST/CUT. O estudo defende a tese de que nas organizações dos acampamentos, pré-assentamentos e assentamentos está sendo produzido um processo de ressocialização (formas de sociabilidade) configurado nas formas latente, consolidada e latente / consolidada. Esse processo de ressocialização está fundamentado em conteúdos síntese das lutas históricas produzida pelos movimentos sociais, pelos partidos políticos, pelas igrejas, pelos sindicatos e suas centrais sindicais e pelos técnicos estatais, etc. Essas formas de sociabilidade se descortinam quando deciframos os diferentes códigos sociais, que são gerados nos diferentes processos de interiorização do conjunto de valores, normas, comportamentos, linguagens, etc., num quadro de referência geral. Para decifrar o enigma da origem dos assentados tomamos por base o processo de diferenciação e/ou distribuição dos atuais assentados no espaço de relações sociais, históricas, políticas e culturais, anteriores ao processo de ocupação. O entendimento desse processo parte da análise das trajetórias e/ou situações transitórias, que os indivíduos ou grupos sociais desenvolvem nos espaços sociais e temporais. A formação dos assentamentos é compreendida pelo processo de ocupação da terra, situação de ocupação entendida como situação de interlegalidade. A constituição dos assentamentos se concretiza com a posse legal da terra, base da nova socialização, que envolve uma multiplicidade de situações sociais como a institucionalização e a legitimação; a interiorização e produção de mecanismos de socialização; a recriação de novos espaços e tempos simbólicos e/ou recriação de um novo mundo rural. Esse processo exige a interiorização de papéis sociais, o que significa aceitação da nova ordem institucional, onde os atores sociais (assentados) os representam na sociedade (palco social) segundo um aparelho social que origina e mantém o universo simbólico. Esse universo simbólico localiza os acontecimentos coletivos numa unidade coerente e sistematizada que inclui o presente, o passado (memória comum aos indivíduos socializados na comunidade) e o futuro (quadro de referência comum para a projeção das ações individuais). Essas estruturas de plausibilidade, materializadas e incorporadas podem ser observadas no campo político através das instituições, partidos políticos, sindicatos, etc., e os agentes e/ou atores sociais que efetivam o seu funcionamento e/ou os combatem, isto é, podem ser observadas no campo de forças e/ou campo de lutas, que implicam subversão da ordem nos assentamentos rurais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaMarizeDuarte.pdf: 20049163 bytes, checksum: 93bf2b1310b2d1440f0df7f042184162 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study deals with the rural settlements, resultant from the occupation lawsuits, mediated by the Central Única de Trabalhadores - CUT (Workers Unique Centre) and by the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (Movement of the Landless Rural Workers), in the period of 1985 - 2001. This study was developed in three Settlement Projects: João Batista II (PA), Cupiúba (PA) and Sumaré I (SP). The Settlement Project João Batista II originary from the expropriated area of the Fazenda Tanary (Bacuri)(Tanary Farm), located at the right side of the BR-316/Pará-Maranhão Highway, towards the municipal districts of the state of Pará, Castanhal/Santa Maria, on the KM-04 (Bacuri Branch), with hundred and thirty six (136) settled families, resultant from the MST organization. The Cupiúba Settlement Project, originary from the expropriated area of the Fazenda Cachoeira (Cachoeira Farm), located at the right side of the BR-316/Pará-Maranhão Highway, towards the municipal districts of the state of Pará, Castanhal/Santa Maria, with two hundred and thirty seven settled families, resultant from the FETAGRI/CUT organization and parties connected to the organic left. The Sumaré I Settlement Project, originary from the Horto Florestal de Boa Vista glebe (Boa Vista Forest Little Garden), located in the municipal district of Sumaré/São Paulo, with twenty seven (27) settled families, organized by MST/CUT. The study defends the thesis that in the organization of campings, pre-settlements and settlements, it has been produced a process of ressocialization (kinds of sociability) configured in the latent, consolidated and latent/consolidated forms. This process of ressocialization is founded on contents - synthesis of historical conflicts produced by the social movements, political parties, churches, syndicates and their central centers, and state technicians, etc. These kinds of sociability are disclosed when we decipher the different social codes, generated in the different processes of interiorization of the set of values, rules, behaviors, languages, etc. in a table of general reference. In order to decipherate the enigma of the origin of the settled ones, we take as basis the process of differentiation/and/or distribution of the present settled ones in the space of social, historical, political and cultural relations, previous to the process of occupation. The understanding of this process starts from the analysis of the trajectories/and/or transitory situations that the individual or social groups develop in the social and temporal spaces. The formation of the settlements is comprehensible by the process of land occupation, situation that is understood as a situation of interlegality.. the settlements constitution is realized with the legal possession of the land, basis of a new socialization, which involves a multiplicity of social situations such as the institutionalization and the legitimation; the interiorization and production of socialization mechanisms; the recreation of new spaces and symbolic times and/or recreation of a new rural world. This process requires an interiorization of social roles, which means the acceptance of a new institutional order, where the social actors (the settled ones) represent them in the society (social stage) according a social apparatus that originates and maintains the symbolic universe. This symbolic universe locates the collective happenings in a coherent and systematized unity which includes the present, the past (memory common to the socialized individuals in the community) and the future (table of common reference for the projection of individual actions). These plausibility structures, materialized and incorporated, can be observed in the political field through the institutions, political parties, syndicates, etc., and the agents and/or social actors who effect its functioning and/or combat them, that is, can be observed in the field of forces and/or in the field of conflicts, that implicate in the subversion of the order in the rural settlements / Este estudo trata dos assentamentos rurais, resultantes de processos de ocupação, mediados pela Central Única dos Trabalhadores CUT e pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra - MST, no período de 1985-2001. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido em três Projetos de Assentamentos - João Batista II (PA), Cupiúba (PA) e Sumaré I (SP). O Projeto de Assentamento João Batista II, originário da área desapropriada da Fazenda Tanary (Bacuri), localizado na margem direita da BR-316/Pará-Maranhão, no sentido dos municípios paraenses de Castanhal / Santa Maria, no KM 04 (Ramal Bacuri), com cento e trinta e seis (136) famílias assentadas, resultante da organização do MST. O Projeto de Assentamento Cupiúba, originário da área desapropriada da Fazenda Cachoeira, localizado na margem direita da BR-316/Pará-Maranhão, no sentido dos municípios paraenses Castanhal / Santa Maria, com duzentos e trinta e sete (237) famílias assentadas, resultantes da organização da FETAGRI/CUT e partidos ligados à esquerda orgânica. O Projeto de Assentamento Sumaré I, originário da gleba Horto Florestal de Boa Vista, localizado no município de Sumaré / São Paulo, com vinte e sete (27) famílias assentadas, organizadas pelo MST/CUT. O estudo defende a tese de que nas organizações dos acampamentos, pré-assentamentos e assentamentos está sendo produzido um processo de ressocialização (formas de sociabilidade) configurado nas formas latente, consolidada e latente / consolidada. Esse processo de ressocialização está fundamentado em conteúdos síntese das lutas históricas produzida pelos movimentos sociais, pelos partidos políticos, pelas igrejas, pelos sindicatos e suas centrais sindicais e pelos técnicos estatais, etc. Essas formas de sociabilidade se descortinam quando deciframos os diferentes códigos sociais, que são gerados nos diferentes processos de interiorização do conjunto de valores, normas, comportamentos, linguagens, etc., num quadro de referência geral. Para decifrar o enigma da origem dos assentados tomamos por base o processo de diferenciação e/ou distribuição dos atuais assentados no espaço de relações sociais, históricas, políticas e culturais, anteriores ao processo de ocupação. O entendimento desse processo parte da análise das trajetórias e/ou situações transitórias, que os indivíduos ou grupos sociais desenvolvem nos espaços sociais e temporais. A formação dos assentamentos é compreendida pelo processo de ocupação da terra, situação de ocupação entendida como situação de interlegalidade. A constituição dos assentamentos se concretiza com a posse legal da terra, base da nova socialização, que envolve uma multiplicidade de situações sociais como a institucionalização e a legitimação; a interiorização e produção de mecanismos de socialização; a recriação de novos espaços e tempos simbólicos e/ou recriação de um novo mundo rural. Esse processo exige a interiorização de papéis sociais, o que significa aceitação da nova ordem institucional, onde os atores sociais (assentados) os representam na sociedade (palco social) segundo um aparelho social que origina e mantém o universo simbólico. Esse universo simbólico localiza os acontecimentos coletivos numa unidade coerente e sistematizada que inclui o presente, o passado (memória comum aos indivíduos socializados na comunidade) e o futuro (quadro de referência comum para a projeção das ações individuais). Essas estruturas de plausibilidade, materializadas e incorporadas podem ser observadas no campo político através das instituições, partidos políticos, sindicatos, etc., e os agentes e/ou atores sociais que efetivam o seu funcionamento e/ou os combatem, isto é, podem ser observadas no campo de forças e/ou campo de lutas, que implicam subversão da ordem nos assentamentos rurais

A pesquisa que deu origem a esta dissertação trabalhou com a temática sobre assentamentos rurais. Para isso, foi fundamental apresentar uma revisão teórica sobre a reforma agrária no Brasil e, neste contexto, o surgimento dos projetos de assentamentos rurais no país. Do mesmo modo, apresentou-se o debate sobre as formas de cooperação do trabalho, destacando as diferenças entre os projetos cooperativistas tradicionais e a concepção cooperativa dentro do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem-Terra – MST. Após a definição do objeto de pesquisa, que correspondeu às características presentes na relação entre a escolha pela filiação em determinado grupo e as dinâmicas dos processos de organização econômica e social correspondentes, passou-se à elaboração da seguinte pergunta: o que é decisivo para as famílias assentadas no momento de optar por um ou outro projeto, um ou outro arranjo organizativo, e quais são as características das estratégias de organização social e produtiva daí derivadas? Para este fim traçaram-se, principalmente, os seguintes objetivos: (i) entender os aspectos que levaram à gradativa saída de algumas famílias do conjunto da cooperativa e a opção por organizarem-se social e economicamente em lotes individuais, e (ii) relacionado ao anterior, verificar as estratégias e práticas de diversificação social e produtiva de cada grupo e em que medida elas possibilitaram a emergência de processos endógenos de desenvolvimento rural. Privilegiou-se uma metodologia qualitativa de análise, sob a qual fez-se uso da técnica de observação participante e da aplicação de entrevistas junto aos dois grupos. Pôde-se concluir que os motivos que levaram a saída das famílias da cooperativa, expressos no descontentamento com o equivalente econômico pago pelo seu trabalho e com as decisões coletivas, explica-se por elementos presentes na composição do que a literatura clássica denominou de campesinato tradicional. No entanto, a análise da organização social e as estratégias produtivas traçadas por ambos os grupos permitiram identificar a constituição de uma base permanente e de recursos temporários utilizados no processo de produção. Foi possível observar que o uso da força de trabalho, a organização dos espaços produtivos, a quantidade e a qualidade das áreas ocupadas com os cultivos, e as próprias relações internas e externas ao assentamento, potencializaram a existência de algumas práticas endógenas de produção agropecuária. Além disso, verificou-se que a relação dos assentados com os agentes de desenvolvimento rural ocorre, fundamentalmente, através dos serviços prestados pela EMATER e outros agentes públicos que possuem relativa importância pelo trabalho de mediação que realizam, pelo planejamento e pela aplicação de políticas públicas como o PAA. / This dissertation research was carried out with the aim at to discuss rural settlements. Therefore, it was essential to present a theoretical review about this reform in Brazil and, in this context, the emergence of the projects of rural settlements in the country. Similarly, it was presented the debate about ways of work cooperation emphasizing the differences between the traditional cooperative projects and the cooperative conception in the Landless Squatters Movement – MST. After defining the research object, that corresponds to the characteristics that are present in the relationship between the choice for membership of particular group and the dynamics of the processes of economic and social organization concerned, the following question was set: what is decisive for settled families at the time of choosing either project, either organizational arrangement, and what are the characteristics of the strategies of social and productive organization from it derived? In view of that , the following objectives were set: (i) understand the reasons that lead up some families to gradually desist from the cooperative group and the option to organise themselves socially and economically into individual lots and (ii) related to the previous item, check the strategies and practices of social and productive diversification of each group and in which extent they enabled the emergence of endogenous processes of rural development. It was chosen a qualitative methodology of analysis in which a technique of participant observation and the application of interviews with the two groups was used. It was concluded that the reasons for the families desistence from the cooperative, expressed on the dissatisfaction with the economic equivalent paid for his work and the collective decisions, is explained by elements present in the composition of the classical literature called traditional peasantry. However, the analysis of social organization and production strategies outlined by both groups has identified the establishment of a permanent base and temporary resource used in the production process. It was possible to observe that the use of the workforce, the organization of productive space, the quantity and quality of the occupied areas with crops, and their own internal and external relationships to the settlement, contributed for the existence of some endogenous practices of production industry. Moreover, it was found that the relationship of the settlers with the agent sof rural development occurs basically through provided services by EMATER (a state public company in Brazil to implement the state government's agricultural policy and provides technical assistance to farmers) and other public agents that have relative importance on the mediation work, which perform the planning and implementation of public policies such as PAA.

This dissertation studies the role of sterling during the Bretton Woods period (1944-1971). The Bretton Woods system has often been described as a dollar system with sterling having lost its relevance as reserve currency. However, despite being a secondary reserve currency and having lost importance, sterling was the 'first line of defence for the dollar' as contemporaries put it. They frequently stressed the fact that a sterling crisis would have consequences on the stability of the Bretton Woods system but economic historians have never tested this empirically. This dissertation argues that sterling played an important role in the stability of the international monetary system. Foreign exchange market participants globally monitored sterling and US policymaker stepped in to avoid devaluation of the British currency. US support to sterling was mainly due to the fear of a British devaluation, which could trigger a run on the dollar. When the UK finally devalued the pound in 1967, it marked the beginning of an instable period for the international monetary system. The Gold Pool, a syndicate to defend the US gold parity, collapsed in 1968 and this prefigured the end of the Bretton Woods system. This dissertation presents new data along with novel archival material from seven archives across continents to demonstrate how contagion from sterling to the dollar occurred. Modern econometric methods are used to analyse a new dataset with over 80,000 observations of offshore exchange rates, central bank intervention and reserves. This evidence shows that a secondary reserve currency can still play a key role in the stability of the international monetary system.

Esta dissertação estuda a urbanização do sertão nordestino entre os séculos XVII e XIX, vinculada ao diálogo que chamamos de curral de reses e curral de almas. Curral de reses tece as questões do fenômeno urbano no interior do Nordeste açucareiro, no que dizia respeito ao papel exercido pela pecuária extensiva no povoamento, na posse da terra e no desenvolvimento de aglomerados urbanos criados ao longo dos caminhos elaborados pelo gado. As reses tangidas do litoral devassaram o hinterland nordestino, criando aqui, ali e além caminhos, desmistificando o desconhecido. Posteriormente, essas trilhas foram usadas pelas autoridades coloniais e clericais para erguer aldeamentos missioneiros - currais de almas -, visando o bem material e espiritual da Igreja e da Ordem de Cristo e a conversão dos nativos. Curral de almas busca esclarecer a ação da Igreja Católica, unida ao Estado português, no que cerce a fixação e congregação tanto do índio tapuia como dos sertanejos nômades (que \"vadiavam\" pelo território), primeiramente em aldeamentos missioneiros, depois em núcleos urbanos estrategicamente locados no território. Focalizamos o trabalho missionário dos jesuítas, capuchinhos e oratorianos na elaboração de reduções religiosas principiadas a partir da segunda metade do século XVII. Selecionamos a cidade pombalina de Oeiras (PI) e as vilas de índios Monte - Mor o Novo da América (CE) e Crato (CE) como estudos de caso, no intuito de analisar a influência da pecuária, dos caminhos do gado, das determinações provenientes de Lisboa e do papel eclesiástico da igreja em seus traçados intraurbanos. / This dissertation analyzes the urbanization process in the Brazilian northeastern hinterland between the 17th and the 18th centuries as connected to the so called Curral de Reses (Cattle Corral) and Curral de Almas (Souls\' Corral). Curral de Reses (Cattle Corral) investigates the several aspects of urbanization in the sugar-producing Northeast, relating it to the role of extensive cattle ranges in the process of population growth, to the land ownership and to the development of hamlets alongside the herding trails. The herds pushed from the coast, broke through the Brazilian northeasterner hinterland, creating hither, thither and yonder new pathways, therefore demystifying the unknown. Later in time, these trails were used by colonial and clerical authorities to start missionary settlements - \"Currais de Almas\" (Souls\' Corrals)- that aimed at the material and spiritual welfare of the Church and the Order of Christ and the conversion of the native peoples. \"Curral de Almas\" investigates the activity of the Catholic Church associated to the portuguese government as the \"Tapuia \" native people and the itinerant cowboys (who \"bummed\" around the land) settled and congregated at first in missions and later in strategically located urban centers. Another focal point has been the investigation of the missionary work of Jesuit and Capuchin friars as well as \"The Congragation of the Oratory\" in the construction of religious settlements as early as the second half of the 17th century. The town of \"Oeiras\" (PI) -created by the Marquis of Pombal- and the Indian villages \"Monte-Mor o Novo da América\" (CE) and \"Crato\"(CE) were selected as case studies, attempting to analyze the influence of cattle industry, herding trails, determinations from Lisbon and the church in the planning of the urban center.

Die vorliegende Arbeit prüft unterschiedliche Einflussfaktoren und deren Auswirkung auf die Merkmale informeller Siedlungen. Hypothese ist, dass die Morphologie und weitere physischen Merkmale informeller Siedlungen trotz der Wirksamkeit lokaler und kulturspezifischer Rahmenbedingungen auf die Wirkung bestimmbarer Einflussfaktoren zurückgeführt werden können, die entsprechend erkennbarer und prognostizierbarer Gesetzmäßigkeiten wirken. Es werden die Gesetzmäßigkeiten geprüft, die mit informeller Stadtbildung in Verbindung stehen und sich in Morphologie und weiteren physischen Merkmalen von informellen Siedlungen äußern. Dabei werden konstante und variable Faktoren unterschieden, die bei der Ausbildung informeller Stadtstrukturen wirken. Die meisten Faktoren stellen sich als variabel heraus. Mit dem Verständnis über deren Bedeutung und Zusammenhänge kann daher die informelle Siedlungsbildung beeinflusst werden und Planungsempfehlungen können für schnell und informell wachsende Städte formuliert werden. Die Morphologie und bautypischen Merkmale informeller Siedlungen sind prognostizierbar und die Folgen bestimmter Entscheidungen einschätzbar. Die Beeinflussung der Einflussfaktoren ist insbesondere auf der Ebene von Politik und Gesetzgebung möglich. Fast alle Handlungs- und Planungsentscheidungen müssen das Bodenrechtssystem und die vorliegenden Verhältnisse des Bodeneigentums beachten. Als Fallstudien dienen fünf Städte in Afrika, die von einer Bandbreite an Rahmenbedingungen beeinflusst werden und die aktuell einem besonders rasanten, doch jungen Verstädterungsprozess ausgesetzt sind. In Afrika finden sich unterscheidbare Rechtssysteme, die zum Teil aus der Kolonialgeschichte hervorgehen. Die Wahl der Beispiele wurde während der Bearbeitung und Vertiefung des Themas getroffen. Vor allem fußt die Analyse auf Originalmaterial, das die Autorin durch eigene Aufenthalte zusammengetragen und erhoben hat. Spezielle Planunterlagen, Planungs- und Gesetzesinformationen waren im Allgemeinen nicht anders aufzufinden. Es gibt auch nur wenige vorangegangene, einzelne Analysen informeller Siedlungen aus architektonischer oder planerischer Sicht. Wie keine der wenigen vorhandenen Analysen beansprucht diese Arbeit nun das Erarbeiten der Zusammenhänge von Rahmenbedingungen und Siedlungscharakteristik unter Beleuchtung der Bandbreite informeller Siedlungsformen. Von Bedeutung ist daher die intensive Arbeit mit dem Kartenmaterial auf Siedlungs- und Bebauungsebene, dessen Betrachtung vor dem Hintergrund landesspezifischer Informationen und die Erkenntnisgewinnung aus dem Vergleich der ausgewählten Beispiele stattfinden. / This work examines the factors influencing the characteristics of informal settlements. Hypothetically, the morphology and other physical characteristics of informal settlements can be attributed to the effect determinable factors, which function with predictable regularities, despite a locally and culturally specific framework. Examined are those regularities, which are related to the formation of informal urban growth, and which are expressed in the morphology and further physical characteristics of informal settlements. Constant and variable factors are differentiated when examining their influence on informal urban morphologies. It is discovered that most factors can be influenced on the level of politics and legislation and therefore, the formation and the physical characteristics of informal settlements can be steered. Planning recommendations for fast, informally growing cities can be formulated and the consequences of planning and policy decisions can be predicted equally. Nearly all action and planning decisions must consider the local juridical system and specific conditions of land ownership. The research clearly shows that the physical form of informal urban development, i.e. morphology and townscape, is directly connected to the given land ownership system in a country in general, and to the land rights specifically for settled land. In other words, current as well as former land ownership conditions in a country influence the physical characteristics of the informal settlements. In principle, the land law determines type, extent and functioning of plot allocation and transfer processes; and indirectly, the type and degree of nonconformity to this legal defines the type, extent and functioning of the informal land market. The research is based on case studies in five African cities with varying legal, administrative, historic and cultural frameworks, and which are currently exposed to a rapid process of urbanization, which has started only recently. In Africa, there are distinguishable juridical systems, which partially result from colonial history. Above all, the analysis is based on original material, which was gathered by the author during field research. There are only few analyses of informal settlements, which take an architectural or planning perspective, and those are limited to individual settlements. This work now stresses the interrelation of different aspects in the framework with physical settlement characteristics, while analyzing the respective range of informal settlement forms for each case example.

The challenges of backlogs experienced amongst Grade R-learners, results in learners not being school and learning ready when entering Grade 1. Obstacles for example are insufficient stimulation, under developed perception, and poor gross and fine motor skills, require early intervention and ought to receive attention in Grade R. From the socialecological perspective and taking into consideration the great amount of learners in South Africa originating from deprived environments, the study is focused in the domain of the Social Deprivation Theory. The bio-ecological context within which learners find themselves, influence the cognitive and perceptual development of every learner. Epistemologically the study focuses on the similarity between Critical Theory and Interpretivism. Critical Theory highlights the meaning of experience as manifested in relation to social circumstances and developmental background. Interpretivism in this study focuses on the meaning which individuals attach to their experiences in the spotlight and results in greater understanding and insight of the researched phenomenon. Circumstances of deprivation occur worldwide, even in developed countries like United States of America (USA) and England. Already for decades in USA young children gain in their development through intervention in early childhood (Ludwig & Phillips, 2007). Duncan and Brooks-Gunn (2000) identified a relation between child poverty/deprivation and poor school performance in the USA. Research in England (Thompson, 2000) shows that the impact of social neglect of children have serious consequences. The National Education Policy Act (Pandor, 2008; SA DvO, 1997:2) uses Early Childhood Development (ECD) as an umbrella term which refers to the development processes whereby children physically, intellectually, emotionally, spiritually, morally and socially grow and develop from birth to the age of nine years (SA, DoE, 1995, White paper 5,). The kind of education learners receive in Grade R is crucial to their further development in the education system (Van Zyl, Le Roux & Janse van Rensburg 2011, DvO, 1997:2). Learners lacking an adequate foundation may experience difficulties throughout their school career. In South Africa there is concern as to the standard of education and training, manifesting in a low pass rate on Grade 12-level. This study is undertaken to determine the current shortages in the South African educational system which may hinder the learning potential of Grade R-learners. An attempt is made to determine which handicaps/backlogs Grade R-learners experience, which fits the framework of the deprivation theory, which can undermine learner readiness. This study determine whether intervention by means of a perceptual-motor skills programme can enhance the school readiness of pre-school learners. Finally to determine which shortages/ backlogs exists in the perceptual-motor skills of Grade R nlearners from deprived backgrounds in South Africa. Guidelines for a perceptual-motor intervention program was developed through this study. A combination of quantitative and qualitative data-analysis is used in this study (Onwuegbuzie, Johnson en Collins, 2009). The dissertation is compiled in article format. In the first article of the study, the issues of teacher development and support mechanisms and equipment at primary schools and kindergartens are explored. Qualitative and phenomenological research was undertaken and information was gathered by means of questionnaires directed at teachers. In the following article the school readiness of 48 Grade R-learners from deprived backgrounds were tested. The research participants came from similar sosio-economic background, from quintile one and two schools. Seeing that those were the only primary schools with Grade R classes in that area, they were identified on behalf of their availability. In this study the data was analysed and descriptive statistics (means, averages, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values, percentages) and t-tests were used to determine variations in terms of perceptual motor skill development and learning readiness. An experimental group of 21 Grade R learners followed a 10 week long perceptual-motor skills intervention programme. In the follow-up school readiness test (article 3), results indicated that the intervention showed a positive response with regards to the school readiness of the Grade R learners. Drawing to a conclusion (article 4), the intervention programme is critically discussed and recommendations were made to all those concerned with Grade R teaching (teachers, principals, Departments of Education). The conclusion according to the results of the research shows that the intervention had a positive effect on the school and learning readiness of this group of Grade R learners. / Thesis (PhD (Curriculum Development Innovation and Evaluation))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012