A recuperação de nitrogênio e fósforo presente no esgoto tem se tornado uma alternativa bastante promissora para fornecer uma fonte renovável e ecologicamente sustentável de nutrientes para a agricultura e, consequentemente, melhorar a qualidade do efluente final do sistema de tratamento. Os compostos de fósforo, durante o tratamento de esgoto, numa primeira etapa são removidos por processos biológicos, sendo incorporados no lodo pelos organismos heterotróficos ordinários e organismos acumuladores de fósforo (PAOs). Seguidamente, em condições anaeróbias, o fósforo armazenado no lodo pode ser liberado para a fase líquida e em seguida recuperado como estruvita (MgNH4PO4 .6H2O) num processo de cristalização sob condições controladas. No Brasil, ainda não existem documentados estudos em escala piloto, que simulem condições reais, utilizando sistemas EBPR e reatores de precipitação. Por tal motivo, esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o intuito de contribuir com uma melhor compreensão do fenômeno de recuperação de fósforo como cristais de estruvita. A pesquisa foi dividia em três etapas: 1) Operação da configuração UCT modificado e digestor anaeróbio de lodo misto e testes preliminares no reator de precipitação de estruvita; 2) Delineamento e realização de experimentos de precipitação e 3) caracterização dos sólidos obtidos nos experimentos de precipitação. A primeira etapa consistiu em dar partida ao sistema biológico de remoção de fósforo (UCT modificado) e digestor anaeróbio de lodo, e consequentemente a produção do sobrenadante. Paralelamente, foram realizados testes no reator de precipitação. A partir do filtrado e o planejamento fatorial 33, foram definidos o pH, dosagem de magnésio e tempo de detenção hidráulico como fatores que exercem influência na precipitação de estruvita. Definiram-se as remoções de nitrogênio e fósforo como as variáveis respostas ao delineamento experimental. Os resultados mostraram remoções de nitrogênio entre 30 e 40% para pH 8,50 e 9,50, enquanto que remoções de fósforo acima de 80% foram obtidas para uma dosagem de magnésio de 80 mg Mg2+/L e pH 8,50 e 9,50. A influência do tempo de detenção hidráulico não foi significativa tanto na remoção de nitrogênio quanto de fósforo. As imagens obtidas pelas análises de MEV constataram a presença de um sistema ortorrômbico, típica dos cristais de estruvita. No entanto, observou-se que os tamanhos dos cristais mudaram consideravelmente em função dos tempos A caracterização dos sólidos por difração de raios X mostrou que na maioria dos experimentos foi obtida estruvita (23 das 27 condições experimentais), seguida de bobbierrita e newberita, em alguns casos, phosphamita, biphosphamita e brucita. Para as condições de pH 8,50 e 9,50 foi obtida pureza da estruvita entre 80 e 97%. / The recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus present in sewage has become a very promising alternative to provide a renewable and ecologically sustainable source of nutrients for agriculture and a consequently improve of the final effluent quality of the treatment system. The phosphorus compounds are initially removed by biological processes, being incorporated in the sludge through phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs). Later, the phosphorus stored under anaerobic conditions in the sludge, is released to the liquid phase and finally recovered as struvite (MgNH4PO4 .6H2O) following its crystallization process under a controlled setting. No pilot-scale studies, which simulate the real conditions using EBPR and precipitation reactors, have been documented in Brazil so far. Therefore, this research aimed to contribute to improve the understanding of the phosphorus recovering phenomenon as struvite crystals. This project was divided in three main stages: 1) Operation of the UCT-modified setting and the anaerobic digester of mixed sludge; 2) Design and performance of precipitation experiments and. 3) Characterization of the obtained solids during the precipitation experiments. At the first stage, the biological system for phosphorus removal (UCT-modified), and the anaerobic sludge digester were initiated, followed by the production of supernatant. Simultaneously, precipitation tests were carried out at the reactor. Following the factorial design, and using the recovered supernatant, the pH, addition of magnesium and hydraulic retention time, were identified as factors influencing the struvite precipitation. The phosphorus and nitrogen removal were defined as the dependent variables for the experimental design. The results showed a nitrogen removal between 30% and 40% for pH values of 8.50 and 9.50, independently of the used magnesium dose. On the otherhand, over 80% of phosphorus removal was attained with addition of magnesium of 80 mg Mg2+/L and pH values of 8.50 and 9.50. The hydraulic retention time have not influenced the total nitrogen and phosphorus removal, but the grain-size of the struvite crystals precipitated. The characterization of the recovered solids by X-ray diffraction showed that struvite was precipitated in most of the performed experiments (23 of 27 settings), although bobierrite, newberyite, phosphamite, biphosphamite and brucite, were formed as well. The maximum values for struvite pureness, between 80% and 97%, were obtained with pH values of 8.50 and 9.50. The MEV analyses supported the presence of a orthorhombic crystallographic system, which is a typical feature of struvite.

Orientadores: José Roberto Guimarães, Regina Maura Bueno Franco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fagnani_RegianeAparecidaGuadagnini_D.pdf: 2932805 bytes, checksum: ed51cdda9a4191dd5c1b275767a76ecd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Neste estudo foi avaliada a eficiência do processo de tratamento por lodos ativados e, a eficiência de um processo oxidativo avançado (POA), a peroxidação assistida por radiação ultravioleta (H2O2/UV) na desinfecção do efluente da estação de esgoto (ETE) Samambaia da cidade de Campinas/SP. A avaliação da eficiência da ETE e dos processos foi feita com base na remoção de coliformes totais (CT), Escherichia coli (EC), Clostridium perfringens (CP), cistos de Giardia spp. oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp., ovos e larvas de helmintos e, na redução dos valores de turbidez, cor (aparente e verdadeira) e carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD). Para tanto, 13 amostras de afluente e 18 amostras de efluente foram coletadas. O efluente foi desinfetado utilizando-se doses UV de 125 a 20.700 mW s cm-2 e concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio de 30 a 93 mg L-1. Os processos de fotólise e peroxidação foram também avaliados de forma isolada. Todas as amostras de afluente e efluente apresentaram as bactérias avaliadas, cistos de Giardia spp. e, larvas e/ou ovos de helmintos. Na avaliação das características temporais do afluente da ETE, verificou-se que alguns dos parâmetros avaliados, tiveram considerável aumento ou redução com relação ao observado em outros períodos. No período de maior incidência de chuvas (primavera, no ano de 2012) observou-se o menor valor para COD (43% menor do que os obtidos para as outras épocas do ano) e, maior valor para a turbidez (aumento de 57%). Na primavera e no inverno detectou-se também oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp., com maior concentração no inverno. Ovos de helmintos tiveram sua quantificação mínima detectada no outono. A peroxidação aplicada isoladamente não promoveu a inativação de nenhum dos organismos avaliados e, nem reduziu os valores das variáveis físicas e químicas. O POA promoveu a redução de mais de 80% do valor de cor aparente e verdadeira (p < 0,05). Os processos foto-assistidos (radiação UV e H2O2/UV) alcançaram a maior inativação de CT e EC com a dose de radiação de 177 mW s cm-2, sendo de 5 log para a fotólise e, o limite <1 NMP/100mL para o POA e, promoveram a inativação de 2 log de CP, independente da dose de radiação UV aplicada. Quanto aos cistos de Giardia spp., os processos avaliados não promoveram a sua redução. Porém o processo de UV e POA gerou alterações nos cistos (p < 0,05) sendo que o POA alcançou alterações (de fluorescência e/ou forma) em 100% dos cistos observados quando utilizada a dose de radiação UV de 1.775 mW s cm-2. Nenhum dos processos reduziu ou danificou ovos de helmintos, independentemente da condição experimental avaliada / Abstract: This study evaluates the effectiveness of activated sludge and the performance of advanced oxidation process (AOP), the peroxidation assisted by ultraviolet radiation (H2O2/UV), used for effluent disinfection at Samambaia Wastewater Treatment Plant (Samambaia WWTP) in Campinas/SP. The evaluation of the WWTP and of the disinfection processes¿ efficiency was based on the inactivation and/or the number of organisms (total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli (EC), Clostridium perfringens (CP), Giardia spp. cysts, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, helminth eggs and larvae) and turbidity, color (apparent and true) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reduced. For this evaluation, 13 samples of affluent and 18 of effluent were collected. The effluent was disinfected using UV doses 125 to 20,700 mW s cm-2 and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 30 to 93 mg L-1. The photolysis and peroxidation processes were separately evaluated. Each affluent and effluent sample revealed the bacteria, Giardia spp. cysts and helminth eggs and/or larvae. In the evaluation of affluent seasonality it has been found that some parameters considerably increased or reduced when different periods were compared. In the period with higher incidence of rain (spring of 2012), it was observed that the DCO value was lower (43% lower when compared to other periods) and, turbidity value was higher (an increase of 57%). In the spring and winter Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected with higher concentration in the winter. Helminth eggs had lower quantification during the autumn. The isolated peroxidation process did not promote the inactivation and/or reduction of any evaluated organism, nor reduced the value of any physical or chemical parameter. The AOP promoted the reduction of 80% or higher of apparent and true color (p < 0.05). The photo-assisted processes (UV radiation and AOP) achieved greater inactivation of TC and EC bacteria with UV dose of 177 mW s cm-2, being 5 log of UV radiation and, <1 MPN/100mL of AOP and, promoted the CP inactivation of 2 log, independent on the UV dose applied. The evaluated processes did not promote the Giardia spp. cysts reduction. However UV and AOP processes caused cysts alteration (p < 0.05), as AOP reached 100% cysts alteration when a 1,775 mW s cm-2 UV dose was applied. Helminth eggs were not reduced or damaged for any studied process, independent on the evaluated experimental condition / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutora em Engenharia Civil

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo disponibilizar metodologia para o projeto de tratamento de esgoto sanitário através de disposição oceânica com utilização de emissário submarino, para localidades de pequeno porte. Também apresenta metodologia simplificada para obtenção de alguns dados oceanográficos necessários, na perspectiva de atender aos administradores dessas pequenas prefeituras envolvidas nas questões de atendimento de sua população quanto aos serviços de tratamento dos esgotos sanitários. Esses municípios, por serem pequenos e em país em desenvolvimento, carecem de recursos financeiros para as soluções convencionais de tratamento de esgotos sanitários. O trabalho contém uma revisão da bibliografia técnica relativa ao processo objeto deste estudo, não só referente ao projeto hidráulico como também à estabilidade física da tubulação do emissário assentada no leito do mar. Julgou-se necessário a realização, deste trabalho depois que se verificou que a implantação de emissários submarinos com diâmetros até da ordem de 300 mm, em geral tem seus custos inferiores aos dos sistemas convencionais. / This paper aims to provide a simplified methodology for the treatment design of sewage disposal through the use of oceanic outfall locations for small towns. It also features simplified methodology for obtaining oceanographic data needed for those small municipalities management. As these cities are usually on a development phase and have restricted resources to invest on its needs, the designed system becomes very attractive due to its low capital requirement. This work includes a technical review on the subject of this case study, not only regarding the water issues but also related to its physical stability of the outfall pipe at the bottom of the sea.It was felt necessary to organize this work after it was found that the introduction of submarine outfalls with diameters up to around 300 mm, has its costs below those of conventional systems. The most important result from this work is the competitiveness conclusion of the required implementation investment of submarine outfalls, with diameters up to 300 mm.

Este trabalho comparou oito lagoas de estabilização da região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, que tratam esgotos predominantemente sanitários de Coroados, Lourdes, Planalto, Zacarias, Alto Alegre, Pongaí, Irapuã e Adolfo, cidades pequenas, com no máximo 5500 habitantes (1700 ligações), onde os quatro primeiros sistemas são compostos apenas por lagoas facultativas primárias e os quatro últimos por lagoas anaeróbias e lagoas facultativas secundárias. Vinte e cinco variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas foram analisadas em amostras compostas coletadas entre 24/05/2000 e 03/10/2000. A análise da batimetria efetuada fornece indicações de prazos para a remoção do lodo do fundo das lagoas. As taxas de acúmulo de lodo médias obtidas para as lagoas anaeróbias e facultativas primárias foram de 0,07 e 0,14 m3/hab.ano, respectivamente. O pH do efluente das lagoas anaeróbias e das facultativas foi em média 6,6 e 7,4. Nas lagoas anaeróbias observou-se alta remoção de sólidos suspensos e de Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO) com eficiência geral média de 64% e 61% respectivamente. Os sistemas não atenderam plenamente à legislação no tocante a eficiência de remoção de DBO de 80%, porém o valor médio encontrado para os oito sistemas foi de 78%, bastante próximo do exigido. Sugere-se para a região, para eficiência de remoção de DBO de 80%, lagoas anaeróbias com tempo de detenção de 5 dias e para as lagoas facultativas primárias e secundárias tempos de detenção de 25 e 15 dias respectivamente, e taxas de aplicação superficial de 140 e 130 kg DBO/ha.dia, respectivamente. Não foi atingido o limite máximo de 1000 coliformes fecais por 100 ml, obtendo-se média geral de remoção de 97,40% inferindo-se que há necessidade de um processo de tratamento complementar para a remoção de microrganismos. Não observou-se correlação entre eficiência do sistema e relação comprimento/largura das lagoas. Constatou-se maus odores mesmo na ausência de concentrações detectáveis de sulfeto. A remoção média geral de amônio (NH4+), nitrogênio total, fosfato total dissolvido e fósforo total foi de 31%, 12%, 24% e 27% respectivamente nos sistemas estudados. / The present work compared the performance of eight stabilization ponds in the Northwest region of São Paulo state, that treat predominantly the domestic sewage from eight small cities with a maximum of 5000 inhabitants (1700 links): Coroados, Lourdes, Planalto, Zacarias, Alto Alegre, Pongaí, Trapuã and Adolfo. The first four systems are made of four primary facultative ponds and the last four by anaerobic ponds and secondary facultative ponds. A total of twenty-five chemical, physical and biological variables were analyzed in integrated samples collected between 24/05/2000 and 03/10/2000. The bathymetric analysis performed has indicated deadlines for sludge removal from the stabilization pond bottom. Mean sludge accumulation rates o btained for anaerobic and primary facultative ponds were 0.07 and 0.14 m3/inhabt.year, respectively. Effluents from anaerobic and facultative ponds had a mean pH of 6.6 and 7.4. In anaerobic ponds a righ rate of suspended solids removal was found and the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) had an overall general efficiency of 64% and 61%, respectively. The systems did not completely attend the present legislation in respect to a BOD removal of 80%, as required, however the mean value for the eight systems monitored was 78%, very close to the established limit. It is therefore suggested that for this region, in order to attain the removal efficiency of 80% anaerobic ponds should have a residence time of 5 days and the primary and secondary facultative ones should have residence times of 25 and 15 days respectively, coupled to loading rates of 140 and 170 Kg BOD/ha.day respectively. Also, the maximum limit of 1000 fecal coliforms per 100 ml was not reached, and in general there was a mean removal efficiency of 97.40%, indicating that an additional treatment process needs to be implemented for a successful removal of coliforms. No correlation was found between the removal efficiency and morphometry (length/weight) pond characteristics. Bad smell was present even in the absence of detectable amounts of sulfide. The mean efficiency for the removal of ammonium (NH4+), total nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus and total phosphorus were 31%, 12%, 24%, and 27% respectively, among the systems studied.

A proposta desta pesquisa consistiu na avaliação da microfiltração tangencial para o tratamento avançado de efluente gerado em sistema de tratamento de esgoto sanitário constituído de reator UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) seguido de tanque de aeração. Neste trabalho foram avaliados métodos de limpeza física (retrolavagem com ar comprimido) e química (ácida e básica) das membranas, bem como análise comparativa da colmatação e do desempenho de membranas de tamanhos de poro de 0,2 e 1,0 'mü'm, quando aplicadas ao pós-tratamento de efluentes do tanque de aeração em diferentes concentrações de SST. Foram contemplados ainda estudos de desinfecção de efluentes da microfiltração por radiação UV e aplicação do processo de coagulação antecedendo a microfiltração tangencial. Os experimentos foram realizados em unidade piloto com membranas tubulares de polipropileno com área efetiva de filtração de 0,036 'M POT.2'. Constatou-se que a limpeza física foi essencial para obtenção de maiores valores de fluxo de permeado na unidade de microfiltração. A limpeza química das membranas por solução básica foi mais eficiente quando comparada a limpeza ácida. Foram obtidos melhores resultados com a membrana de 0,2 'mü'm, quando comparada a membrana de 1 'mü'm, a qual apresentou intensa colmatação interna de seus poros. Para membrana de 0,2 'mü'm obteve-se permeado de excelente qualidade microbiológica (E.Coli < 1 UFC/100 mL e Colifagos < 16 UFP/100 mL), bem como valores de turbidez inferiores a 1,46 uT e remoção praticamente completa de SST. A prévia coagulação das amostras de licor misto do tanque de aeração contribuiu para obtenção de maiores taxas e melhor remoção de P-'PO IND.4'POT.3-' e DQOt na unidade de microfiltração. Para dosagem de 40 mg/L de cloreto férrico obteve-se a maior taxa média (139,7 L/'M POT.2'.h), concentrações residuais de P-'PO IND.4'POT.3-' inferiores a 1,4 mgP/L e DQOt menor que 33 mg/L. A radiação UV permitiu inativação completa de E.Coli e Colifagos das amostras de permeado. Concluiu-se que a microfiltração tangencial apresentou grande potencialidade para ser aplicada no tratamento avançado de efluente gerado em sistema de tratamento de esgoto sanitário constituído de reator UASB (Upflow Anerobic Sludge Blanket) seguido de tanque de aeração. / The proposal of this research was to evaluate the crossflow microfiltration as an alternative for an advanced treatment of effluent generated in a system of sewage treatment composed by a UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor followed by an aeration tank. This work aimed to evaluate the membranes physical cleaning methods (backwashing with compressed air) and the chemical ones (acid and basic), as well as the comparative analysis between the fouling event and the 0,2 and 1,0 'mü'm pore size membranes performance, when applied to the aeration tank effluents in a post-treatment stage at TSS different concentrations. Studies for microfiltration effluents disinfection by UV radiation and the application of the coagulation process preceding the crossflow microfiltration were also developed. The experiments were performed in a pilot unit with polypropylene tubular membranes with 0.036 'M POT.2' of effective filtration area. It was verified that the physical cleaning was essential to the attainment of higher permeate flux values in the microfiltration unit. The chemical cleaning of the membranes through basic solution was more efficient when compared to their acid cleaning. Better results were attained when the 0,2 'mü'm membrane was employed in comparison with the 1 'mü'm membrane, which presented intense internal blocking of its pores. It was attained an excellent microbiological quality (E.Coli < 1 FCU/100 mL and Coliphages < 16 FPU/100 mL) for the 0,2 'mü'm membrane, as well as turbidity levels under 1,46 uT and almost total removal of TSS. The previous mixed liquor samples coagulation of the aeration tank contributed to the attainment of higher rates and better removal of P-'PO IND.4'POT.3-' and CODt in the microfiltration unit. It was attained, for the ferric chloride 40 mg/L dosage, the higher mean rate (139,7 L/'M POT.2'.h), P-'PO IND.4'POT.3-' remaining concentrations under 1,4 mgP/L and CODt lesser than 33 mg/L. The UV radiation allowed the complete inactivation of E.Coli and Coliphages from the permeate samples. It was concluded that the crossflow microfiltration presents great possibilities of application in the advanced treatment of effluent generated in a system of sewage treatment composed by a UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor followed by an aeration tank.

<p>Studien undersöker om återföring av näringsämnen, huvudsakligen makronäringsämnena kväve och fosfor, från humanavlopp i Norrköpings kommun kan komma att ske på ett sätt som är i linje med naturvetenskapliga kretsloppsprinciper.</p><p>Frågan om återföring av näringsämnen och dess problembild är av stor vikt då dagens flöden leder till både resursslöseri och miljöproblem som övergödning. Anledningen till att näringsämnen inte recirkuleras måste bero på någon form av oförmåga hos aktörerna att ta i tu med problematiken.</p><p>Studien analyserar olika aktörers perspektiv. Aktörerna beskrivs dels i ett nationellt perspektiv men den huvudsakliga fokuseringen ligger på kommunal nivå. Detta på grund av att kommuners roll inom området innebär att de är ytterst ansvariga för utformningen av avloppssystem. Aktörer som agerar i förhållande till kommunen har därför undersökts närmare genom intervjuer med olika representanter för aktörerna. Studien är således en fallstudie där Norrköpings kommun har studerats och de aktörer som valts är Slottshagens reningsverk, Länsstyrelsen i Östergötland, Lantmännen och kommunens miljö och hälsoskyddskontor. Av det empiriska materialet framgår att aktörerna inte antar ett kretsloppsperspektiv och att de tenderar att ha ett ekonomiskt perspektiv när de hanterar problematiken. Detta är något som kan orsaka problem i ekologiska sammanhang och försvåra en positiv utveckling när det gäller hanteringen av miljöproblem. Studien relaterar resultaten och aktörernas ansvarstagande till den allmänna syn på miljöfrågornas hantering som förespråkas genom dagens miljölagstiftning.</p> / <p>The study examins if returning of nutrients, mainly the macronutriens nitrogen and phosphorus, from sewage in the municipality of Norrköping can be done in way that corresponds to natural scientiffic principals of circulation of material.</p><p>The issue of returning of nutrients and the presentation of the problem are of great importance when the fluxes of today are leading to a waste of resources and the environmental problem eutrophication. The reason for nutrients are not recycled must be some sort of incapability of the involved actors to deal with the problem.</p><p>The study analyses perspectives of different actors. The actors are described in a national as well as a more focused municipal perspective. This is because of the part that the municipality is playing implies that they are ultimately responsible for the shaping of the sewersystem. The ones that are acting in relation to the municipality have because of this been examined thru interviews with representatives for the actors.</p><p>The study is thus a casestudy where the municipality of Norrköping is studied and the actors chosen is the sewage treatment plant of Slottshagen, the county administrative board of Östergötland, a branch of the Swedish farmers cooperation “Lantmännen” and the health and environment office of the municipality. The empirical material shows that the actors are not adopting a recycle-perspective and that they tend to adopt an economical perspective when they deal with the problem. This can cause problems in a ecological context and obstruct a positive development in dealing with environmental problems. The study relates the results and the responsibility of the actors to the common view of the way of dealing with environmental issues that is recommended thru the Swedish environmental law.</p>

Title: “Starting to close the communication gap in technology transfer to the PRC” Level: Final assignment for Master Degree in Business Administration Author: Jiani Yang,  Zhouni Lin Supervisor: Ernst HOLLANDER Examiner:  Akmal HYDER Date: 2012-May Purpose — We have double purpose of promoting SME’s involvement in PRC’s development and technology transfer for sustainability in this research. From the double perspective of Chinese business economics and long run cooperation with Swedish enterprises, we investigate and analysis the main problems faced by SMEs when taking technology transfer to China.  By doing this to help SMEs to overcome the barriers during technology transfer and promote the international technology transfer cooperation in the long run, as well as appeal technology transfer agencies to adopt a holistic approach to help SMEs to plan and implement technology transfer projects effectively and sustainably. Design/methodology/approach — We use the technology transfer project in China’s sewage market as our research case to illustrate our research problems. The discussion is based on the existing literatures regarding technology transfer, former researches and authentic cases about technology transfer to China, and interviews with relevant people. Findings — The findings indicates there is huge potential business opportunities in China’s sewage treatment market. Information transparency plays a critical role to foster the cooperation between transferor and transfers, as well as promoting SME’s involvement in China. Get directly to the leader taking the decisions is one effective way to get access to China’s market in short term. Communication gap becomes one of the main concerns for SMEs when taking technology transfer to China. In mid-term, organize workshop, get to learn with the local employee, promote the understanding between each other; get to the person who is capable to understand the technology and its effect is necessary; For the long run cooperation, technology transfer process transparency needs to be improved. Originality/value — This paper is of value through draw out the fact of common problems of taking technology transfer to China’s sewage market and analysis the reason. Transparency problem during the technology transfer process is drawn and analyzed.  Key points for accessing China’s market by SMEs are produced.

Studien undersöker om återföring av näringsämnen, huvudsakligen makronäringsämnena kväve och fosfor, från humanavlopp i Norrköpings kommun kan komma att ske på ett sätt som är i linje med naturvetenskapliga kretsloppsprinciper. Frågan om återföring av näringsämnen och dess problembild är av stor vikt då dagens flöden leder till både resursslöseri och miljöproblem som övergödning. Anledningen till att näringsämnen inte recirkuleras måste bero på någon form av oförmåga hos aktörerna att ta i tu med problematiken. Studien analyserar olika aktörers perspektiv. Aktörerna beskrivs dels i ett nationellt perspektiv men den huvudsakliga fokuseringen ligger på kommunal nivå. Detta på grund av att kommuners roll inom området innebär att de är ytterst ansvariga för utformningen av avloppssystem. Aktörer som agerar i förhållande till kommunen har därför undersökts närmare genom intervjuer med olika representanter för aktörerna. Studien är således en fallstudie där Norrköpings kommun har studerats och de aktörer som valts är Slottshagens reningsverk, Länsstyrelsen i Östergötland, Lantmännen och kommunens miljö och hälsoskyddskontor. Av det empiriska materialet framgår att aktörerna inte antar ett kretsloppsperspektiv och att de tenderar att ha ett ekonomiskt perspektiv när de hanterar problematiken. Detta är något som kan orsaka problem i ekologiska sammanhang och försvåra en positiv utveckling när det gäller hanteringen av miljöproblem. Studien relaterar resultaten och aktörernas ansvarstagande till den allmänna syn på miljöfrågornas hantering som förespråkas genom dagens miljölagstiftning. / The study examins if returning of nutrients, mainly the macronutriens nitrogen and phosphorus, from sewage in the municipality of Norrköping can be done in way that corresponds to natural scientiffic principals of circulation of material. The issue of returning of nutrients and the presentation of the problem are of great importance when the fluxes of today are leading to a waste of resources and the environmental problem eutrophication. The reason for nutrients are not recycled must be some sort of incapability of the involved actors to deal with the problem. The study analyses perspectives of different actors. The actors are described in a national as well as a more focused municipal perspective. This is because of the part that the municipality is playing implies that they are ultimately responsible for the shaping of the sewersystem. The ones that are acting in relation to the municipality have because of this been examined thru interviews with representatives for the actors. The study is thus a casestudy where the municipality of Norrköping is studied and the actors chosen is the sewage treatment plant of Slottshagen, the county administrative board of Östergötland, a branch of the Swedish farmers cooperation “Lantmännen” and the health and environment office of the municipality. The empirical material shows that the actors are not adopting a recycle-perspective and that they tend to adopt an economical perspective when they deal with the problem. This can cause problems in a ecological context and obstruct a positive development in dealing with environmental problems. The study relates the results and the responsibility of the actors to the common view of the way of dealing with environmental issues that is recommended thru the Swedish environmental law.

Darbą sudaro 52 puslapiai; panaudota 18 literatūros šaltinių. Darbe yra 41 paveikslai ir 12 lentelių. Baigiamąjį darbą sudaro: Lietuvos ir ES nutekamųjų vandenų tvarkymo politika, Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymų ir reglamentų apžvalga, Europos gyvenviečių nuotekų valymo situacija, nuotekų surinkimo sistemos ir vamzdynų apžvalga ir aplinkos tarša nutekamaisiais vandenimis. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas išanalizuoti Šilutės rajono (Ž.Naumiesčio, Saugų, Juknaičių ir Švėkšnos) miestelių nuotekų valyklų darbo efektyvumą ir lauko nuotakynų būklę. Tyrimų rezultatai: Šilutės raj. nuotekų surenkama 32 % daugiau negu sunaudojam geriamojo vandens, o nuotekų surinkimo sistema naudojasi tik 42 % gyventojų. Per susidėvėjusius vamzdynus į nuotekų valyklas patenka, net iki 7 kartų, daugiau nuotekų nei, jų projektinis pajėgumas. Tyrinėtos nuotekų valyklos Šilutės raj. nuotekas išvalo iki šiuo metu galiojančių normų, o procentinis teršalų sumažinimas siekia net 98,2 %. / The work contains 52 p. of explaining text. There are 12 tables, 41 pictures. 18 sources of literature have being in the work. The work consists of: Lithuania and the EU's wastewater treatment policies, review of the laws and regulations of the Republic of Lithuania, the wastewater treatment situation in the EU, wastewater collection systems and pipelines, and review of environmental pollution with wastewater. The main purpose is to analyse the situation of wastewater treatment plans work efficiency, and the condition of sewege colection pipelines. Research results: In Silute district. wastewater is collected 32% more than the consumption of drinking water and wastewater collection system used by only 42% of the population. Worn over the pipelines to the sewage treatment plant fall, even up to 7 times more wastewater than they can clean. Studied sewage treatment plants in Silute district clean up to current standards, and the percentage of emission reductions is up to 98.2%.

Energetikos inžinerijos magistro darbo tema yra aktuali kraštui integruojantis į vakarus ir tokios pastangos atitinka Europos Sąjungos (ES) direktyvų reikalavimus didinti energetikos efektyvumą jos vartojimo sferoje, Lietuvos energijos taupymo įstatymą, miesto savivaldybės nuostatas taupyti lėšas ir kiek įmanoma mažiau didinti nuotekų šalinimo paslaugos kainą. Elektros energijos vartojimo efektyvumo tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti energijos taupymo galimybes nuotekų valymo įrenginiuose. Darbe apžvelgiamas visas nuotekų valymo technologinis procesas. Atlikta elektros energijos vartojimo analizė. Išmatuotos agregatų techninės charakteristikos bei paskaičiuotos jų technologinės normos. Pateikti pasiūlymai elektrinio šildymo normavimui pritaikant dienolaipsnių metodą. Orapūčių darbo efektyvumui didinti pasiūlyta jų reguliavimą vykdyti pagal ištirpusio deguonies kiekį. / This master thesis of Energetic Engineering refers to the problems relevant to the Lithuanian Republic integration westwards and its efforts to meet the requirements of European Union directives of increasing the effectiveness of energetics in the sphere of its consumption as well as Lithuanian Law on Energy and to follow the regulations of municipalities regarding economizing financial means, making efforts to reduce the price growth of the sewage treatment service. The aim of the research of the electricity consumption effectiveness is to define the ways of energy saving in the sewage disposal devices. During this research the whole technological process of sewage disposal has been examined and the analysis of electricity consumption has been done. The technical characteristics of the units have been measured and their technological standards have been estimated as well. The suggestions for standard-setting of electrical heating applying the daydegree method have been made in the research. It has been proposed to increase the effectiveness of air blower operating through regulating the quantity of melted oxygen. / Тема исследования актуалъна стране интегрируяс в западную Европу. Задача исследования эфективности потребляемой электроэнергии - установитъ возможности економии электроэнергии в водоочистителъных сооружениях.