La délinquance juvénile a été souvent dépeinte de façon globale sans distinction de genre, ou encore, elle fut décrite principalement chez les garçons. Constater la faible représentation des adolescentes prises en charge en vertu de la Loi sur le système de justice pénale pour adolescents, comparativement aux garçons, conduit vers diverses explications. Certaines mettent l’accent sur la personne, arguant que la délinquance des filles est différente de celle des garçons, moins fréquente et surtout moins violente. D’autres mettent l’accent sur le traitement des instances judiciaires qu’on dit protectionniste vis-à-vis des filles, ce qui fait qu’on les dirige plutôt vers le système de Protection de la jeunesse pour troubles de comportement. Devant cette divergence d’explication, nous avons cherché à comprendre si la faible représentation des filles dans le système de justice pénale pour adolescent est due aux comportements des adolescents en tant que tels, ou à la manière dont leurs comportements sont perçus et gérés par les intervenants oeuvrant auprès de ces jeunes impliqués dans des situations-problèmes, lesquelles sont susceptibles ou non, d’être judiciarisées. Notre étude pose un regard sur l’enclenchement du processus judiciaire auquel des adolescents se trouvent confrontés, c’est-à-dire leur arrestation ou leur signalement à une instance officielle, sous l’angle de la représentation sociale des jeunes par les intervenants. Pour ce faire, nous avons rencontré des intervenants du milieu scolaire, puisque l’école se situe au deuxième rang des signalants vers le système de prise en charge des adolescents en difficulté, après les parents. Nous leur avons présenté des cas-types, sous forme de vignettes, visant à saisir leurs perceptions et réactions vis-à-vis des situations-problèmes impliquant des adolescentes et des adolescents, en souhaitant déterminer si celles-ci varient en fonction du genre. Bien qu’en théorie la vision des interviewés quant à la délinquance juvénile soit assez uniforme, et ce, peu importe le sexe du délinquant, nos résultats montrent qu’en pratique, il y a un double standard. Ainsi, si les règles sont conçues pour tous et les conséquences de leur non-respect doivent en principe s’appliquer également sans distinction, lorsqu’il s’agit d’intervenir, les interviewés conviennent que leur approche diffère selon qu’ils aient affaire à une fille ou à un garçon. Par ailleurs, ils déplorent le manque criant de ressources et questionnent la volonté de certains parents de contribuer à la réussite scolaire de leur enfant. Ultimement, ils remettent en cause, dans une large mesure, le système éducatif québécois. En tant qu’acteurs sociaux, les intervenants ont le pouvoir de faire valoir leur point de vue. L’analyse de ce point de vue, dans le cadre de notre mémoire, montre l’importance de leur rôle dans le parcours des adolescents, garçons et filles, plus spécialement lorsque ceux-ci se trouvent impliqués dans des situations-problèmes. / Juvenile delinquency has often been described in a global way, without any distinction regarding the gender, or it has been described mainly regarding teenage boys. The fact that there is a low representation of teenage girls taken in charge according to the Youth Criminal Justice Act, compared to teenage boys, leads to several explanations. Some, focusing on the individual aspects, point out that girl delinquency is different, less frequent and especially less violent. Others are pointing out how protectionist the judicial proceedings are towards girls, which leads them to be referred mostly to child protection for behaviour disorders. Considering this difference in the explanations, we wanted to understand if the low representation of girls in the youth criminal justice system was due to teenage behaviour itself, or to the way behaviours were perceived and dealt with by the interveners working with these teenagers involved in problemsituations, which could possibly be subject, or not, to judicial control. Our study looks at the start of the judicial process which teenagers must face, meaning their arrest or their reporting to an official organization, from the point of view of the interveners and how they perceive the teenagers. In order to do this, we have met school interveners, because schools are ranked second after the parents for referring teenagers to the system that will take charge of them. We have presented them with test cases in order to have their perceptions and reactions concerning problematic situations involving teenage girls and boys, aiming to determine if it would vary according to the gender. Even if in theory the vision of the interviewed persons concerning juvenile delinquency is somewhat uniform, regardless of the offender’s sex, our results show that in practice, there is a double standard. Therefore, if the rules are made for all and the consequences of not obeying them are equal without gender distinction, when it comes to the way they act on it, interveners agree that their approach is different if they are dealing with a girl or a boy. Incidentally, they are concerned about the critical lack of resources and question the will of some parents to assist their kids towards school success. Ultimately, they are substantially questioning Quebec’s educational system. As social stakeholders, interveners have some power to promote their point of view. The analysis of this point of view in the framework of our thesis, shows the importance of their role in the path of the teenagers, boys and girls, especially when they are involved in problematic situations.

Foram poucos os estudos realizados para avaliar a capacidade da cavidade dos seios frontais para a diferenciação sexual. No entanto, a predição do sexo dos indivíduos é o passo mais importante para o desenvolvimento de um perfil biológico confiável durante a análise de restos esqueléticos. O advento da tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico trouxe uma série de vantagens à clínica odontológica, e a quantidade de pacientes que realizam exames tomográficos para fins de diagnóstico tem aumentado cada vez mais permitindo com que estes dados sejam úteis para propósitos de identificação forense. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi propor uma nova metodologia para avaliar a capacidade de imagens em 3D da cavidade sinusal frontal, provenientes de tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico, em determinar dimorfismo sexual entre os indivíduos. A amostra da pesquisa foi composta por 130 exames (65 do sexo masculino e 65 do sexo feminino) que foram segmentados e reconstruídos tridimensionalmente. O volume 3D foi exportado em formato Tiff nas normas frontal, lateral e basal. E as seguintes variáveis foram mensuradas em um segundo programa: área, perímetro, retângulo delimitador, elipse delimitadora, circularidade, razão de aspecto, arredondamento do objeto, solidez e diâmetro de Feret. O estudo foi capaz de demonstrar a existência de dimorfismo sexual com uma acurácia do modelo final de regressão logística igual a 80,0%. A norma basal foi a que garantiu maior poder de explicação na equação final. A metodologia foi validada e os resultados mostraram alto grau de confiabilidade. / There were few studies to assess the ability of the cavity of the frontal sinuses for sexual differentiation. However, the prediction of the sex of the individuals is the most important step in the development of a reliable biological profile during analysis of skeletal remains. The advent of cone beam computed tomography brought a number of advantages to the dental clinic, and the number of patients undergoing CT scans for diagnostic purposes has increased increasingly allowing that these data are useful for forensic identification purposes. The study aimed to propose a new methodology to assess the 3D images capacity of the frontal sinus cavity, from computed tomography cone beam, to attribute sexual dimorphism between individuals. The survey sample consisted of 130 exams (65 male and 65 female) who were reconstructed three-dimensionally. The 3D volume was exported in Tiff format in the frontal, side and basal views. In addition, the following variables were measured in a second program: area, perimeter, bounding rectangle, ellipse fit, circularity, aspect ratio, roundness, solidity and Feret\'s diameter. The study was able to demonstrate the existence of sexual dimorphism with an accuracy of the final logistic regression model equal to 80.0%. The basal view assured greater explanatory power in the final equation. The methodology has been validated and the results showed a high degree of reliability.

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La délinquance juvénile a été souvent dépeinte de façon globale sans distinction de genre, ou encore, elle fut décrite principalement chez les garçons. Constater la faible représentation des adolescentes prises en charge en vertu de la Loi sur le système de justice pénale pour adolescents, comparativement aux garçons, conduit vers diverses explications. Certaines mettent l’accent sur la personne, arguant que la délinquance des filles est différente de celle des garçons, moins fréquente et surtout moins violente. D’autres mettent l’accent sur le traitement des instances judiciaires qu’on dit protectionniste vis-à-vis des filles, ce qui fait qu’on les dirige plutôt vers le système de Protection de la jeunesse pour troubles de comportement. Devant cette divergence d’explication, nous avons cherché à comprendre si la faible représentation des filles dans le système de justice pénale pour adolescent est due aux comportements des adolescents en tant que tels, ou à la manière dont leurs comportements sont perçus et gérés par les intervenants oeuvrant auprès de ces jeunes impliqués dans des situations-problèmes, lesquelles sont susceptibles ou non, d’être judiciarisées. Notre étude pose un regard sur l’enclenchement du processus judiciaire auquel des adolescents se trouvent confrontés, c’est-à-dire leur arrestation ou leur signalement à une instance officielle, sous l’angle de la représentation sociale des jeunes par les intervenants. Pour ce faire, nous avons rencontré des intervenants du milieu scolaire, puisque l’école se situe au deuxième rang des signalants vers le système de prise en charge des adolescents en difficulté, après les parents. Nous leur avons présenté des cas-types, sous forme de vignettes, visant à saisir leurs perceptions et réactions vis-à-vis des situations-problèmes impliquant des adolescentes et des adolescents, en souhaitant déterminer si celles-ci varient en fonction du genre. Bien qu’en théorie la vision des interviewés quant à la délinquance juvénile soit assez uniforme, et ce, peu importe le sexe du délinquant, nos résultats montrent qu’en pratique, il y a un double standard. Ainsi, si les règles sont conçues pour tous et les conséquences de leur non-respect doivent en principe s’appliquer également sans distinction, lorsqu’il s’agit d’intervenir, les interviewés conviennent que leur approche diffère selon qu’ils aient affaire à une fille ou à un garçon. Par ailleurs, ils déplorent le manque criant de ressources et questionnent la volonté de certains parents de contribuer à la réussite scolaire de leur enfant. Ultimement, ils remettent en cause, dans une large mesure, le système éducatif québécois. En tant qu’acteurs sociaux, les intervenants ont le pouvoir de faire valoir leur point de vue. L’analyse de ce point de vue, dans le cadre de notre mémoire, montre l’importance de leur rôle dans le parcours des adolescents, garçons et filles, plus spécialement lorsque ceux-ci se trouvent impliqués dans des situations-problèmes. / Juvenile delinquency has often been described in a global way, without any distinction regarding the gender, or it has been described mainly regarding teenage boys. The fact that there is a low representation of teenage girls taken in charge according to the Youth Criminal Justice Act, compared to teenage boys, leads to several explanations. Some, focusing on the individual aspects, point out that girl delinquency is different, less frequent and especially less violent. Others are pointing out how protectionist the judicial proceedings are towards girls, which leads them to be referred mostly to child protection for behaviour disorders. Considering this difference in the explanations, we wanted to understand if the low representation of girls in the youth criminal justice system was due to teenage behaviour itself, or to the way behaviours were perceived and dealt with by the interveners working with these teenagers involved in problemsituations, which could possibly be subject, or not, to judicial control. Our study looks at the start of the judicial process which teenagers must face, meaning their arrest or their reporting to an official organization, from the point of view of the interveners and how they perceive the teenagers. In order to do this, we have met school interveners, because schools are ranked second after the parents for referring teenagers to the system that will take charge of them. We have presented them with test cases in order to have their perceptions and reactions concerning problematic situations involving teenage girls and boys, aiming to determine if it would vary according to the gender. Even if in theory the vision of the interviewed persons concerning juvenile delinquency is somewhat uniform, regardless of the offender’s sex, our results show that in practice, there is a double standard. Therefore, if the rules are made for all and the consequences of not obeying them are equal without gender distinction, when it comes to the way they act on it, interveners agree that their approach is different if they are dealing with a girl or a boy. Incidentally, they are concerned about the critical lack of resources and question the will of some parents to assist their kids towards school success. Ultimately, they are substantially questioning Quebec’s educational system. As social stakeholders, interveners have some power to promote their point of view. The analysis of this point of view in the framework of our thesis, shows the importance of their role in the path of the teenagers, boys and girls, especially when they are involved in problematic situations.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-25 / O panorama atual do tratamento de pacientes com Anomalias da Diferenciação Sexual (ADS) apresenta o desafio de colocarmos frente a frente o saber do médico e o do paciente e/ou seus familiares — discursos diferentes — de tal forma que estes saberes possam ser escutados. O intuito geral deste trabalho foi o de identificar as angústias, dúvidas e ansiedades dos pacientes e seus pais, bem como da equipe médica que os assiste. O objetivo específico do trabalho foi fazer uma avaliação do que se passava nas entrelinhas do atendimento, para compreender o que o paciente e o familiar entendem ou não entendem sobre atendimento médico e vice-versa. Para isso, foram ouvidos sete médicos especialistas de cinco instituições do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), nove familiares e seis pacientes portadores de hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) por deficiência de 21-hidroxilase. / The current scenario regarding treatment of patients with Anomalies of Sex Differentiation (ASD) brings the challenge to put face-to-face the medical knowledge and their patients and/or relatives acquaintance — distinct speeches — so that both these knowledges need to be heard. The general purpose of this work was to identify the anguishes, doubts, distress, and anxieties from patients and their parents, as well as from the medical team that attend them. The specific aim was to evaluate the scenario beyond the medical service in order to appreciate what patients and parents understand or do not understand within the medical attendance and vice-versa. Therefore, interviews were conducted to hear seven specialist physicians from five institutions among the “Sistema Único de Saúde” (SUS), nine parents and six patients bearing the 21-hydroxylase deficiency form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Foram poucos os estudos realizados para avaliar a capacidade da cavidade dos seios frontais para a diferenciação sexual. No entanto, a predição do sexo dos indivíduos é o passo mais importante para o desenvolvimento de um perfil biológico confiável durante a análise de restos esqueléticos. O advento da tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico trouxe uma série de vantagens à clínica odontológica, e a quantidade de pacientes que realizam exames tomográficos para fins de diagnóstico tem aumentado cada vez mais permitindo com que estes dados sejam úteis para propósitos de identificação forense. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi propor uma nova metodologia para avaliar a capacidade de imagens em 3D da cavidade sinusal frontal, provenientes de tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico, em determinar dimorfismo sexual entre os indivíduos. A amostra da pesquisa foi composta por 130 exames (65 do sexo masculino e 65 do sexo feminino) que foram segmentados e reconstruídos tridimensionalmente. O volume 3D foi exportado em formato Tiff nas normas frontal, lateral e basal. E as seguintes variáveis foram mensuradas em um segundo programa: área, perímetro, retângulo delimitador, elipse delimitadora, circularidade, razão de aspecto, arredondamento do objeto, solidez e diâmetro de Feret. O estudo foi capaz de demonstrar a existência de dimorfismo sexual com uma acurácia do modelo final de regressão logística igual a 80,0%. A norma basal foi a que garantiu maior poder de explicação na equação final. A metodologia foi validada e os resultados mostraram alto grau de confiabilidade. / There were few studies to assess the ability of the cavity of the frontal sinuses for sexual differentiation. However, the prediction of the sex of the individuals is the most important step in the development of a reliable biological profile during analysis of skeletal remains. The advent of cone beam computed tomography brought a number of advantages to the dental clinic, and the number of patients undergoing CT scans for diagnostic purposes has increased increasingly allowing that these data are useful for forensic identification purposes. The study aimed to propose a new methodology to assess the 3D images capacity of the frontal sinus cavity, from computed tomography cone beam, to attribute sexual dimorphism between individuals. The survey sample consisted of 130 exams (65 male and 65 female) who were reconstructed three-dimensionally. The 3D volume was exported in Tiff format in the frontal, side and basal views. In addition, the following variables were measured in a second program: area, perimeter, bounding rectangle, ellipse fit, circularity, aspect ratio, roundness, solidity and Feret\'s diameter. The study was able to demonstrate the existence of sexual dimorphism with an accuracy of the final logistic regression model equal to 80.0%. The basal view assured greater explanatory power in the final equation. The methodology has been validated and the results showed a high degree of reliability.

Recent experimental approaches attribute value to events occurring during intrauterine life as crucial in the onset of several diseases during postnatal life. Thyroid hormones (TH) are critical to the physiology of metabolism and body development. The aim of this study was to investigate the repercussions of lack of TH during pregnancy on body mass gain, metabolic profile, ingestive behavior of food, sodium (0.3M NaCl) and water in rat offspring at different postnatal ages. The experimental gestational hypothyroidism (EGH) was induced by the administration of 0.02% methimazole (MMI) in ad libitum drinking water from day 9 of gestation until delivery. Offspring (males and females) from MMI-treated dams (OMTD) were compared to their corresponding control offspring (i.e. male and female offspring from water-treated dams; OWTD). Insulin tolerance test (ITT) and glucose tolerance test (GTT) were also performed. Two- or three-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-test were performed when necessary. OMTD showed lower body weight on PND 23 and 30 (p<0.0001). Similar profile was observed when the offspring were separated by gender, at least during the experimental period (PND 60, 90 and 120; p<0.0001 for both genders). However, there was no difference in the amount of food intake when males of OMTD (m-OMTD) were compared to OWTD (m-OWTD). Female of OMTD (f-OMTD) had lower ability to reduce glucose plasma level at ITT (p = 0.0224), otherwise, no change in GTT (p = 0.1313) was observed. At PND 60, glucose plasma level was higher in f-OMTD than in f-OWTD (p = 0.013). In m-OMTD, plasma cholesterol was higher in PND 60 and lower on PND 120 (p <0.0001), when compared to m-OWTD. In f-OMTD, cholesterol was lower only at PND 120 (p = 0.035). The high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was lower in OMTD on PND 15 and 30 (p = 0.04) and remained lower only in f-OMTD on PND 120 (p = 0.024). Moreover, EGH induced an increased in plasma triglycerides (TGL), as well as, in serum level of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol in offspring at DPN 15 (p = 0.039) and also after puberty (at DPN 60), but only the m-OMTD (p < 0.0001). The serum urea was lower in OMTD on PND 15 and 30. Interestingly, serum urea was inverted at DPN 60 in both, m- and f-OMTD (p = 0.006, and p = 0.003, respectively), when compared to their respective control groups. At PND 120, retroperitoneal fat weight was lower both in m- (p = 0.05) and f-OMTD (p = 0.009). Additionally, at all studied ages, relative kidney and liver mass was lower in m- (p = 0.001) and f-OMTD (p = 0.008). In conclusion, we demonstrated, for the first time, that maternal TH are critical to the ontogenetic development of systems that regulate energy metabolism throughout the life of the offspring, resulting in a reduction in body mass, biochemical instability throughout the life, lower sensitivity to insulin in females, and, a delay in the development of critical organs for the metabolism of macronutrients. / Recentes abordagens experimentais têm imputado valor aos eventos ocorridos durante a vida intrauterina como cruciais no aparecimento de doenças na vida pós-natal. Os hormônios tireoidianos (HTs) são críticos para fisiologia do metabolismo e desenvolvimento corporal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar as repercussões da carência dos HTs em ratas prenhes na evolução ponderal da massa corporal, perfil bioquímico, comportamento ingestivo de ração, água e sódio (NaCl 0,3M) da prole em diferentes idades pós-natais. O hipotireoidismo gestacional experimental (HGE) foi induzido através da adicão de metimazol 0,02% na água de beber a partir do dia 9 de gestação até o parto. O grupo de prole (machos e fêmeas) de mães hipotireoideanas (PMH) foi comparado ao grupo controle de mães eutireoideanas (PME). Realizou-se o teste de tolerância à insulina (TTI) e o teste de tolerância à glicose (TTG). Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de ANOVA de duas ou três vias, quando necessário, seguidos do pós-teste de Bonferroni. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, observou-se que a PMH apresentou massa corporal menor aos 23 e 30 dias pós-natal (DPN) (p<0,0001). Padrão similar foi encontrado quando as proles foram separadas por gênero, aos 60, 90 e 120 DPN (p<0,0001, para ambos os gêneros). No entanto, não houve diferença significativa na ingestão de ração entre os machos PMH e PME. As fêmeas da prole de mães hipotireoideanas (f-PMH) apresentaram menor capacidade de reduzir a glicemia no TTI (p=0,0224) sem alteração no TTG. Aos 60 DPN, a concentração sérica de glicose foi maior nas f-PMH (p = 0,013) que nas f-PME. Nos machos prole de mães hipotireoideanas (m-PMH) o colesterol plasmático foi elevado aos 60 DPN e reduziu aos 120 DPN (p<0,0001), quando comparado aos machos prole de mães eutireoideanas (m-PME). Nas f-PMH o colesterol sérico foi menor somente aos 120 DPN (p=0,035). O HDL sérico foi menor na PMH aos 15 e 30 DPN (p=0,04), e continuou menor nas f-PMH aos 60, 90 e 120 DPN (p=0,024). Entretanto, o HGE elevou as concentrações séricas de TGL, bem como de VLDL, na PMH aos 15 DPN, e após a puberdade (aos 60 DPN), somente nos m-PMH (p<0,0001). A concentração sérica de ureia foi menor na PMH aos 15 e 30 DPN. Interessantemente, a ureia sérica foi invertida aos 60 DPN, se apresentando elevada tanto em m- (p=0,006) como em f-PMH (p=0,003), quando comparados aos respectivos grupos controle. Aos 120 DPN, a massa da gordura retroperitoneal foi menor tanto em m- (p=0,05) como em f-PMH (p=0,009). Adicionalmente, em todas idades estudadas, as massas relativas dos rins e do fígado foram menores tanto em m- (p=0,001) como em f- da PMH (p=0,008). Em conclusão, demonstrou-se, pela primeira vez, que os HTs maternos são críticos para o desenvolvimento ontogênico de sistemas que regulam o metabolismo de energia ao longo da vida da prole, resultando numa redução da massa corporal, instabilidade bioquímica ao longo da vida, menor sensibilidade à insulina em fêmeas, e um atraso no desenvolvimento de órgãos críticos para o metabolismo de macronutrientes.