This thesis combines the disciplines of public policy analysis and anthropology to consider parental consent policies for sex education in California. After providing historical, political, and cultural context for sex education and the parental consent function, the thesis considers (1) the factors that inform parental perspectives on sex education, (2) if parents should be able to opt their children out of sex education, and (3) the discrepancy between the actual policies regarding parental consent and the way they are implemented. The thesis concludes with policy recommendations for improving the implementation of current California sex education policies.

The aim of the thesis was to explore the impact of sex education in the family on own intimate life of the individual. The work is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part describes issues that affect the content of thesis - human sexuality, sex education at school and in family, and individual family surrounding. The practical part describes the implemented research. The research aim was formulated in four hypotheses. The first aim was to verify whether young people perceive sex education in the family as something that affects their intimate lives. The second aim was to verify the connection between points of view that parents present to their children about contraception, abortion and the beginning of sexual life and the view that in adulthood these children hold. Next aim was to determine whether there is the coherence between the way how parents talk to their children about sexuality and by how much is at the beginning of children own sexual life affected by these councils. And lastly, the work seeks to map the way how parents talk with children about sexuality and whether that affects children own experience of sexuality. In research took part 137 respondents - 80 women and 57 men, all respondents had secondary or university education and were aged from 21 to 30 years....

This project studies the theological legacy of white evangelical purity culture (WEPC) and proposes a constructive Baptist practical theology of baptism in response. It foregrounds the activism and testimonies of Christian women to foment and intervene in white supremacist constructions of womanhood in the Female Moral Reform movement; to perpetuate and prevent racial violence in the lynching era through the deployment of a reimagined vision of sacred white womanhood; and to expand conceptions of the wounding legacies, persisting challenges, and alternative visions proposed by those harmed by WEPC. In the “afterlife” of white evangelical purity culture, baptism, conceived as a practice of solidarity, is a critical intervention to the persistent and problematic deformations of identity, salvation, and ecclesial formation. The project begins with analysis of the theopolitical history of WEPC and its founding frameworks and promises. It then turns to the Female Moral Reform movement, and particularly the activism and theological arguments of Sarah Grimké and a dissenting interlocutor in 1838, to illustrate how questions of womanhood, race, and women’s rights were forged in the context of institutional slavery. Next, this project engages the activism of Rebecca Felton, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, and the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, attends to the character de/formations deployed in women’s activism and rhetoric supportive of and against lynching, and argues that the uninterrogated sacred status of white womanhood prevents a full acknowledgement and dismantling of the regnant theological frameworks of WEPC. It then frames the online writing as testimonies to the wounding experiences in WEPC, offering an emergent tripartite framework of shame, misplaced blame, and silence to capture the impact of WEPC. Finally, drawing from the works of James Wm. McClendon, Jr., Ada María Isasi-Díaz and M. Shawn Copeland, it proposes a Baptist theology of baptism wherein baptism is revelatory rite that initiates solidarity in the service of a world that engenders the possibility of mutual liberation and human flourishing. This project contributes to the growing literature on WEPC by exposing the raced theological scaffolding that necessitate a transformation of core Christian practices. / 2022-12-09T00:00:00Z

Thesis advisor: Henry Braun / There is a broad interest in narrowing achievement gaps among all groups of students and improving education by scientifically sound methods. On October 25, 2006, the United States Department of Education published new regulations allowing single-sex education in public schools whenever schools think it will improve student achievement. Thus far, studies comparing single-sex with coeducational schools have been carried out at the national level mostly in England, Australia and Jamaica, while US' studies were limited to Catholic schools. Few studies reported descriptive statistics or effect sizes and most studies differ in the criteria and statistical controls they use to compare single-sex and coeducation. This dissertation presents models for science achievement and attitudes towards science for 8th -grade students attending either single-sex or coeducation schools in Hong Kong and New Zealand, using the Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) datasets from 1995, 1999, and 2003. To properly account for the nested structure of data, an HLM model was estimated for each sex, for each of the two jurisdictions at three time points, corresponding to the three TIMSS administrations. The within - country results were compared to see if differences between single-sex and coed schools were consistent over time. In addition, this dissertation proposed an approach to examine the sensitivity of the estimated effects of school-type on student outcomes to the presence of unmeasured variables which may introduce hidden selection bias, using a modification of the method proposed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983). Based on its conditional distribution with an instrumental variable, chosen based on the review of single-sex literature, the Monte Carlo simulated values of the unobserved variable were used as level-1 predictors in a one-way ANCOVA with random effects. The sensitivity analysis was limited to science achievement of Hong-Kong's girls in TIMSS 2003. Findings show that single-sex education contributed to girls' science performance and attitudes in NZL 1999 and HKG 1999 and 2003, and low sensitivity for school-type contrast. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation.

Introdução: A adolescência é caracterizada por marcantes mudanças biológicas e psíquicas. Nesta fase, o aumento da produção dos androgênios resulta na ativação do comportamento sexual o que pode contribuir para uma iniciação sexual precoce. Objetivos: Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a idade média da primeira relação sexual dos adolescentes matriculados em escolas estaduais do município de Ribeirão Preto/SP, bem como verificar o número médio de parceiros dos alunos e a frequência do uso de métodos anticoncepcionais e uso de preservativos nesta população. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal para o qual foram incluídos os adolescentes do ensino médio. As informações sobre idade da primeira relação sexual, o número de parceiros dos alunos, uso de métodos anticoncepcionais e uso de preservativos foram obtidas por meio de um questionário semiestruturado. As variáveis quantitativas foram expressas em média e desvio padrão e as qualitativas em frequências absolutas e relativas. O teste qui-quadrado para variáveis qualitativas e o teste t-student para variáveis contínuas foram empregados para comparar as médias de idade e idade da primeira relação sexual de acordo com o gênero dos alunos. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas com o auxílio do programa SAS, versão 9.4. Resultados: Foram avaliados 202 alunos que responderam ao questionário, sendo 69 (34.16 %) homens e 133 (65,84%) mulheres. A idade da sexarca para homens variou de 7 a 18 anos e para mulheres de 7 a 17 anos, onde 48 (36.01%) das meninas e 21 (30,43%) dos meninos cursavam o primeiro ano do ensino médio, 63,37% dos adolescentes revelaram já ter tido relação sexual que 56,25 % usaram preservativo na primeira relação sexual, mas 36,72% disseram que fazem sexo seguro na maioria das vezes e 83,59% confirmaram que tiveram a primeira relação sexual por estarem \"a fim\". Conclusão: Mais da metade dos estudantes de escolas pública tiveram iniciação sexual precoce, na qual, a maioria não usou preservativo nem um método anticoncepcional efetivo; gostariam de receber informações sobre a temática através dos pais e professores e as principais motivações para iniciação sexual foram estarem a fim e experimentação / Introduction: Adolescence is characterized by significant biological and psychic changes. At this stage, increased production of androgens results in the activation of sexual behavior which may contribute to early sexual initiation. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to verify the average age of the first sexual intercourse of adolescents enrolled in state schools in the city of Ribeirão Preto / SP, and to verify the average number of students\' partners and the frequency of contraceptive use and condom use in this school. population. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study to which high school adolescents were included. Information on the age of first sexual intercourse, the number of partners of the students, use of contraceptive methods and use of condoms were obtained through a semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation and qualitative variables were expressed in absolute and relative frequencies. The chi-square test for qualitative variables and the t-student test for continuous variables were used to compare the means of age and age of the first sexual relation according to the gender of the students. All statistical analyzes were developed with the help of the SAS program, version 9.4. Results: We evaluated 202 students who answered the questionnaire, being 69 (36.36%) men and 133 (63.64%) women. The sex age for men ranged from 7 to 18 years and for women aged 7 to 17 years, with 48 (36.01%) of the girls and 21 (30.43%) of the boys attended the first year of high school, 66,94% of adolescents reported sexual intercourse with 56.25% used a condom at the first sexual intercourse, but 36.72% said they had safe sex most part of the time and 83.59% confirmed that they had their first sexual intercourse happened because they \"have a crush on\". Conclusion: More than half of public school students had early sexual initiation, in which most did not use condom or effective contraceptive method; would like to receive information on the subject through parents and teachers and the main motivations for sexual initiation were personal choice and curiosity

A complexidade da sexualidade humana, bem como a admissão da existência de uma diversidade sexual foram (e ainda são) rechaçadas na escola, ocasionando não raro a discriminação e a exclusão de alunos/as que não se enquadram nos padrões heterossexistas prestigiados socialmente. Por essa razão, nesta pesquisa, investigam-se as representações que professores/as do Ensino Médio de duas escolas públicas paulistanas têm sobre homossexualidade e diversidade sexual no cotidiano escolar, buscando-se um maior aprofundamento teórico e interpretativo. Para chegar ao objetivo proposto, a pesquisa de campo foi realizada com base em um questionário semiestruturado, com questões abertas e fechadas. Como referencial teórico, utilizaram-se autores da área dos Estudos Culturais (teoria queer) e dos teóricos da Representação Social. Os dados quantitativos da pesquisa foram apresentados em forma de gráfico comparativo (entre as duas escolas), e os dados qualitativos foram divididos em três blocos de interpretação (representações, formação de professores e diversidade sexual na escola) e analisados em três categorias de análise, com base nas falas dos/as professores/as: 1) representações da homossexualidade sob viés de preconceito evidente; 2) representações da homossexualidade sob viés de preconceito latente; 3) representações da homossexualidade na perspectiva democrática e inclusiva. Os resultados obtidos são de grande relevância para a Educação Sexual, bem como para a cultura do respeito à diversidade, pois permitem detectar as diferentes formas com que o preconceito a cidadãos não heterossexuais instalam-se na escola. Além disso, os resultados evidenciam que a conexão entre discriminação e homossexualidade funda-se em uma questão cultural, enraizada em dogmas, crenças e representações construídas socialmente para conservar a hegemonia da heterossexualidade e, por conseguinte, subalternizar e inferiorizar as orientações sexuais consideradas não-padrão. / The complexity of human sexuality, as well as the admission of the existence of sexual diversity were (and still are) rejected by the school, often leading to discrimination and exclusion of students that do not fit in socially prestigious heterosexist standards. Therefore, in this research are investigated the representations that teachers of two public paulistana\'s high schools have about homosexuality and sexual diversity in school life, seeking a deeper theoretical and interpretive approach. To reach the objective, the field research was conducted based on a semi-structured questionnaire with open and closed questions. The theoretical authors used were from Cultural Studies field (queer theory) and the theory of Social Representation. Quantitative data from the survey were presented in a comparative graph form (between the two schools), and qualitative data were divided into three blocks of interpretation (representation, teachers formation and sexual diversity in school) and analyzed in three categories of analysis, based on the speech of the teacher: 1) representations of homosexuality under the bias of evident prejudice, 2) representations of homosexuality under latent prejudice bias, 3) representations of homosexuality in a democratic and inclusive perspective. The results are of great relevance to sexual education and to the culture of respect for diversity, it can detect the different ways that prejudice against non-heterosexual citizens is established in school. Furthermore, the results show that the connection between discrimination and homosexuality is based on a cultural issue, rooted in dogmas, beliefs and representations socially constructed to preserve the hegemony of heterosexuality and consequently to undervalue and to degrade sexual orientations considered nonstandard.

The purpose of this study was to examine the beliefs and behaviors of Emerging Adults relating to sexual consent, and how these ideas relate to an individual’s well-being. Specifically, this study used a survey that combined multiple questionnaires that were developed by the research team as well as an existing measure of consent: Sexual Consent Scale- Revised (Humphreys, T., & Brousseau, M. 2010). These questionnaires were used to answer the two questions that are the focus of this presentation and are of importance to schools, parents and family life educators: “How does an individual’s sexual behavior, beliefs or attitudes relate to individual wellbeing?” and “How does an individual’s sexual behavior relate to sexual consent?" This study was a preliminary look into sexual consent in emerging adulthood with a focus on wellbeing. The study included a total of 74 females (77.1%) and 21 males (21.9%); One (1%) participant identified as Other. The range of ages was 18-28, with a mean age of 20.14 years (SD 2.091). A total of 37 different majors were included (Undergraduate and Graduate). Most students indicated they were single (n=51, 56.6%) and 39 individuals indicated they were in a relationship (n=39, 43.3%). The two most important findings for this presentation are: There is an “Idealized” idea of sexual consent, disconnected from behavior, highlighted by the cognitive dissonance shown in responses to two items— 93% of individuals strongly agreed to the item: “I feel that sexual consent should always be obtained before the start of any sexual activity,” yet only 11% strongly agreed to the statement “I always verbally ask for consent before I initiate a sexual encounter” and the second important finding relates to the hypothesis— “As lack of perceived behavioral control increases, scores of assuming consent will also increase”. The data showed there is a significant, strong, positive relationship between behavioral control and assuming consent (r=.570, p=.000), indicating an important connection. This research is especially important in the current political/cultural climate—promoting sexual knowledge is becoming increasingly imperative for the overall wellbeing of individuals. The baseball model of getting to “bases” and “scoring” dominates US culture and may lead to ideas of competition versus ideas of mutual pleasure and enthusiastic consent. Educating families as well as youth is an important step to changing culture. Social Learning Theory provides a unique perspective in that both behavioral skills/practice and cognition need to be addressed in sex education in order to reinforce positive sexual consent behaviors. There is evidence that the time period from adolescence into emerging adulthood shows an increase in sexual risk taking, and the theory of Emerging Adulthood marks this time period as one of transitions and exploration (Arnett 2000, 2007). Educating youth before this time period may be key to promoting healthy behaviors. This study is an initial investigation into a complex topic that can be used to facilitate a discussion on sexual consent as well as the current implications for families and parents that need to educate their children about these topics.

No description available.

In the United States and abroad, the LGBTQ+ population has both historically and currently, suffered from a higher likelihood of poorer health outcomes than their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts due to stigma and discrimination (Alencar Albuquerque et al., 2016). While these health disparities have been well studied for the United States LGBTQ+ community as a whole, there is less understanding of what subgroups within this population may be disproportionately more susceptible to poorer health outcomes and risky behaviors, as well as, less understanding for the reasons behind such health outcomes and behaviors. One such subgroup is that of sexual minority women (SMW), or women who are sexually and/or romantically attracted to other women or who identify outside of heterosexual norms (Youatt, Harris, Harper, Janz, & Bauermeister, 2017). Preliminary studies have found that SMW are less likely than their sexual minority male and heterosexual female peers to have regular access to healthcare providers and are more likely to have negative experiences in healthcare settings, specifically in regards to sexual and reproductive healthcare (Riskind, Tornello, Younger, & Patterson, 2014). For these reasons, coupled with discrimination and risky sexual and health behaviors, SMW are a vulnerable population in need of social, political, and medical attention. This thesis aims to understand the causes and barriers SMW face when accessing sexual and reproductive health resources, as well as, provide direction for navigating such barriers on a multifactorial level. This research analyzes how hegemonic heteronormativity and sexism take root in (a) economic and political barriers in obtaining health insurance and health knowledge for SMW, (b) SMW patient ignorance of health risks and needs, (c) minimal to no medical provider training and understanding for SMW health risks, behaviors, and needs. Each barrier is addressed holistically; a novel approach necessary for the initial alleviation of such barriers to sexual and reproductive care and knowledge for SMW.

<p>Sexualitet är ett grundläggande behov hos människor och påverkar individens upplevelse av hälsa och välbefinnande. Skolan fungerar som en viktig arena för att främja unga vuxnas sexuella hälsa och sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen i skolan kan ha stor betydelse för unga vuxnas utveckling. Sex- och samlevnadsundervisning har varit obligatorisk i svenska skolor sedan år 1955. Trots det visar en kvalitetsgranskning av sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen i svenska skolor från år 1999 att kvaliteten på undervisningen är ojämn både mellan olika skolor och inom varje enskild skola. Syftet med denna studie var att studera hur sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen bedrivs i Sörmlands högstadie- och gymnasieskolor. En enkätundersökning har skickats ut till samtliga högstadie- och gymnasieskolor i Sörmland för att undersöka sex- och samlevnadsundervisningens omfattning, innehåll samt kvalitet. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av högstadie- och gymnasieskolorna bedriver sex- och samlevnadsundervisning och det vanligaste innehållet i undervisningen är STI, sexualitet, könsroller, relationer, kärlek samt preventivmedelsinformation. Hälften av skolorna samarbetar med en annan verksamhet i undervisningen och en tredjedel av skolorna har fastställda mål för hur sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen ska bedrivas. Slutsatsen är att undervisningen i vissa skolor bör utgå mer från ett främjande perspektiv och fler skolor behöver mål för sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen och utvärdera undervisningen i större utsträckning.</p> / <p>Sexuality is a fundamental need for humans and influences the individuals experience of health and well-being. The school serves as an important arena to promote adolescents sexual health and sex education in schools can have significant effects on adolescents` development. Sex education has been mandatory in Swedish schools since the year 1955. A quality review shows inequality in sex education in Swedish schools, both between schools and within each school. The aim of this study was to investigate how sex education is implemented in Sörmlands schools from grade seven to grade twelve. A questionnaire was sent out to all schools from grade seven to grade twelve in Sörmland to investigate sex educations extent, content and quality. The result showed that the majority of the investigated schools have sex education and the most common contents is STI, sexuality, gender roles, relationships, love and birth control information. Half of the schools collaborating with others in sex education and a third of the schools have set targets for the sex education. The conclusion is that sex education in some schools should be more of a promotion prospects and more schools need to set targets for the sex education and evaluate the sex education to a greater extent.</p>