The aim of this paper is to discuss the outcomes of neoliberal globalization from the perspective of labor in the developing countries, with a particular emphasis on the crises that followed the substantial liberalization in capital accounts in the 1990s. Although a lot has been said about the effects of capital account liberalization on the macroeconomic performance of the economies, less attention is paid to the different effects on labor vs. capital. This paper analyses the outcomes of neoliberal globalization for labor in nine developing countries, and focuses on the episodes of crisis as part of the general class struggle where the question on who will carry the burden of adjustment is a part of the struggle. The paper describes the corner stones of the regime of growth in the neoliberal era, by analyzing the trends in growth, investment, unemployment, and labor's share in income, and discusses the effects of the shocks generated by crises on these variables. We empirically test whether the lower wage share has had any effect on unemployment, as the neoclassical theory claims, or whether unemployment is primarily driven by the goods market conditions a la Keynes. An empirical analysis about the cyclical behaviour of labor's share is carried on to understand whether the crises episodes change the effect of demand on distribution. Since the source of growth can also be important on how the generated output is distributed, we also discuss the effects of investment performance on labor's share. Then we proceed with an analysis of the specific consequences of economic policy choices on distribution, in terms of exchange rate and fiscal policies. Finally we discuss the core stones of an alternative policy framework. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"

Leistungsgedeckte Tauschsysteme sind soziale Netzwerke zum Austausch von Waren und Dienstleistungen. Sie nutzen Nischen, bieten einen Zusatznutzen für die Teilnehmer und sind abhängig von einer funktionierenden Marktwirtschaft. In einem geschlossenen Teilnehmerkreis wird für eigene Zwecke ein Komplementärgeld geschaffen und Angebots- und Nachfragemanagement betrieben. Zurzeit befinden sich Tauschsysteme in einer offenen Konzeptionsphase in einer sich entwickelnden Share Economy und Wissen besteht hauptsächlich aus Erfahrungswissen. In der qualitativen Forschungsarbeit wird durch Interviews das implizite Praxiswissen von Experten der Organisationen aufgearbeitet, verdichtet, kategorisiert und mittels Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Das Forschungsziel wird erreicht, indem Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede von Tauschringen, Online-Tauschbörsen, Barterringen und Regionalgeldern in den unterschiedlichen Anwendungsbereichen und Kategorien analysiert und vergleichend dargestellt werden. Fragen zur Funktion und Bedeutung der verwendeten geldwirtschaftlichen Konzepte in der Praxis und zum Einfluss neuer Medien werden beantwortet, außerdem wurden der aktuelle Entwicklungsstand, Grenzen und Entwicklungspotenziale leistungsgedeckter Tauschsysteme aufgezeigt. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichen vertiefende Forschungen und stärken den wissenschaftlichen Stand im Themenbereich. (author's abstract)

This essay is how companies are using Facebook to appear. The two companies in this study, Fritz Olsson AB Kalix and Promentum AB shows how Like, share and comment-contest communicates via Facebook. The purpose of this essay is to examine how Facebook users attitude and perception is to Like, share and comment- contest. The thesis was conducted in two parts, first a qualitative interview with the two companies that stand as examples in the paper and a quantitative online survey. The online survey was sent out to the 256 Media and Communication students at Umeå University, who read or has read the program from 2010 to 2016, via Facebook. The number of respondents was 69 students. The study is based in the theories of marketing, strategic communications and web 2.0. The results of the survey show that there are differences of opinion on how the setting is to Like, share and comment contests on Facebook. The companies have a good view of the contests, they have received positive feedback after the competition and plan to continue as long as there is an interest. None of these companies knew that there was a policy and guidelines from Facebook about how a contest should be designed. The majority of Facebook users who responded to the online survey consider that these contests are hidden marketing and that it fills the news feed with cheap nonsense. However there are some positive users to those who say it is easy and fun way to compete. Because it was a low response rate to the survey, it is important not to draw conclusions for all users, only look to those who responded. Based on the answers into this study shows that there are more people who have a less good attitude to Like, share and comment contests on Facebook than those who have a positive attitude towards them. / Den här uppsatsen handlar om hur företag använder sig av Facebook för att synas, hur företag, i den här undersökningen, Fritz Olsson AB Kalix och Promentum AB kommunicerar via Gilla, dela och kommentera-tävlingar på Facebook och vad Facebookanvändarnas har för inställning och uppfattning är till dessa. Uppsatsen genomfördes i två delar, först en kvalitativ intervju med de två företag som står som exempel i uppsatsen och en kvantitativ webbenkätundersökning. Webbenkäten skickades ut till de 256 medie- och kommunikationsstudenter vid Umeå universitet, som läser eller har läst programmet mellan 2010-2016, via Facebook, och antal svaranden slutade på 69 studenter. Undersökningen grundar sig i teorierna om marknadsföring, strategisk kommunikation och web 2.0. Resultatet av undersökningen visar på att det finns delade meningar om hur inställningen är till Gilla, dela och kommentera-tävlingar på Facebook. Företagen har en god syn på tävlingarna, de har fått positiv respons efter avslutad tävling och tänker fortsätta så länge det finns intresse. Inget av dessa företag visste om att det fanns policy och riktlinjer från Facebook om hur en tävling ska utformas. Majoriteten av Facebookanvändarna som svarade på webbenkäten anser dock att dessa tävlingar är dold marknadsföring och att det fyller nyhetsflödet med billigt trams. Dock finns det några positiva användare till dessa som säger att det är enkelt och roligt sätt att tävla. Eftersom att det var en låg svarsfrekvens på undersökningen är det viktigt att inte dra slutsatser för alla användare, utan endast se till de som svarade. Utifrån de svar som ändå kom in till den här undersökningen visar det på att det är fler som har en mindre bra inställning till Gilla, dela och kommentera-tävlingar på Facebook än de som har en positiv inställning till dessa.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the export performance of Turkish manufacturing industries in the East-Asian countries between the years 1992-2002. SITC (Rev.3), three digit data were used in calculations and three methodologies were applied in order to discover promising sectors of the Turkish exports. Constant Market Share Analysis was used to explain the causes of the change in the market shares of the exports of Turkey from one period to another. Revealed comparative advantage indices were calculated to determine sectors in which Turkey had comparative advantage. Grubel-Lloyd Index was used to determine the rate of intraindustry trade. Results signal important changes in the export structure of Turkey.

Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Applying the Industrial Engineering systems approach, this dissertation utilised the theories and propositions of previous studies to argue (model) the cause of financial herd behaviour and the subsequent momentum effect. From this, a hypothesis was postulated to test: whether momentum is a common attribute amongst top performing shares, whether technical analysis indicators can better identify the phenomenon, and whether the return from these shares would justify momentum as a viable investment strategy. A unique experiment derived from previous academic studies was adapted to explore the degree of the momentum phenomenon. This was done by ranking shares according to both technical analysis as well as pure price performance momentum criteria. Returns were translated as a rank in relation to the market as a whole, thereby minimising any effects that different market periods could have on a momentum return relationship. The degree of the relationship was evaluated by applying the alternative Spearman Rank Order Correlation Co-efficient in conjunction with a permutation test to determine the statistical significance of any trends. The viability of the phenomenon as an investment strategy was gauged by comparing annualised average returns against both the market capitalisation weighted JSE All Share Index as well as against an un-weighted representation of the market. The results revealed a seemingly unambiguous co-dependence between momentum and return with statistically significant trends being ever present. Applying the maximum taxes and trading costs revealed that the highest ranked momentum shares did indeed outperform both market benchmarks from the period of January 1990 to August 2009, suggesting the validity of the philosophy as an investment strategy. The outcome of the study in part rejected the null hypothesis, as technical indicators were unable to identify future top performing shares better, with price performance momentum measures delivering the superior returns. Future studies may include optimising the various technical indicators towards the JSE rather than using generic settings. Other interesting topics could include combining momentum with other investment strategies to investigate synergy and further pinpointing the source of the phenomenon. Over the past number of years, tighter controls and monitoring of investments has resulted in the documentation of the individual number of shareholders who are buying and selling shares. Utilising this data over the next number of years, an experiment could attempt to relate the number of individual investors trading in a particular share to herd behaviour and the subsequent momentum effect. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verhandeling, binne die bedryfsingenieursstelsels benadering, gebruik teorieë en voorstelle van vorige studies om die gevolge van finansiële gedrag en die gevolglike momentum effek te bespreek. Uit die analise is ‘n voorstel saamgestel om die volgende te toets:Is momentum ‘n algemene verskynsel by aandele wat goed presteer, en kan tegniese analitiese indikatore die verskynsel beter verklaar, en dui die opbrengs van die aandele daarop dat momentum ‘n bruikbare beleggingsstrategie is. ‘n Unieke eksperiment uit vorige studies is aangepas om die aard van die momentum verskynsel te ondersoek. Dit was gedoen deur aandele volgens beide tegniese analise asook suiwer prestasie momentum kriteria te klassifiseer. Opbrengste is met die hele mark in konteks geplaas om sodoende enige impak van verskillende mark tye op die momentum opbrengs verhouding te elimineer. Die verband is opgestel deur die alternatiewe “Spearman Rank Order Correlation koëffisiënt” saam met permutasie toetse te gebruik om die statistiese belangrikheid van enige neigings uit te wys. Die geldigheid van die verskynsel as ‘n beleggingsstrategie is gemeet deur jaarlikse gemiddelde opbrengste teen beide die markkapitalisasie geweeg teen die JSE Alle Aandele Indeks sowel as ‘n ongeweegde verteenwoordiging van die mark te bepaal. Die resultate dui op ‘n interafhanklikheid tussen momentum en opbrengste met statistiese neigings altyd teenwoordig. Deur die maksimum belasting en verhandelingskoste toe te pas wys dit dat die hoogste momentum uitgewyste aandele die markriglyne uitpresteer het van Januarie 1990 tot Augustus 2009 wat die geldigheid van die benadering as ‘n beleggingsstrategie bevestig. Die studie verwerp die nul hipotese gedeeltelik in die sin dat dit nie toekomstige top presterende aandele kan uitwys nie, maar aan die ander kant gee prysprestasie momentum meting wel buitegewone opbrengs. Toekomstige studies mag die optimisering van verskeie tegniese indikatore van die JSE insluit, ‘n kombinasie van momentum met ander beleggingsstrategieë gebruik, en verder die bron van die verskynsel vas pen. Oor die afgelope aantal jare het beter beheer en die monitoring van beleggings die dokumentasie van individuele aandeelhouers moontlik gemaak. Hieride data sou kon gebruik word as ‘n toets om die korrelasie tussendie aantal aandeelhouers wat ‘n spesifieke aandeel verhandel en tropgedrag te bepaal en om dit te gebruik om die momentum effek beter te verklaar.

Syfte: Denna studie syftar till att kartlägga i vilken utsträckning företag på en svensk marknad arbetar med CSR och även att identifiera ett eventuellt samband mellan hållbarhetsarbetets utsträckning och lönsamhet i form av EPS och DuPont. Dessa lönsamhetsmått representerar dels ett investeringsperspektiv, dels ett internt företagsperspektiv. Metod: En kvantitativ studie har gjorts på Stockholmsbörsens Large Cap med en indelning av företagen på en hållbarhetsskala. Datan har analyseratstillsammans med lönsamhetsmåtten EPS och DuPont genomkorstabulering samt en statistisk analys. Slutsats: Denna studie finner att det finns ett engagemang för CSR inom LargeCap och det finns ett negativt samband mellan CSR-arbete och EPS.Studien finner inget samband mellan CSR-arbete och DuPont. Det finns en obalans i prioriteringen av TBL där det ekonomiska perspektivet är det främsta.

Background: Dexcom G5, a continues glucose monitoring system, includes a follower function that gives people the possibility to see other people's glucose levels in real time. During the adolescents the metabolic control often deteriorate, When the responsibility for the diabetes care is shared between the parent and the youth there is better possibility to achieve a good metabolic control (Olinder, Nyhlin och Smider 2011). Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how adolescents perceive the follower function in Dexcom G5. Method: A qualitative interview method with inductive onset. Eleven adolescents have been interviewed using a question guide with semi structured questions. The material was analysed with content analysis by Graneheim and Lundman (2014). The theoretic framework  used is person centred  care (Ekman et al., 2011). Result: The conclusion from the analysis were one theme, three categories and eight subcategories. The theme is a means of adolescents to liberation using the follower function. The categories are use of technology, safety and liberation. The adolescents had a positive perception of the follower function and they felt safe, especially during the night and when there was a risk for hypoglycaemia. They felt that their parents was safer which led to fewer diabetes related conflicts and more liberation. The adolescents felt that it was easier to get help with the self-care. Some could feel some restrictions to their integrity and they could experience some stress by being responsible for their self-care. Most did not perceive the follower function as offensive to their integrity. They could understand that their parents used it with their welfare in mind. Conclusion: The follower function can be helpful when adolescents gradually take responsibility for their self-care. It is useful both in that it makes the adolescents feel safe, but it also provides a means for parents to let go. There are times when the adolescents may feel supervised and the follower function restrict their integrity. In such cases good communication is important. This is where the diabetes nurse has an important role to play. / Bakgrund: Till Dexcom G5, en kontinuerlig glukosmätare, finns en följarfunktion som ger möjlighet att följa andras glukosvärden i realtid. Under adolescensen försämras ofta den metabola kontrollen. När ansvaret för egenvården delas mellan föräldrar och ungdomar finns det bättre förutsättningar för att god metabol kontroll uppnås (Olinder, Nyhlin och Smide 2011). Syftet: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka ungdomars upplevelse av Dexcom G5s följarfunktion. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjumetod med induktiv ansats. Elva ungdomar har intervjuats med en frågeguide med semistrukturerade frågor. Materialet har analyserats med hjälp av innehållsanalys utifrån Graneheim och Lundman (2004). Den teoretiska referensram som använts är personcentrerad vård (Ekman et al., 2011). Resultat: Vid analysen framkom ett tema, tre kategorier och åtta subkategorier. Temat var ungdomars väg till frigörelse med hjälp av följarfunktionen, kategorierna var handhavande av teknik, trygghet och frigörelse. Ungdomarna var positiva till följarfunktionen och kände sig trygga framförallt på nätterna samt vid risk för hypoglykemier. De upplevde att deras föräldrar var tryggare, vilket ledde till färre diabetesrelaterade konflikter och en större frihet. Ungdomarna upplevde att de lättare kunde få hjälp med egenvården. Några kände sig delvis inskränkta i sin integritet, och kunde ibland uppleva det stressande att alltid ställas till svars för hur de skötte sin egenvård. De flesta upplevde dock att följarfunktionen inte var kränkande för deras integritet, de förstod oftast att föräldrarna använde sig av den med gott uppsåt. Slutsats: Följarfunktionen kan vara till hjälp för att ungdomarna successivt ska kunna ta över ansvaret för sin egenvård. Den är till nytta både för att ungdomarna ska känna sig trygga, men också för att föräldrarna ska våga släppa taget. Det fanns dock tillfällen då ungdomarna kände sig övervakade och att följarfunktionen inskränkte på deras integritet. I dessa fall framkom det att kommunikation var extra viktig. Här har diabetessjuksköterskan en viktig roll.

La femme iranienne pourrait trouver son indépendance financière par deux sources de revenus : les revenus de la famille et les revenus du travail. La première source de revenu comprend le Mahrieh, qui est la prestation ou le bien que l'homme doit octroyer à son épouse, et la Nafagheh, qui désigne l'obligation d'entretien à la charge du mari à l'égard de sa femme et la succession. Le Mahrieh et la Nafagheh, malgré des mesures législatives, sont loin de garantir l'autonomie financière des femmes. Ils sont demandés habituellement par la femme en cas de conflit, jouant souvent le rôle d'un contrepoids au pouvoir de l'homme en la matière. Quant à la part successorale, la femme, recevant la moitié de la part de l'homme, est encore moins protégée. Le droit d'accès au travail est assuré par les textes internationaux dont certains sont ratifiés par l'Iran. La constitution a cependant une position ambivalente en considérant que le rôle principal de la femme est au foyer. Néanmoins, le travail des femmes est protégé par le droit social mais celui-ci reste lacunaire notamment sur la question de la discrimination. Des entraves culturelles et législatives, notamment le pouvoir donné au mari modéré par une décision prétorienne, font obstacle à l'entrée des femmes sur le marché du travail. Celles-ci ne bénéficiant pas de protections suffisantes dans la famille par le droit civil, elles trouveront, finalement, leur indépendance financière par le travail. / The lranian woman could find financial independence in two sources of incarne: family incarne and labor incarne. The first source of incarne encompasses the "Mahrieh", which is the allowance or the thingthat must be granted by the husband to his wife and the "Nafagheh", which is the obligation to support the family and the inheritance that falls to the husband. ln spite of legal measures, "Mahrieh" et "Nafagheh" are not enough to guarantee the economic independence of women. Regarding to the inheritance share, woman is less protected and obtains onlythe half of the share that is given to the husband. The right to work is secured by international conventions and some of them have been ratified by Iran. The constitution isambivalent by considering that the main raie of woman is to stay home. Nevertheless, women's work is partly protected by the benefit system but it cornes short for fighting against discrimination. Cultural and legal barriers impede women access to labor market. Civil law does not protect enough women through family bonds, so they will find their economic autonomy by working.

Submitted by Frederico dos Reis (frederico.r.dos.reis@gmail.com) on 2014-10-15T08:20:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DETECTING PATTERNS OF THE SPINOFF DECISION OF COMPANIES AND ACCESSING THE DETERMINATION OF THE ABNORMAL RETURNS.pdf: 927414 bytes, checksum: 095739efdcc3d7734ba7ca813bc5495d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2014-10-15T12:27:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DETECTING PATTERNS OF THE SPINOFF DECISION OF COMPANIES AND ACCESSING THE DETERMINATION OF THE ABNORMAL RETURNS.pdf: 927414 bytes, checksum: 095739efdcc3d7734ba7ca813bc5495d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-15T13:17:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DETECTING PATTERNS OF THE SPINOFF DECISION OF COMPANIES AND ACCESSING THE DETERMINATION OF THE ABNORMAL RETURNS.pdf: 927414 bytes, checksum: 095739efdcc3d7734ba7ca813bc5495d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-25 / This paper examines value created through spinoffs over a period from 2002-2010. The net debt to average share price ratio and the debt to asset ratio of a company impacts the decision for this restructuring process statistically significant. The announcement of a spinoff yields abnormal returns (AR) for the stockholders of the parent. The relative size of the spin and the financial leverage correlated with the AR positively, whereas the net debt per share and the return on asset negatively. Therefore, no direct wealth transfer from the debt holders of a company to the equity holders can be derived from these results. / Esta tese examina o valor gerado através de processos de spin-off durante o período compreendido entre 2002 e 2010. Os rácios da Dívida Líquida/Preço Médio das Acções e da Dívida/Activo de uma empresa reflectem impactos estatísticos significativos na decisão deste tipo de processos de reestruturação. Assim sendo, o anúncio e decisão de se proceder a um spin-off contribui para que seja gerado um retorno anormal) (RA) para os accionistas da empresa-mãe. O tamanho relativo do spin-off e a respectiva alavancagem financeira correlacionam-se positivamente com os RA, enquanto, por outro lado, a dívida líquida por acção e a rendibilidade líquida dos activos correlacionam-se negativamente. Deste modo, não é possível verificar uma transferência de riqueza dos detentores de títulos de dívida de uma empresa para os detentores de capital próprio.

This thesis focuses on types of shares in limited liability company. The concept of variability of shares was introduced by the Business Corporation Act, with a purpose to make limited liability company more attractive. There are many issues concerning this concept, preventing its effective use in practice. The aim of this thesis, is to identify current interpretational disputes and attempts to adumbrate possible outcomes and solutions. This thesis also reflects the proposal of amendment of the Business Corporation Act which was approved by the Government and passed to the Chamber of Deputies in June 2018. This diploma thesis consists of six chapters, which are further divided into subcategories. The first chapter introduces a concept of share in a limited liability company, its legal definition, understanding and related issues, The second chapter provides an overview of different types of shares, their classification as ordinary and special shares, and briefly outline the concept of variability of shares in selected foreign legal systems. The third chapter focuses on the concept of ordinary share and its unclear definition resulting in various interpretations. This section further examines and analyses different viewpoints on definition of ordinary share. The focus of the fourth chapter is the...