In this doctoral study I conceptualise shared values in order to explore a management problem from my work place environment. I observe that business-to-business (B2B) relationships between project managers and self-employed consulting engineers terminate; project managers switching to other vendors and self-employed consulting engineers losing their contract. The findings from the doctoral study show major influence of the shared values in managing project based professional relationships. Specifically, the elements of B2B professional relationships “commitment” and “trust” embedded in relationship performance show managerial implications. Furthermore, the literature review revealed a lack of qualitative knowledge in the research domain of B2B relationships. Hence, the findings from the doctoral study fill this gap and contribute to the academic knowledge by providing practise based qualitative evidence. This doctoral study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, building on previous research articles, six elements of B2B professional relationships were refined and tested through qualitative interviews in order to explore their relevance in the B2B professional relationship between the project managers and self-employed consulting engineers. As a result from the first phase, a conceptual model of shared values was developed. In the second phase, the conceptual model of the shared values developed from the first phase was explored and validated through the experience of the project managers and self-employed consulting engineers.

From the moment the concept of Creating Shared Value (CSV) was introduced in 2011, it was by some considered to be an evolutionary way of contributing to society whereas for others it initiated an ongoing critical debate. This debate that is taking place on the academic scene has, among other things, focused on defining what CSV really is and differentiating it from Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This is mainly because the critical side believes that CSV is unoriginal and strikingly similar to CSR. Interestingly, in practice companies are implementing CSV in many different ways and some are adding it to their CSR strategy. The fact that these two concepts are closely related has led to a blurry line, which in return has caused disagreements in the mentioned debate. Given the above, we aim at understanding how managers interpret and implement CSV in comparison to CSR and what the differences between these two concepts are in practice. Data was collected by employing case studies which entailed semi-structured interviews with company informants. The findings indicated that managers interpret CSV as a way of contributing to society as well as the firm’s business simultaneously, and thus the implementation of the concept is highly industry-specific. CSR on the other hand, was mostly interpreted as a way of conforming to external pressures and is therefore implemented in relatively similar ways across the companies interviewed. In contrast to academia, it was indicated that managers are more interested in infusing the above two concepts than separating and differentiating them.

Over the past decades the traditional development agenda of a donor-beneficiary model has been replaced by one builton partnerships with mutual benefits. In recent years the paradigms of ‘aid effectiveness’ and ‘developmenteffectiveness’, characterized by a set of new and emerging actors that play an important role in development and arenewed focus on economic growth, have emerged. One of the actors that is becoming more important is the privatesector, as they increasingly have the opportunity to take on a new profound role as development driver. While there hasbeen a trend of decreasing government spending for development aid, the private sector has considerable financial assetsat their disposal. However, the financial contribution of the private sector in sectors related to the SustainableDevelopment Goals remains low. Public-private partnerships are seen as a way that can attract the private sector indoing investments in sustainable development. Especially for global agri-food chains, partnerships have the ambitionto bring about sustainable change. In order to attract the private sector in such collaborations, an understanding of theirinformation needs regarding public-private partnerships and sustainability is necessary. The focus of this research wasto explain those information needs. As part of a case study research, interviews with the private sector were conducted.To gain additional insights, web testing tasks were conducted with the same interviewees. It is found that p the two mainreasons to join in a partnership for the private partners of this case study are because it is a platform for collaborationand knowledge exchange. Understanding these motivations helps to articulate a message that is seen as valuable. Next,with regard to sustainability interests, these mainly fall under the three pillars of sustainability – economic,environmental, social – but it was also found that the companies can use information on traceability and connectingtheir work to the Sustainable Development Goals as ways to communicate about their sustainability efforts. Relatingthis to the findings on information needs and how to communicate about such topics, the main findings suggest that theinformation should be concrete, result-oriented and proof of impact. In general, the information needs of the privatesector all to less or more extent have to do with continuation of the business, while also interest is shown for makingsustainability a viable business case and being a thought leader on sustainability topics. These findings are parallel tothe dominant paradigms of development effectiveness and aid effectiveness that continue to shape the agenda ondevelopment collaboration. / <p>I cannot select the correct organization/department for my supervisor and evaluator as both ar connected to SLU, not UU.</p><p>For Cecilia: Department of Forest Products at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</p><p>For Per: Department of Economics; Rural Entrepreneurship at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</p><p></p>

Master´s thesis describes types of the international contracts of EU and its process of negotiation and approval in the EU and in The Czech republic. As an example was chosen The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP).

Arquiteturas paralelas modernas têm hierarquias de memória complexas, que consistem de vários níveis de memórias cache privadas e compartilhadas, bem como Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) devido a múltiplos controladores de memória por sistema. Um dos grandes desafios dessas arquiteturas é melhorar a localidade e o balanceamento de acessos à memória de tal forma que a latência média de acesso à memória é reduzida. Dessa forma, o desempenho e a eficiência energética de aplicações paralelas podem ser melhorados. Os acessos podem ser melhorados de duas maneiras: (1) processos que acessam dados compartilhados (comunicação entre processos) podem ser alocados em unidades de execução próximas na hierarquia de memória, a fim de melhorar o uso das caches. Esta técnica é chamada de mapeamento de processos. (2) Mapear as páginas de memória que cada processo acessa ao nó NUMA que ele está sendo executado, assim, pode-se reduzir o número de acessos a memórias remotas em arquiteturas NUMA. Essa técnica é conhecida como mapeamento de dados. Para melhores resultados, os mapeamentos de processos e dados precisam ser realizados de forma integrada. Trabalhos anteriores nesta área executam os mapeamentos separadamente, o que limita os ganhos que podem ser alcançados. Além disso, a maioria dos mecanismos anteriores exigem operações caras, como traços de acessos à memória, para realizar o mapeamento, além de exigirem mudanças no hardware ou na aplicação paralela. Estes mecanismos não podem ser considerados soluções genéricas para o problema de mapeamento. Nesta tese, fazemos duas contribuições principais para o problema de mapeamento. Em primeiro lugar, nós introduzimos um conjunto de métricas e uma metodologia para analisar aplicações paralelas, a fim de determinar a sua adequação para um melhor mapeamento e avaliar os possíveis ganhos que podem ser alcançados através desse mapeamento otimizado. Em segundo lugar, propomos um mecanismo que executa o mapeamento de processos e dados online. Este mecanismo funciona no nível do sistema operacional e não requer alterações no hardware, os códigos fonte ou bibliotecas. Uma extensa avaliação com múltiplos conjuntos de carga de trabalho paralelos mostram consideráveis melhorias em desempenho e eficiência energética. / Reducing the cost of memory accesses, both in terms of performance and energy consumption, is a major challenge in shared-memory architectures. Modern systems have deep and complex memory hierarchies with multiple cache levels and memory controllers, leading to a Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) behavior. In such systems, there are two ways to improve the memory affinity: First, by mapping tasks that share data (communicate) to cores with a shared cache, cache usage and communication performance are improved. Second, by mapping memory pages to memory controllers that perform the most accesses to them and are not overloaded, the average cost of accesses is reduced. We call these two techniques task mapping and data mapping, respectively. For optimal results, task and data mapping need to be performed in an integrated way. Previous work in this area performs the mapping only separately, which limits the gains that can be achieved. Furthermore, most previous mechanisms require expensive operations, such as communication or memory access traces, to perform the mapping, require changes to the hardware or to the parallel application, or use a simple static mapping. These mechanisms can not be considered generic solutions for the mapping problem. In this thesis, we make two contributions to the mapping problem. First, we introduce a set of metrics and a methodology to analyze parallel applications in order to determine their suitability for an improved mapping and to evaluate the possible gains that can be achieved using an optimized mapping. Second, we propose two automatic mechanisms that perform task mapping and combined task/data mapping, respectively, during the execution of a parallel application. These mechanisms work on the operating system level and require no changes to the hardware, the applications themselves or their runtime libraries. An extensive evaluation with parallel applications from multiple benchmark suites as well as real scientific applications shows substantial performance and energy efficiency improvements that are significantly higher than simple mechanisms and previous work, while maintaining a low overhead.

Este trabalho ambiciona compreender a origem e o funcionamento do sistema de prestação de serviços de saúde a todos os brasileiros sem distinção, e, para tanto, esmiúça as origens a partir do qual sua organização se ergueu. São estudadas as formas de federalismo existentes desde o seu surgimento no Estado Moderno, e o desenvolvimento das limitações aos poderes centrais e dos entes federados, com ênfase na maneira sob as quais as responsabilidades foram e são divididas ou compartilhadas, bem assim como a maneira pelas quais suas balizas foram estabelecidas e modificadas no decorrer do tempo. O direito à saúde no Brasil é colocado no centro do debate e as formas como foi exercido, bem assim como as suas deficiências, foram todas observadas durante a investigação do processo que originou a criação de um formato inédito, amplamente respaldado pela participação popular. Esta legitimidade impressa ao que se denomina Direito Sanitário foi de crucial relevância para o enfrentamento do federalismo sob o prisma do direito à saúde, que se denomina atualmente federalismo sanitário, e é referência para a compreensão das políticas públicas que sucederam sua construção e exercício efetivo. A partir daí, foi possível proceder na avaliação da divisão das responsabilidades entre os integrantes do sistema, a forma de efetivação da divisão, sua vinculação estrita ao sistema federativo e aferir sobre a pertinência de que o federalismo sanitário seja reconhecido como a forma de responsabilização compartilhada nos termos em que o sistema único de saúde foi estruturado. Diante da conclusão a que se chegou, são apreciadas as decisões proferidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Por fim, são avaliadas de modo a que se conclua pela tese construída, que rechaça a responsabilização solidária da forma como compreendida pelo STF, por não se harmonizar com a estrutura federativa estabelecida para cumprimento do dever de assistência à saúde pelo Estado Brasileiro. / This work aims to understand the origin and functioning of the provision of health care system to all Brazilians without distinction, and, therefore, deeply analyzes the sources from which its organization arose. Existing forms of federalism are studied since its emergence in the Modern State, and the development of limitations to the central authorities and federal agencies, emphasizing the way in which the responsibilities were and are divided or shared, as well as the way the that their beacons have been established and modified over time. The entitlement to health in Brazil is placed in the center of the debate and the ways in which it was exercised, as well as its shortcomings were all observed during the investigation of the process that led to the creation of an unprecedented format, widely supported by popular participation. This printed legitimacy to what is called Health Law was of crucial importance to face the federalism through the prism of the right to health, which is now called health federalism, and is a reference to the comprehension of public policies that followed its construction and effective exercise. From there, it was possible to proceed in assessing the division of responsibilities between system integrators, how to effect the division, their strict adherence to the federal system and check on relevance of the health federalism is recognized as a form of shared accountability in terms in the unified health system was structured. Before the conclusion arrived at, they are appreciated judgments given by the Supreme Court. Finally, are evaluated so that it is determined by the built thesis, which rejects the joint accountability of how understood by the Supreme Court, by not harmonize with the federal structure established to comply with the health care obligation by Brazil.

The study examined Latino/Hispanic mother-child interactions and shared book reading behaviors before and after participation in a random-assignment Spanish web-based responsive parenting intervention called Play and Learning Strategies (ePALS), as compared with a Spanish web-based developmental assessment intervention (DAS). The efficacy of PALS was previously demonstrated for improving mother and child behaviors within play contexts, everyday activities, and standardized measures of child language. We did not observe statistical changes in mother-child interactions as measured by the Bilingual Child-Mother Coder Impression; but changes were observed in shared reading interactions as measured by the Adult-Child Interactive Reading Inventory. Mothers enrolled in ePALS slightly increased some reading interactive behaviors, while mothers enrolled in DAS decreased on the use of interactive reading skills. Children enrolled in ePALS significantly increased in their use of interactive reading behaviors, while children’s interactive reading skills in the DAS conditions decreased. These results add to the dual language learners’ literature base, but also add to the supporting importance of targeting responsive behaviors in everyday activities such as shared-reading to facilitate children’s development. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

A disponibilização de notícias e leitura on-line através de smartphones, tablets e computadores tem reduzido a venda de jornais impressos no mundo, e a logística que faz a distribuição desses jornais impressos tenta encontrar formas de sobreviver à redução de demanda. Por outro lado, a logística de cargas expressas (característica dos modelos de e-commerce) cresce a cada dia fazendo uso de recursos terceirizados otimizados, situação que será acelerada no futuro com as “entregas no mesmo dia” (same-day delivery). Este estudo tem como objetivo elaborar um modelo de apoio à decisão para o planejamento da distribuição física compartilhada de jornais e produtos de e-commerce para uso do operador logístico. Propõe-se um problema de alocação de cargas multiperíodo e não um problema típico de roteirização como ocorre na maioria dos estudos de logística rodoviária. Sua resolução será realizada através de otimização discreta (veículos e cargas inteiras), através de Programação Linear Inteira, sendo desenvolvida em seguida Análise de Sensibilidade através de Programação Linear Não Inteira com o relaxamento da restrição de integralidade. Através de modelagem matemática e processamento em Matlab®, analisam-se cenários da distribuição física terceirizada, abrangendo o impacto de incrementos da demanda de chegada na lucratividade, penalizações de receita por postergações de carregamento, variações de custos pela inclusão de frota extra, introdução de multa contratual por não transportar algum produto, e testes com variados tempos de postergação dos carregamentos. Nos testes realizados pelo modelo que simulam uma situação real, a menor lucratividade foi obtida sem a postergação de entrega, modo comumente operado pelo mercado. O ganho percentual com a postergação de carregamentos diminuiu com o aumento da demanda de chegada. O problema de Programação Linear Não Inteira não encontrou diferença de ganho postergando ou não o carregamento. A estrutura de modelagem proposta também pode ser usada para tomada de decisão e auxílio com a escolha de qual entrega realizar; o nível de serviço a oferecer e prazos a cumprir; escolha do mix de clientes; transportadores terceirizados/parceiros a contratar; rotas a atender; frota e tamanho de veículos a utilizar; tipos/mix de produtos a entregar; tarifas de transporte a serem pagas. / The availability of news and reading online through smartphones, tablets and computers has reduced the sale of newspapers in the world, and the logistics that makes the distribution of newspapers try to find ways to survive the demand reduction. On the other hand, the logistics express cargo (characteristic of e-commerce models) grows every day making use of optimized outsourced resources, a situation that will be accelerated in the future with the same-day delivery. This study aims to develop a model for decision support for planning the shared physical distribution of newspapers and ecommerce products for use in the logistics operator. It proposes an allocation problem multiperiod loads and not a typical routing problem as in most road logistics studies. Its resolution will be performed by discrete optimization (vehicles and entire cargo) through Integer Linear Programming, and then developed by Non-integer Linear Programming Sensitivity Analysis with relaxation completeness restriction. Through mathematical modeling and processing in Matlab are analyzed scenarios of outsourcing physical distribution, including the impact of increases in demand coming in profitability, penalties revenue by charging postponements, cost variations by including extra fleet, introduction of contractual penalty for not carrying any product, and tests with varying postponement times of shipments. In tests conducted by the model that simulate a real situation, the lower profitability was achieved without delivery postponements, so commonly operated by the market. The percentage gain with the postponement of shipments decreased with increasing demand of arrival. The non-integer linear programming problem did not gain difference postponing or not charging. The proposed model structure can also be used to aid decision-making and with the choice of which delivery perform; the level of service to offer and deadlines; choice of the customer mix; outsourced carriers / partners to contract; routes to meet; fleet and size of vehicles to be used; types / mix of products to be delivered; transportation fees to be paid.

A economia compartilhada é um sistema econômico baseado no compartilhamento de bens subutilizados, de forma gratuita ou por uma taxa. Com os adventos da internet, smartphones e Gps surgiram as plataformas digitais que se baseiam nesse conceito, em que se faz emergir a necessidade da compreensão de sua relação com mercados two-side. Tal expansão atingiu diversos setores da economia, e, ainda, criou nova demanda, como a plataforma Uber, o que, no entanto, gerou distúrbios no setor de táxis, tradicionalmente regulamentado e com ineficiências mundialmente reconhecidas. Dessa forma, o objetivo dessa dissertação é entender o que são as plataformas digitais e analisar o caso especifico da empresa Uber, apresentando quais os principais fatores que permitiram que esse tipo de empresa surgisse; onde estamos, definindo o que é efetivamente a Uber e os serviços por ela prestado, abordando quais os ganhos de bem-estar proporcionados (excedente do consumidor) e problemas de regulamentação enfrentados; e para onde iremos, prospectando um caminho para a economia compartilhada a respeito das plataformas digitais em mercados two-side. / Shared economy is an economic system based on the share of underutilized goods free of charge or for a fee. With the advent of the internet, the digital platforms based on this concept have been developed, emerging the need of understanding its relationship with two-side markets. This expansion has reached various sectors of the economy, as well as created new demand, such as the Uber platform, which ,however, has generated disturbances in the taxi sector, traditionally regulated with its worldwide recognised inefficiencies. Thus, the goal of this dissertation is to understand what the digital platforms are and to analyse the specific case of Uber company, showing the main factors which allowed this type of business to arise; where we are, defining what Uber effectively is and the services provided by it, addressing the welfare gains provided (consumer surplus) and regulatory problems faced; and where we go, prospecting a path for the shared economy regarding the digital platforms in two-side markets.

O conceito de produtividade é um termo utilizado em grande escala no setor industrial, porém, no setor de serviços a produtividade ainda é vista de forma um tanto nebulosa pela sua intangibilidade e heterogeneidade inerente a sua natureza. Com a dificuldade encontrada para a mensuração mais adequada da produtividade, tendo em vista a influência do cliente no processo de serviços, surgiu a necessidade do presente estudo. Inicialmente, se realizou uma vasta procura na literatura nacional e internacional sobre o tema produtividade e qualidade no setor de serviços, sendo encontrados poucos autores que indicavam métodos de mensuração da produtividade neste setor, bem como autores que utilizassem a qualidade percebida pelo cliente como fator importante nesta mensuração. Os estudos encontrados se atêm a literatura ou tratam a qualidade e produtividade de forma separada. Essa lacuna no contexto de Centro de Serviços Compartilhados (CSC) é ainda maior, não sendo encontrados estudos com metodologias que incorporassem a qualidade e a produtividade, assunto relevante visto que estes centros são cada vez mais utilizados pelas empresas para o fornecimento de serviços de apoio Após a revisão teórica sobre o tema partiu-se para a proposição de um método de mensuração da produtividade e qualidade percebida em CSC, que considera a análise e separação do processo de serviços em atividades de front office e back office, para a melhor definição de métricas de desempenho dos serviços. O método faz uso de ferramentas como SSA (Service System Architecture) e service Blueprinting para mapeamento do processo e de instrumentos de avaliação da qualidade percebida para a avaliação da percepção do cliente ajuste das métricas de produtividade. Para teste do modelo, o mesmo foi aplicado em duas empresas do setor de serviços. Ambas as empresas escolhidas para o estudo possuíam métodos de mensuração de produtividade distintos, porém possui em comum um setor de CSC, que presta serviços financeiros para ambas as empresas. Para comparação foi realizado este estudo em uma célula de serviços comum às empresas: célula de serviços logísticos. Os resultados da aplicação foram comparados identificando diferenças e similaridades nos casos analisados. / The concept of productivity is a term used on a large scale in the industrial sector, but in the service sector productivity is still somewhat blurred by its intangibility and heterogeneity inherent in its nature. With the difficulty found for the most adequate measurement of productivity, considering the influence of the customer in the service process, the need arose for the present study. Initially, a great demand was made in the national and international literature on the topic of productivity and quality in the service sector, with few authors indicating methods of measuring productivity in this sector, as well as authors who used the quality perceived by the customer as an important factor in this measurement. The studies found stick to the literature or treat quality and productivity separately. This gap in the context of Shared Services Center (SSC) is even greater, and studies with methodologies that incorporate quality and productivity are not found, a relevant issue since these centers are increasingly used by companies to provide support services After the theoretical review on the subject, we started with the proposal of a method of measuring productivity and quality perceived in SSC, which considers the analysis and separation of the service process in front office and back office activities, in order to better define performance metrics. The method makes use of tools such as Service System Architecture (SSA) and service blueprinting for process mapping and perceived quality assessment tools for the evaluation of customer perception adjustment of productivity metrics. To test the model, the same was applied to two companies in the service sector. Both companies chosen for the study had different methods of measurement of productivity, but they have in common a SSC sector, which provides financial services for both companies. For comparison, this study was carried out in a service cell common to companies: cell of logistics services. The results of the application were compared identifying differences and similarities in the cases analyzed.