O presente trabalho está inserido no campo de estudo das cascas axissimétricas, tendo como objetivo a análise de seu comportamento estrutural mediante o desenvolvimento e aplicação de uma ferramenta numérica baseada no método dos elementos finitos generalizados. A utilização desse recurso é uma alternativa eficaz e difere do método dos elementos finitos convencional pela possibilidade de enriquecimento nodal das funções de aproximação. Como resultado pode-se dispensar o uso de redes muito refinadas. Com o intuito de evidenciar as vantagens do método adotado são apresentados exemplos comparando-se as soluções numéricas obtidas com soluções analíticas ou numéricas geradas com o do método dos elementos finitos convencional. Os resultados obtidos com um pequeno número de elementos finitos e com enriquecimento por funções polinomiais, mostraram-se convergentes já nos primeiros graus de enriquecimento. Desenvolve-se uma análise complementar de convergência baseada em estimativa de erro, mostrando que a metodologia adotada pode proporcionar melhores taxas de convergência em relação ao refino h quando predomina a regularidade da solução. A mesma análise aponta que a combinação dos refinos h e p pode levar a resultados mais precisos, com elevadas taxas de convergência, quando a solução (particularmente suas derivadas) apresentar regularidade menor. / The present dissertation is inserted in the field of study of the axisymmetric shells. The objective is to analyze the structural behavior by means of the development and application of a numerical tool based on the generalized finite element method. The use of this resource is an efficient alternative to the conventional finite element method for the possibility of nodal enrichment of the approach functions. Therefore one can avoid the use of very fine nets. In addition, in order to evidence the advantages of the adopted method, there are shown examples comparing the numerical solutions with analytical or numerical values generated with the conventional finite element method. The results obtained with a small number of elements, including enrichment by polynomial functions, had revealed convergence in the first degrees of enrichment. It is developed a complementary convergence analysis based on estimate of error, showing that the adopted methodology can provide better convergence ratios in relation to the h-refinement, in the cases where the regularity of the solution predominates. The same analysis shows that the combination of the refinement in its versions h and p can give more accurate results, by increasing convergence, when the solution (particularly its derivatives) presents lower regularity.

With the advent of power electronics, inverter-driven induction motor are finding increased use in industries because of applications that demand variable speed operations and because of the potential savings in energy usage. However, these drives sometimes produce unacceptably high levels in vibration and acoustic noise. A literature survey has revealed that while there has been intensive research on the design of inverters to minimize acoustic noise radiation from these drives, the vibro-acoustic behaviour of an induction motor structure has received relatively little attention. The primary objective of this research project, therefore, is to develop a general strategy/algorithm for estimating the acoustic noise radiated from inverter-driven induction motors. By using a three-phase, 2.2 kW induction motor, the vibration modes due to various structural components (such as the rotor, the stator/casing, the endshields and the base plate) of the motor structure were analysed by experimental modal testing. Results indicate that the vibration modes due to the rotor are only important at low frequencies. It has been found that the power injection method gives more accurate measurement of the damping of a motor structure than the modal testing and the time decay methods. If a point force excitation is used, then it is more accurate to measure the sound radiation efficiency than the power conversion efficiency for motor structures. The effect of three different inverter designs (an ideal ???almost sinusoidal??? controller and two commercially available PWM inverters) on the radiated acoustic power were assessed for both no-load and load conditions using sound intensity measurements conducted in an anechoic room. The results indicate that although the sound power level due to aerodynamic and mechanical noise increases at a rate of 12 dB per doubling of the motor speed, the electromagnetic noise dominates at low motor speeds and is still a significant noise source even at high motor speeds. For inverters with low switching frequencies, the radiated sound power level is almost 15 dB higher than the ideal case at low speeds and is relatively insensitive to the motor speed. For inverters that implement the random modulation technique, the change in the total sound power level with the level of the random modulation is very small but the tonal nature of the noise is greatly reduced. The vibration behaviour of a motor structure was modeled using the finite element method (FEM) and validated using the experimental modal testing results. It has been found that it is essential to model the laminated stator as an orthotropic structure. While the details of other structural components (such as the endshields, the teeth in the stator and the windings) are not so important, it is essential that they are incorporated into the structural model as simplified structures to account for their mass, stiffness and boundary conditions imposed on the motor structure. Based on this structural model, the radiated acoustic power for various operating conditions has been predicated using the boundary element (BEM) and the electromagnetic force calculated from an electromagnetic finite element model. The predicted results agree reasonably well with experimental measurements. Despite the success of the FEM/BEM approaches, they can be prohibitively expensive (in terms of computer resources required) to apply to large motors and high frequencies. Thus the feasibility of using a statistical method, namely, the statistical energy analysis (SEA), to estimate the radiated acoustic sound power from an inverter-driven induction motor has been examined. In order to carry out this analysis, analytical expressions for calculating the natural frequencies and radiation efficiency of finite length circular cylindrical shells (which are simplified models of the stator and casing of a motor structure) were firstly derived. The internal loss factors and coupling loss factors of the motor structure were determined experimentally using the power injection method. Then by introducing an equivalent surface mobility of circular cylindrical shells for the electromagnetic force, the vibration response and the acoustic noise radiated from each part of the motor structure were estimated. Results indicate that SEA method is potentially an efficient and effective tool in estimating the noise radiated from inverter-driven induction motors.

Structures acting as waveguides are quite common withexamples being, construction beams, fluid filled pipes, railsand extruded aluminium profiles. Curved structures like cartyres and pipe-bends may also be considered as waveguides. Wavesolutions in such structures may be found by a method calledthe Waveguide Finite Element Method or WFEM. This method uses afinite element approach on the cross-section of a waveguide tomodel the vibro-acoustic response as a set of linear, coupled,one dimensional, wave-equations. In this thesis six novel waveguide finite elements arederived and validated. These elements are, straight and curvedpre-stressed, orthotropic or anisotropic shell elements,straight and curved fluid elements, and straight and curvedfluid-shell coupling elements. Forced response and input power calculations for infiniteand periodic waveguides are presented. The assembled waveguidemodels can also serve as input for the Super Spectral FiniteElement Method, which enables forced response calculations formore complex boundaries. Furthermore, several properties ofdamped and undamped wave solutions are investigated. Finally, a car tyre model, encompassing for the highlyanisotropic material and the air cavity inside the tyre is setforth. A number of forced response calculations for this modelare presented and compared with measurements with goodagreement. Keywords:wave equation, wave solution, waveguide,finite element, spectral finite element, tyre noise, tyrevibration, input power, shells, pre-stress, fluid-shellcoupling axi-symmetric, two-and-half-dimensional

Starting with tensor calculus and the variational form of the Hamiltonian functional, a generalized theory is formulated for doubly curved thin shells. The formulation avoids geometric approximations commonly adopted in other formulations. The theory is then specialized for cylindrical and toroidal shells as special cases, both of interest in the modeling of straight and elbow segments of pipeline systems. Since the treatment avoids geometric approximations, the cylindrical shell theory is believed to be more accurate than others reported in the literature. By adopting a set of consistent geometric approximations, the present theory is shown to revert to the well known Flugge shell theory. Another set of consistent geometric approximations is shown to lead to the Donnell-Mushtari-Vlasov (DMV) theory. A general closed form solution of the theory is developed for cylinders under general harmonic loads. The solution is then used to formulate a family of exact shape functions which are subsequently used to formulate a super-convergent finite element. The formulation efficiently and accurately captures ovalization, warping, radial expansion, and other shell behavioural modes under general static or harmonic forces either in-phase or out-of-phase. Comparisons with shell solutions available in Abaqus demonstrate the validity of the formulation and the accuracy of its predictions. The generalized thin shell theory is then specialized for toroidal shells. Consistent sets of approximations lead to three simplified theories for toroidal shells. The first set of approximations has lead to a theory comparable to that of Sanders while the second set of approximation has lead to a theory nearly identical to the DMV theory for toroidal shells. A closed form solution is then obtained for the governing equation. Exact shape functions are then developed and subsequently used to formulate a finite element. Comparisons with Abaqus solutions show the validity of the formulation for short elbow segments under a variety of loading conditions. Because of their efficiency, the finite elements developed are particularly suited for the analysis of long pipeline systems.

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Starting with tensor calculus and the variational form of the Hamiltonian functional, a generalized theory is formulated for doubly curved thin shells. The formulation avoids geometric approximations commonly adopted in other formulations. The theory is then specialized for cylindrical and toroidal shells as special cases, both of interest in the modeling of straight and elbow segments of pipeline systems. Since the treatment avoids geometric approximations, the cylindrical shell theory is believed to be more accurate than others reported in the literature. By adopting a set of consistent geometric approximations, the present theory is shown to revert to the well known Flugge shell theory. Another set of consistent geometric approximations is shown to lead to the Donnell-Mushtari-Vlasov (DMV) theory. A general closed form solution of the theory is developed for cylinders under general harmonic loads. The solution is then used to formulate a family of exact shape functions which are subsequently used to formulate a super-convergent finite element. The formulation efficiently and accurately captures ovalization, warping, radial expansion, and other shell behavioural modes under general static or harmonic forces either in-phase or out-of-phase. Comparisons with shell solutions available in Abaqus demonstrate the validity of the formulation and the accuracy of its predictions. The generalized thin shell theory is then specialized for toroidal shells. Consistent sets of approximations lead to three simplified theories for toroidal shells. The first set of approximations has lead to a theory comparable to that of Sanders while the second set of approximation has lead to a theory nearly identical to the DMV theory for toroidal shells. A closed form solution is then obtained for the governing equation. Exact shape functions are then developed and subsequently used to formulate a finite element. Comparisons with Abaqus solutions show the validity of the formulation for short elbow segments under a variety of loading conditions. Because of their efficiency, the finite elements developed are particularly suited for the analysis of long pipeline systems.

In this thesis a theory for large deformation of plates is presented. Herein aspects of the common 3D-theory for large deformation with the Kirchhoff hypothesis for reducing the dimension from 3D to 2D is combined. Even though the Kirchhoff assumption was developed for small strain and linear material laws, the deformation of thin plates made of isotropic non-linear material was investigated in a numerical experiment. Finally a heavily deformed shell without any change in thickness arises. This way of modeling leads to a two-dimensional strain tensor essentially depending on the first two fundamental forms of the deformed mid surface. Minimizing the resulting deformation energy one ends up with a nonlinear equation system defining the unknown displacement vector U. The aim of this thesis was to apply the incremental Newton technique with a conformal, C^1-continuous finite element discretization. For this the computation of the second derivative of the energy functional is the key difficulty and the most time consuming part of the algorithm. The practicability and fast convergence are demonstrated by different numerical experiments.

In der Arbeit wird die Entwicklung einer Herstellungstechnologie für Hohlkugeln (HK) und Schalen mit ihrem anschließenden Einsatz als Füllgut in einem syntaktischen Schaum mit Polymermatrix dargestellt. Die Technologie basiert auf einem Übergangsprozess der Erstarrung einer Zinnschmelze, in dem die Gestaltsgebung von HK durch die Wirkung eines Gasmediums stattfindet. Eine entsprechende Pilot-Anlage mit der Steuerung der Druck- oder Temperaturwerte wurde aufgebaut und unter verschiedenen technologischen Bedingungen getestet. Es wurde ein theoretisches Druck- und Temperaturmodell, die als Steuerfunktionen genutzt werden können, vorgeschlagen. Während der Entwicklungsstufe wurden die Konstruktion und die Simulation der relevanten physikalischen Prozesse durchgeführt und mithilfe von Nebenversuchen verifiziert. Zur qualitativen und quantitativen Bewertung der ermittelten Ergebnisse ist die statistische Versuchsplanung herangezogen worden. Anschließend sind die Erzeugnisse metallographisch und röntgenographisch untersucht worden.

<p>Structures acting as waveguides are quite common withexamples being, construction beams, fluid filled pipes, railsand extruded aluminium profiles. Curved structures like cartyres and pipe-bends may also be considered as waveguides. Wavesolutions in such structures may be found by a method calledthe Waveguide Finite Element Method or WFEM. This method uses afinite element approach on the cross-section of a waveguide tomodel the vibro-acoustic response as a set of linear, coupled,one dimensional, wave-equations.</p><p>In this thesis six novel waveguide finite elements arederived and validated. These elements are, straight and curvedpre-stressed, orthotropic or anisotropic shell elements,straight and curved fluid elements, and straight and curvedfluid-shell coupling elements.</p><p>Forced response and input power calculations for infiniteand periodic waveguides are presented. The assembled waveguidemodels can also serve as input for the Super Spectral FiniteElement Method, which enables forced response calculations formore complex boundaries. Furthermore, several properties ofdamped and undamped wave solutions are investigated.</p><p>Finally, a car tyre model, encompassing for the highlyanisotropic material and the air cavity inside the tyre is setforth. A number of forced response calculations for this modelare presented and compared with measurements with goodagreement.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>wave equation, wave solution, waveguide,finite element, spectral finite element, tyre noise, tyrevibration, input power, shells, pre-stress, fluid-shellcoupling axi-symmetric, two-and-half-dimensional</p>

Nusikaltimai padaryti panaudojant šaunamuosius ginklus dėl savo pobūdžio ir pavojingumo dažnai sukelia didelį atgarsį visuomenėje. Šių nusikaltimų efektyvesniam išaiškinimui, tyrimo versijų patikrinimui yra būtina operatyvi informacija, kuri yra kaupiama vienoje iš kriminalistinės registracijos sistemos specializuotų įskaitų rūšių – kriminalistinėse kulkų ir tūtelių kolekcijose. Esant nedidelėms kolekcijoms, rankiniu būdu atlikti ginklų, kulkų ir tūtelių patikrinimai pilnai patenkindavo tyrėjų poreikius. Tačiau didėjant kulkų ir tūtelių kolekcijų apimtims, patikrinimų pagal šias kolekcijas skaičiui, legaliai laikomų ginklų skaičiui rankiniu būdu atliekami patikrinimai pagal dideles kulkų ir tūtelių kolekcijas tapo ilgai trunkantys ir tuo pačiu nepakankamai efektyvūs. Vienas iš šios problemos sprendimo būdų yra automatizuotų balistinių identifikacinių sistemų diegimas. Pasaulyje automatizuotos balistinės identifikavimo sistemos buvo pradėtos diegti 1991 metais, o Lietuvoje ji naudojama nuo 2003 metų. Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe yra apžvelgiama kriminalistinės registracijos sistema ir jos reikšmė nusikaltimų tyrimui. Analizuojama šaunamojo ginklo identifikavimo samprata, šaunamųjų ginklų paliekami pėdsakai ant kulkų ir tūtelių, jų susidarymo mechanizmas, charakteristikos ir identifikacinė reikšmė. Nagrinėjamos automatizuotos balistinės identifikacinės sistemos „DRUGFIRE®“, „IBIS®“, „TAIS“, „EVOFINDER®“, „ARSENAL“, jų paskirtis, veikimo principai, sandara bei galimybės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Crimes committed by the use of firearms by its nature and danger often lead to repercussions in society. Expeditiously handled information, which is stored in one of specialised registers of a forensic registration system – in forensic collections of bullets and shells, is essential for more effective detection of crimes as well as for verification of hypotesis during investigations. Until such collections were not big, manually performed checks of weapons, bullets and shells fully satisfied the needs of investigators. However, the increase in the extent of bullets and shells collections and in the number of checks in these collections led to prolonged and not sufficiently effective manually performed checks of legally held weapons. One of the ways of dealing with this problem is installation of automated ballistic identification systems. Worldwide automated ballistic identification systems were started being installed in 1991, whereas in Lithuania it has been used since 2003. The system of forensic registration and its importance for crime investigation is reviewed in this graduate study. The concept of firearm identification as well as firearms traces left on bullets and tubes also the mechanism of its formation, characteristics and identification value are analyzed. The automated ballistic identification systems „DRUGFIRE®", "IBIS®", "TAIS", "EVOFINDER®“, „ARSENAL“, their objectives, principles of operation, structures and their potential are analyzed. The bullets and... [to full text]