Orientador : Wu Shin-Ting / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:43:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melo_VanioFragoso_D.pdf: 1580241 bytes, checksum: 61e5b4c09418c6c4e71a4c96ad52c667 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Esta tese de doutorado tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de modelo computacional de superfície deformável. Há duas vertentes de modelos de superfícies deformáveis fisicamente embasados: modelos de mecânica das partículas e modelos de mecânica dos contínuos. Os modelos de mecânica dos contínuos são mais realísticos e intuitivos, por se basearem numa estrutura geométrica contínua e utilizarem os elementos de Geometria Diferencial para a sua análise. Similar a maioria dos modelos deformáveis com base na mecânica dos contínuos, propomos um modelo de superfície deformável com base na superfície de Cosserat elástica. Diferentemente dos modelos existentes na literatura de Computação Gráfica e Animação, o nosso modelo considera a relação entre as deformações tangenciais e normais, e inclui um novo paradigma lineariz ável para estimar os vetores normais. Isto possibilita a formação de dobras e rugas a partir da ação de forças tangenciais. Uma implementação é apresentada. Para corrigir alguns tipos de desequilíbrios criados pelo método das diferenças finitas empregado na discretização, propomos fatores de correções das forças internas atuantes nas bordas. Experimentalmente, o modelo proposto foi validado com aplicações para caimentos, para criação de dobras e rugas de tecido de pano / Abstract: This doctoral thesis aims at presenting a proposal of a computational model for a deformable surface. There are two trends of deformable surface models that are physically based: particle systems and continuum mechanical models. The continuum mechanical models are more realistic and intuitive, since the underlying geometric structure is a continuum which can be analyzed with use of Differential Geometriy. Similar to most of works based on the continuum mechanics, we propose a deformable surface model based on an elastical Cosserat surface. Differently from the existing models in the Graphic Computer and Animation literature, our model considers a relation between the tangential and normal deformations, and integrate a novel linearizable approach for estimating the normal vectors. This provides an efficient way to simulate folds and wrinkles under the action of tangential forces. An implementation is presented. In order to correct some kinds of unbalance of forces, due to the methods of finite differences employed on the discretization, we propose correction factors for the internal forces that act on the boundaries. Experimentally, the proposed model was validated in the simulations of cloth draping, folds and wrinkles of cloth / Doutorado / Engenharia de Computação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Multiple coherent supernova explosions (SNe) in an OB association can produce a strong shock that moves through the interstellar medium (ISM). These shocks fronts carve out hot and tenuous regions in the ISM known as superbubbles. The density contour plot at three different times (0.5 Myr (left panel), 4 Myr (middle panel), 9.5 Myr (right panel)) showing different stages of superbubble evolution for n0 = 0.5 cm−3, z0 = 300 pc, and for NOB = 104. This density contour plot is produced using ZEUS-MP 2D hydrodynamic simulation with a resolution of 512 × 512 with a logarithmic grid extending from 2 pc to 2.5 kpc. For a detailed description of this figure, see Roy et. al., 2015. The evolution of a superbubble is marked by different phases, as it moves through the ISM. Consider an OB association at the center of a disk galaxy. Initially the distance of the shock front is much smaller than the disk scale height. The superbubble shell sweeps up the ISM material, and once the amount of swept up material becomes comparable to the ejected material during SNe, the superbubble enters a self-similar phase (analogous to the Sedov-Taylor phase of individual SNe). As the superbubble shell sweeps up material, its velocity decreases, and thus the corresponding post-shock temperature drops. At a temperature of ∼ 2 × 105 K (where the cooling function peaks), the superbubble shell becomes radiative and starts losing energy via radiative cooling. This radiative phase is shown in the left panel of Figure 1. The superbubble shell starts fragmenting into clumps and channels due to Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities (RTI) (which is seeded by the thermal instability; for details see Roy et. al., 2013) when the superbubble shell crosses a few times the scale height. This is represented in the middle panel of the same figure. At a much later epoch, RTI has a strong effect on the shell fragmentation and the top of the bubble is completely blown off (the right panel). In the first chapter of the thesis (reported in Sharma et. al., 2014), we show using ZEUS-MP hydrodynamic simulations that an isolated supernova loses almost all its mechanical energy within a Myr whereas superbubbles can retain up to ∼ 40% of the input energy over the lifetime of the starcluster (∼ few tens of Myr), consistent with the analytic estimate of the second chapter. We also compare different recipes (constant luminosity driven model (LD model), kinetic energy driven model (KE model) to implement SNe feedback in numerical simulations. We determine the constraints on the injection radius (within which the SNe input energy is injected) so that the supernova explosion energy realistically couples to the interstellar medium (ISM). We show that all models produce similar results if the SNe energy is injected within a very small volume ( typically 1–2 pc for typical disk parameters). The second chapter concentrates on the conditions for galactic disks to produce superbubbles which can give rise to galactic winds after breaking out of the disk. The Kompaneets formalism provides an analytic expression for the adiabatic evolution of a superbubble. In our calculation, we include radiative cooling, and implement the supernova explosion energy in terms of constant luminosity through out the life-time of the OB stars in an exponentially stratified medium (Roy et. al., 2013). We use hydrodynamic simulations (ZEUS-MP) to determine the evolution of the superbubble shell. The main result of our calculation is a clear demarcation between the energy scales of sources causing two different astrophysical phenomenon: (i) An energy injection rate of ∼ 10−4 erg cm−2 s−1 (corresponding Mach number ∼ 2–3, produced by large OB associations) is relevant for disk galaxies with synchrotron emitting gas in the extra-planar regions. (ii) A larger energy injection scale ∼ 10−3 erg cm−2 s−1, or equivalently a surface density of star formation rate ∼ 0.1 M⊙ yr−1 kpc−2 corresponding to superbubbles with high Mach number (∼ 5–10) produces galactic-scale superwinds (requires superstar clusters to evolve coherently in space and time). The stronger energy injection case also satisfies the requirements to create and maintain a multiphase halo (matches with observations). Roy et. al., 2013 also points out that Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) plays an important role in the fragmentation of superbubble shell when the shell reaches a distance approximately 2–3 times the scale-height; and before the initiation of RTI, thermal instability helps to corrugate the shell and seed the RTI. Another important finding of this chapter is the analytic estimation of the energetics of superbubble shell. The shell retains almost ∼ 30% of the thermal energy after the radiative losses at the end of the lifetime of OB associations. The third chapter considers the escape of hydrogen ionizing (Lyc) photons arising from the central OB-association that depends on the superbubble shell dynamics. The escape fraction of Lyc photons is expected to decrease at an initial stage (when the superbubble is buried in the disk) as the dense shell absorbs most of the ionizing photons, whereas the subsequently formed channels (created by RTI and thermal instabilities) in the shell creates optically thin pathways at a later time (∼ 2–3 dynamical times) which help the ionizing photons to escape. We determine an escape fraction (fesc) of Lyc photons of ∼ 10 ± 5% from typical disk galaxies (within 0 ≤ z (redshift) ≤ 2) with a weak variation with disk masses (reported in Roy et. al., 2015). This is consistent with observations of local galaxies as well as constraints from the epoch of reionization. Our work connects the fesc with the fundamental disk parameters (mid-plane density (n0), scale-height (z0)) via a relation that fescαn20z03 (with a ≈ 2.2) is a constant. In the fourth chapter, we have considered a simple model of molecule formation in the superbubble shells produced in starburst nuclei. We determine the threshold conditions on the disk parameters (gas density and scale height) for the formation of molecules in superbubble shells breaking out of disk galaxies. This threshold condition implies a gas surface density of ≥ 2000 M⊙ pc−2, which translates to a SFR of ≥ 5 M⊙ yr−1 within the nuclear region of radius ∼ 100 pc, consistent with the observed SFR of galaxies hosting molecular outflows. Consideration of molecule formation in these expanding superbubble shells predicts molecular outflows with velocities ∼ 30–40 km s−1 at distances ∼ 100–200 pc with a molecular mass ∼ 106–107 M⊙, which tally with the recent ALMA observations of NGC 253. We also consider different combinations of disk parameters and predict velocities of molecule bearing shells in the range of ∼ 30–100 km s−1 with length scales of ≥ 100 pc, in rough agreement with the observations of molecules in NGC 3628 and M82 (Roy et. al., 2016, submitted to MNRAS).

Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation numérique des structures élastiques minces en contact. De nombreux objets autour de nous, naturels ou artificiels, sont des objets minces et déformables. Les objets filiformes tels que les câbles industriels, les pales d'hélicoptères, les tiges des plantes et les cheveux peuvent être modélisés comme des tiges élastiques minces. Alors que les objets surfaciques tels que le papier, les voiles de bateaux, les feuilles et les vêtements peuvent être modélisés comme des coques élastiques minces. L'étude numérique de la réponse mécanique de ces structures est de la plus grande importance dans de nombreuses applications de l'ingénierie, de la biomécanique, de l'infographie et de bien d'autres domaines. Dans cette thèse, nous traitons les tiges et les coques comme des systèmes multi-corps en dimension finie.Lorsqu'un système multi-corps est soumis à des contraintes de contact frottant, un problème se pose souvent. Dans certaines configurations, il est à craindre qu'il n'existe aucune force de contact et aucune accelération qui puisse empêcher le système de violer ses contraintes. Ce phénomène est connu sous le nom de Paradoxe de Painlevé. Dans la première partie de ce manuscrit, nous analysons le problème de contact (dont les inconnues sont les accélérations et les forces de contact) et nous obtenons des bornes supérieures calculables sur les coefficients de frottement à chaque contact, de sorte que si elles sont vérifiées, le problème de contact est bien posé et les paradoxes de Painlevé sont évités.Certaines structures filiformes peuvent facilement se courber et se tordre, alors qu'elles peuvent difficilement s'étirer ou cisailler. De telles structures peuvent être modélisées comme des tiges de Kirchhoff. Dans la deuxième partie de ce manuscrit, nous considérons le problème du calcul des équilibres statiques stables des tiges de Kirchhoff soumises à des conditions de bord différentes et à des contraintes de contact sans frottement. Nous formulons le problème comme un problème de Commande Optimale, où les courbures de la tige sont interprétées comme des commandes et la position et l'orientation de la tige sont interprétées comme des variables d'état. L'utilisation de méthodes directes pour la Commande Optimale numérique nous conduit alors à la proposition de nouveaux schémas de discrétisation spatiale pour les tiges de Kirchhoff. Les schémas proposés sont soit du type intrinsèque, où les principaux degrés de liberté sont les courbures de la tige, soit du type mixte, où les principaux degrés de liberté sont à la fois les courbures et les déplacements généralisés.Similairement aux tiges de Kirchhoff, certaines structures surfaciques telles que le papier peuvent difficilement s'allonger ou cisailler. L'un des avantages de l'approche intrinsèque pour les tiges de Kirchhoff est que les contraintes de non élongation et de non cisaillement de la tige sont traitées intrinsèquement, sans faire appel à des forces de répulsion trop raides ou à d'autres contraintes algébriques sur les degrés de liberté. Dans la troisième partie de cette thèse, nous proposons une extension de cette approche pour modéliser la dynamique des coques inextensibles et sans cisaillement. Nous limitons notre étude au cas d'un élément de coque avec une surface moyenne développable. Nous utilisons comme degrés de liberté les composantes de la seconde forme fondamentale de la surface moyenne de la coque. Cela conduit également à une gestion intrinsèque des contraintes de non extension et de non cisaillement de la coque. / This dissertation focuses on the numerical modelling of thin elastic structures in contact. Many objects around us, either natural or man-made, are slender deformable objects. Curve-like objects such as industrial cables, helicopter blades, plant stems and hair can be modelled as thin elastic rods. While surface-like objects such as paper, boat sails, leaves and clothes can be modelled as thin elastic shells. The numerical study of the mechanical response of such structures is important in many applications of engineering, bio-mechanics, computer graphics and other fields. In this dissertation we treat rods and shells as finite dimensional multibody systems.When a multibody system is subject to frictional contact constraints, a problem often arises. In some configurations there may exist no contact force which can prevent the system from violating its contact constraints. This is known as the Painlev'e paradox. In the first part of this manuscript we analyze the contact problem (whose unknowns are the accelerations and the contact forces) and we derive computable upper bounds on the friction coefficients at each contact, such that if verified, the contact problem is well-posed and Painlev'e paradoxes are avoided.Some rod-like structures may easily bend and twist but hardly stretch and shear, such structures can be modelled as Kirchhoff rods. In the second part of this manuscript we consider the problem of computing the stable static equilibria of Kirchhoff rods subject to different boundary conditions and frictionless contact constraints. We formulate the problem as an Optimal Control Problem, where the strains of the rod are interpreted as control variables and the position and orientation of the rod are interpreted as state variables. Employing direct methods of numerical Optimal Control then leads us to the proposal of new spatial discretization schemes for Kirchhoff rods. The proposed schemes are either of the strain-based type, where the main degrees of freedom are the strains of the rod, or of the mixed type, where the main degrees of freedom are both the strains and the generalized displacements.Very much like for Kirchhoff rods, thin surface-like structures such as paper can hardly stretch or shear at all. One of the advantages of the strain based approach is that the no extension and no shear constraints of the Kirchhoff rod are handled intrinsically, without the need of stiff repulsion forces, or of further algebraic constraints on the degrees of freedom. In the third part of this dissertation we propose an extension of this approach to model the dynamics of inextensible and unshearable shells. We restrict our study to the case of a shell patch with a developable mid-surface. We use as primary degrees of freedom the components of the second fundamental form of the shell's mid-surface. This also leads to an intrinsic handling of the no shear and no extension constraints of the shell.

Malgré le cumul de connaissances sur le sujet du flambage des coques minces, des questions essentielles demeurent. En effet, malgré les avancées et une meilleure compréhension de l’effet des défauts, le dimensionnement continue de recourir aux anciennes règles qui découlent d’une démarche empirique et qui s’avèrent souvent trop conservatives comme c’est le cas par exemple pour la NASA SP8007 (1968). Cette règle est utilisée notamment pour le dimensionnement du lanceur Ariane 5. L’Etage Principal Cryogénique est en effet constitué de coques cylindriques minces, qui sont soumises à une combinaison de chargements et donc sujettes au déclenchement d’instabilités pouvant être catastrophiques. Il est ainsi nécessaire d’avoir une meilleure compréhension du phénomène pour pouvoir améliorer ces méthodes de dimensionnement dans le cas de coques moyennement longues (1 < L/R < 3) et minces (250 < R/t <1500). Nous employons pour cela une approche à la fois numérique et expérimentale. L’outil numérique est utilisé, via une modélisation pertinente, afin de construire une nouvelle règle de dimensionnement et d’étudier l’influence des différents paramètres (géométriques, matériau). L’aspect expérimental a pris une place prépondérante, une large campagne nous permettant de valider les résultats simulations pour différentes configurations, mais également d’avoir une bonne compréhension du phénomène. Ces deux aspects de notre recherche nous ont également permis de mieux déterminer l’interaction entre les différents chargements (pression interne, compression, flexion, cisaillement), plus ou moins comprise selon les cas. / The stability of thin cylindrical shells has been studied for decades, but despite the accumulated knowledge on the subject, important questions remain, in particular regarding the design of such structures. The effect of geometrical imperfections is now well understood, but old design recommandations resulting from purely empirical approaches, are still used. The NASA SP8007 recommendation (1968) is one them, and leads to conservative designs. This rule is used in particular for the design of the Ariane 5 launcher. Indeed, the Principal Cryogenic Stage is made of thin cylindrical shells, subjected throughout the structure’s life cycle to a combination of loadings, and hence prone to possibly disastrous structural instabilities. It is is then necessary to better understand those phenomena in order to improve the design methods for relatively long (1 < L/R < 3) and thin (250 < R/t < 1500) shells. Our work is based on both numerical and experimental approaches. Numerical tools are used, through a relevant choice of the critical imperfections, to build a new design recommendation and study the influence of different parameters (geometrical or material). Experiments took an important place in our research, and the large experimental campaign allowed us to validate the numerical results for different configurations, and to better understand the physics of the problem as well. These two aspects of our study also enabled us to clarify the interaction between different loadings (internal pressure, compression, bending and transverse shear), which is today more or less understood, according to the case.

La découpe virtuelle d'objets déformables est au coeur de nombreuses applications pour la simulation interactive. Nous présentons un nouvel algorithme de remaillage permettant la simulation de découpes avec la méthode des éléments finis. Nous avons combiné notre algorithme avec la méthode du «snapping» déplaçant les noeuds la surface de coupe, pour des tétradres linéaires. Notre approche permet de maîtriser le nombre de noeuds et de la qualité numérique du maillage durant les coupes. Elle donne des résultats similaires pour les fonctions de forme quadratiques. Dans ce cadre, nous avons évalué le «snapping» pour simuler la fracture de surfaces triangulées. Nous avons appliqué nos résultats en 3D pour l'assistance aux gestes chirurgicaux, en étant les premiers présenter des résultats sur la détection de déchirures dans un flux vidéo monoculaire. La robustesse de notre algorithme et l'augmentation des structures internes des organes. / Virtual cutting of deformable objects is at the core of many applications in interactive simulation for computational medicine. We present a new remeshing algorithm simulating cuts based on the finite element method. For tetrahedral elements with linear shape tunctions, we combined our algorithm with the movement of the nodes on the cutting surface, called snapping. Our approach shows benefits when evaluating the impact of cuts on the number of nodes and the numerical quality of the mesh. The remeshing algorithm yields similar results for quadratic elements. However, the snapping of nodes entails higher challenges and has been evaluated on triangular elements, simulating fractures. For augmented reality applications, we are the first to present results on the detection of fractures, tearing and cutting from a monocular video stream. Examples in different contexts show the robustness of our algorithm and the augmentation of internai organ structures highlights the clinical interest.

Après plus de cent ans de recherche sur les inscriptions gravées sur os et écailles de tortue datant de la fin de la dynastie Shāng, ce matériel graphique réévalue la paléographie chinoise qui est née au fur et à mesure de l’évolution de l’étude des inscriptions sur bronze entamée par les lettrés Sòng. Cette discipline à part entière qui est désormais inscrite dans l’étude de l’écriture chinoise, est marquée par le caractère interdisciplinaire qu’implique une approche multilatérale au vu de l’emploi de cette écriture en Chine antique du XIIIème au XIème siècle av. J.-C. dans un contexte de divination de la maison royale Shāng. Le présent travail se concentre sur l’identification et la compréhension de cette écriture, dont le déchiffrement constitue la tâche principale. Le déchiffrement graphique est soumis à l’épreuve visant à le définir et, tout particulièrement, à le systématiser dans un contexte philologique et culturel spécifique. La présente thèse se consacre à la tâche de repérer une méthodologie de base du déchiffrement de l’écriture sur os et écailles dans le cadre de l’avancement de son étude tout au long du XXème siècle et jusqu’à nos jours. / The inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells of the late Shāng dynasty have been studied for more than one hundred years. These graphical materials have given a new value to Chinese palaeography which was developed gradually from the studies of bronze inscriptions by Sòng scholars. This independent discipline has now become part of the science of Chinese writing and is marked by its interdisciplinary character and multilateral approach. Such an approach is required in the investigation of a writing system that goes back to the 13th-11th centuries BC period, when it was used for divinatory purposes in China during the rule of the Shāng royal dynasty. This paper focuses on the identification and comprehension of this script with the ultimate objective of deciphering it. Graphical deciphering is tested in order to define and systematize it in a specific philological and cultural background. The main thrust of the paper is the search for a fundamental methodology of the deciphering process of oracle bone inscriptions in the framework of the advancement of this process in the course of the 20th century and until now.

Les amibes à thèque, également appelés thécamoebiens, sont des micro-organismes unicellulaires, qui construisent une enveloppe rigide, appelée thèque (Adl et al., 2012). Ces thèques ont des tailles, formes et natures très variées (Ogden & Hedley, 1980). Les récentes études sur la composition des thèques ont conduit à émettre l’hypothèse que les amibes xénosomiques (constituées de particules exogènes), peuvent constituer des bio-indicateurs pertinents de la diversité particulaire de l’environnement minéral, organique et biologique dans lequel elles évoluent.L’objectif principal des recherches menées au cours de cette thèse vise donc à caractériser la composition des thèques d’amibes xénosomiques et à en évaluer leur utilisation potentielle en tant que bio-indicateurs des dépôts de particules d'origine atmosphérique. Pour cela, des thèques d’amibes ont été analysées in situ en conditions naturelles et après dépôts artificiels de particules minérales allochtones.Ces travaux permettent de dégager plusieurs conclusions majeures :(1) La taille des particules minérales intégrées dans la thèque xénosomique de Bullinularia indica est similaire à celle des particules minérales transportées dans l'atmosphère; (2) les particules minérales intégrées dans les thèques sont des silicates stables dans les conditions physico-chimiques régnant dans les tourbières, les bryophytes et les sols étudiés; (3) certains minéraux comme la phlogopite, même lorsqu’ils sont présents en de fortes concentrations, ne sont jamais intégrés par les amibes; (4) la combinaison des observations portant sur la taille, la forme et la nature des particules utilisées par des amibes xénosomiques permet de poser les bases de l'utilisation des amibes à thèques pour la bio-indication de la diversité particulaire atmosphérique récente ou ancienne. / Theca-like amoebae, also called thecaamoebius, are unicellular microorganisms, which construct a rigid envelope called theca (Adl et al., 2012). These themes have very varied sizes, shapes and natures (Ogden & Hedley, 1980). Recent studies on the composition of the themes have led to the hypothesis that xenosomal amoebae (constituted by exogenous particles) can constitute relevant bio-indicators of the particulate diversity of the mineral, organic and biological environment in which they evolve . The main objective of the research carried out during this thesis is therefore to characterize the composition of the xenosomal amoebae and to evaluate their potential use as bioindicators of deposits of atmospheric particles. For this purpose, amoeba theae were analyzed in situ under natural conditions and after artificial deposits of allochtonous mineral particles. Several major conclusions can be drawn from this work: (1) The size of the mineral particles integrated in the xenosomal theca of Bullinularia indica Is similar to that of mineral particles transported into the atmosphere; (2) the mineral particles integrated into the thecs are stable silicates under the physico-chemical conditions prevailing in the peatlands, bryophytes and soils studied; (3) some minerals such as phlogopite, even when present in high concentrations, are never integrated by amoebae; (4) the combination of observations on the size, shape and nature of the particles used by xenosomic amoebae forms the basis for the use of tea amoeba for bioindication of recent or former atmospheric particulate diversity .

The present research aims to develop a novel technique for creation of composite riot helmet shells with reinforcing fibre continuity for better protection against low velocity impacts. In this research an innovative, simple and effective method of making a single-piece continuously textile reinforced helmet shell by vacuum bagging has been established and discussed. This technique also includes the development of solid collapsible moulding apparatus from non-woven fibres. Angle-interlock fabric due to its good mouldability, low shear rigidity and ease of production is used in this research. Several wrinkle-free single- piece composite helmet shells have been manufactured. Low-velocity impact test on the continuously reinforced helmet shells has been carried out. For this purpose an in-house helmet shell testing facility has been developed. Test rig has been designed in such a way that the impact test can be carried out at different locations at the riot helmet shell. Low-velocity impact test has been successfully conducted on the developed test rig. The practical experimentation and analysis revealed that the helmet shell performance against impact is dependent on the impact location. The helmet shell top surface has better impact protection as compared to helmet shell side and back location. Moreover, the helmet shell side is the most at risk location for the wearer. Finite Element models were created and simulated in Abaqus software to investigate the impact performance of single-piece helmet shells at different impact locations. Models parts have been designed in Rhinoceros software. Simulated results are validated by the experimental result which shows that the helmet top position is the safest position against an impact when it is compared to helmet back and helmet side positions.

A qualidade, aceitabilidade e a vida útil da carne de frango e principalmente seus produtos industrializados, dependem de vários fatores, sendo a oxidação lipídica um dos principais problemas de estabilidade do produto. O crescimento da tendência de consumo de compostos naturais por parte da população mundial e a demanda das indústrias de alimentos para controle da oxidação lipídica, surge como alternativa muito promissora a utilização de antioxidantes naturais. O Brasil, com uma grande produção de produtos vegetais e a economia fortemente baseada na agroindústria gera grandes quantidades de resíduos vegetais, sendo os resíduos de película de amendoim e pimenta-rosa potenciais fontes de antioxidantes. Estes resultados confirmados conforme ensaios preliminares in vitro, uma vez que são ricos em compostos bioativos, como compostos fenólicos. Além disto, a quitosana apresenta-se como uma boa matriz para incorporação de extratos contendo compostos bioativos, além de ter capacidade de formar filmes. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver filmes de quitosana com incorporação de antioxidantes naturais a partir dos extratos de resíduos de película de amendoim e pimenta rosa, e avaliar seu efeito sobre a oxidação lipídica em produto reestruturado de frango. O estudo foi dividido em três etapas: a primeira foi utilização da metodologia de superfície de resposta para determinação de uma concentração ótima de extrato de resíduo agroindustrial que incorporado ao filme de quitosana promova inibição da oxidação lipídica (valor de sustâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, TBARS). Na segunda etapa, foi avaliada a incorporação da concentração ótima dos extratos diretamente na carne e nos filmes ativos de quitosana, sobre as características físico-químicas (pH, cor instrumental, índice de peróxidos, e valor de TBARS) e microbiológicas dos tratamentos. Na terceira etapa foram avaliadas as características sensoriais e de aceitabilidade dos tratamentos que apresentaram menor oxidação lipídica. Os resultados revelaram que, na primeira etapa foram otimizadas as concentrações dos extratos de resíduos nos filmes ativos de quitosana. Os teores otimizados foram 80 mg de compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) / kg de carne para os resíduos de película de amendoim e de 90 mg CFT / kg de carne para pimenta rosa. Na segunda etapa, ao final do tempo de armazenamento, pode-se observar que não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,05) para os parâmetros de cor, pH e contagem de mesófilos totais. Para oxidação lipídica, todos os tratamentos apresentaram diferença significativa (p < 0,05), quando comparados com o controle. Para contagem de micro-organismos psicrotróficos totais houve diferença significativa para os tratamentos com filme ativo + extratos, quando comparados com os demais tratamentos. Na terceira etapa, os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença significativa na aceitabilidade entre os tratamentos. Adicionalmente também foi realizada uma caracterização sensorial com consumidores usando a metodologia Check-all-that-apply (CATA). Assim pode-se concluir que foram desenvolvidos filmes ativos de quitosana com adição de extratos de resíduos agroindustriais, com exelente potencial na atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana em produtos carneos, sem influenciar na aceitabilidade sensorial. / Quality, accessibility, shelf life of chicken meat and mainly of its processed products depends on several factors, wherein lipid oxidation is a major stability product problem. The growth of the consumption trend of natural compounds by the world\'s population, and the demand from the food industry to control lipid oxidation appear as a very promising alternative to the use of natural antioxidants. Brazil, with a large production plant products and a strong economy based on agro-industry generates large amounts of crop residues where peanut shells and pink pepper residues are potential sources of antioxidants. According to preliminary in-vitro tests of these residues, these are rich in bioactive substances such as phenolic compounds. Moreover, chitosan presents itself as a good matrix for incorporation of extracts containing bioactive compounds, in addition to having the ability to form films. The aim of this study was to develop chitosan films incorporating natural antioxidants from peanut shells and pink pepper residues extracts, as well as to evaluate their effect on the lipid oxidation of a chicken restructured product. The study was divided into three stages: first was the use of response surface methodology to determine an optimal concentration of agro-industrial waste extract, which was incorporated into the chitosan film to promote inhibition of lipid oxidation (as an amount of reactive substances to thiobarbituric acid, TBARS). The second stage evaluated the incorporation of this optimal concentration of extracts applied directly in both the meat and the chitosan active films, in relation to the physicalchemical (pH parameters, instrumental color, peroxide value, and TBARS value) and microbiological characteristics of the treatments. The third stage evaluated the sensory characteristics and acceptability of treatments that had a lower lipid oxidation. The results revealed that the first stage optimized the concentrations of extracts from residues into the active chitosan films. The optimized concentration was 80 mg of total phenolic content (TPC) / kg of meat for peanut shells residue extract, and 90 TPC mg / kg of meat for the pink pepper extract. On the second stage, at the end of the storage time, it can be seen that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in parameters like color, pH and total mesophylls counts. For the lipid oxidation parameters, all treatments showed significant differences (p < 0.05) when compared with the control treatment. The microbial count of total psychrotrophic microorganisms showed significant differences for treatments with active films + residues extracts when compared with the other treatments. In the third stage, the results showed no significant difference in acceptability between treatments. Additionally, a sensory characterization with consumers using the Check-all-thatapply (CATA) methodology was also performed. Thus, it was concluded that the development of active chitosan films incorporated with extracts of agro-industrial waste was possible, which possess an antioxidant and antimicrobial potential activity without altering the sensory acceptability of the final product.

The text covers the automated recognition and comparison of features on used cartridge cases, in order to increase e ectivity of similar manual ballistic systems. The work is addresing the issue of programming the application for automated recognition and comparison of features on used cartridge cases.