University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

Escherichia coli enterohemorrágicas (EHEC) que possuem a Ilha de Patogenicidade LEE são importantes patógenos humanos. A habilidade de adesão, invasão e perfil genético têm sido estudados, já que sorotipos que não possuem LEE tem sido isolados de pacientes com doença severa e intracelularmente. Das nove amostras relacionadas com doença, quatro (44.5%) apresentaram stx2+. Todas foram positivas para o gene lpfA e iha, e negativas para toxB. Três (33,3%) apresentaram saa e cinco hly. A maioria apresentou padrão de adesão difusa e invasão negativa em células HEp-2. Em CaCO-2 apresentaram aderência com variados graus de intensidade, e a maioria das amostras testadas apresentou invasão maior que 3,3%. Frente ao inibidor de polimerização de actina citocalasina D, houve significativa redução nos níveis de invasão, sugerindo que estas amostras utilizam um mecanismo da célula hospedeira para internalização, e que provavelmente, fatores de virulência como adesinas, favorecem a adesão das mesmas, compensando a ausência do LEE, e facilitando a instalação da infecção. / Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) that possess the pathogenic island LEE are important human pathogens. The adhesion ability, invasion and genetic profile have been studied, since serotypes that do not possess LEE have been isolated from humans with severe disease and found intracellular. Nine strains related with SHU, four (44,5%) were stx2+. All strains were positive for IpfA and iha genes and negative for toxB. Three (33,3%) showed saa and five hly. The most strains showed a diffusely adhesion pattern and negative invasion in HEp-2 cells. It presented various degrees of adhesion, and the most tested strains showed invasion high than 3,3% in CaCO-2. That was a significant reduction of invasion in the presence of actin polymerization inhibitor Citochalasin D, suggesting that these strains use a host cell mechanism to invade, and probably virulence factors, like adhesins, favors this adhesion and compensate LEE absence, promoting the installation of infection.

梁氏的一生，無論在思想上、在行動上，都可說是多彩多姿，前人有關其之著作大都 側重其一生行動之一面，如其之鄉村建設運動。本論文主在研究梁氏思想之一面，然 而思想與行動在梁氏而言是不能截然劃分的，梁氏幾乎在其每本著作中都極力否認自 己是個學問家，他稱自己是“問題中人”，“行動中人”，凡其所探究都起于有感於 人生世事而有之問題，其中包括中國問題及其個人的人生問題，梁氏研究這些問題的 目的就在尋找可為其行動之指標，有鑒於此，筆者擬以梁氏所提出之問題串連全篇論 文，至於其思想與行動間之配合狀況則不在討論之列。 梁氏一生思想階段的劃分，主要是依其人生態度之轉變而來，梁氏在十九歲前抱持著 實用功利主義的人生態度，二十歲時自殺未成轉入佛家，及至一九二二年梁氏正式宣 佈放棄佛家生活轉入儒家，從此積極入世，致力於救國理論的建立與實踐。一九四九 年共產黨建立政權後，梁氏歷經批鬥，自知無法施展抱負，乃轉而專心從事學術著作 。本論文研究重點在於分析梁氏各階段轉變的原因及其如何由形上學、歷史哲學以至 文化社會學的研究中建立其救國理論－鄉村建設理論。 筆者從研究中發現梁氏的理論來源相當混雜，並不只有儒家，還包括佛學及某些西方 哲學，如柏格森的生命哲學、叔本華的唯意志論等等。故從思想上看來，梁氏並非純 粹儒家，他是本其歷史哲學之研究結果認為中國前途在民族精神、特別是儒家“剛” 的人生態度之復興乃轉入儒家思想，一九二一年他的棄佛所棄的只是佛家的生活方式 ，佛家思想之價值梁漱溟在其歷史哲學中另有安排。 本論文所使用的資料主要是梁氏的專書著作，其一九四九年後者亦大致收齊。

有明末造，顧憲成、高攀龍諸君講學東林，風動天下，以致黨禍連結，與國運相始終。「東林」遂為政治史與思想史之一大關目，匪特同世之人，褒貶迭出，自近代以降，學人研究亦稱夥矣。然前人關注之重心，主要為「明末」在朝之「東林黨」；於「東林書院」之活動，尤其是書院在清初的發展演變，尚鮮有及之。本研究擬以順治、康熙兩朝為主要時段，從遺民與當道互動的角度考察東林書院之興復及其講學活動，對學界少有關注的書院祀典之爭加以考述和分析，並探討清初東林學者如何就「氣節」「學統」等議題對明代東林傳統作出反省與建構，希望繇此對東林書院由明入清之歷史變化作一勾勒。 / 本文將清初東林書院之史事置於「道」「勢」相對的框架之中展開分析，相對於前人用「以道抗勢」分析士權與君權的對峙，本文則更關注士人階層内部在「道」「勢」兩重身份之間的張力。儒家士人既要守「道」傳學，又當以「勢」經世，兩者之閒本須權衡調和。而在明清易代之際，「民間學者」與「地方官員」兩種士人身份之殊途，實質上形成了「道」與「勢」的分離。書院作爲一地方性的學術組織，既是在野學者力量之代表，又不能不受制於官方之權力，在此時遂成爲一個「道」與「勢」折衝的空間。然而，「道」「勢」二者之關係在調和之中亦悄然變化。如果說明代的東林運動有一種「以道馭勢」的理想與實踐；那麽在清初書院的發展中，學者本身「政治」一面弱化，「學術」也退守於中行默修，於是「道」乃反為「勢」所羈縻。而在理學委頓、樸學代興這一學術本身的轉折中，「道」「勢」關係之遷變亦可為一機緣。緣乎是，對清初東林書院的研究，不但可以在一個點上展現士人文化與社會風氣的變遷，更能為我們理解傳統中國「政治」與「學術」之互動提供助益。 / The anti-eunuch struggle of the ‘Tung-lin Party’ (東林黨) which was succeeded by continuous partisan disputes in the late Ming Period has long been considered of great significance to understand its contemporary politics and even the collapse of the dynasty. However, the other aspect of this movement, namely the scholarly practice of the Tung-lin academy (東林書院) has not been given equivalent attention. Therefore, the development of the academy after the so-called ‘partisan disaster’ (黨禍) has been, not surprisingly, seldom discussed by existing studies. This thesis aims at providing a historical account of the Tung-lin academy in early Qing period (1644-1722), focusing on four main topics: the organization of public conferences or lectures(講會), the debates over the academy’s pantheon , the discourse on moral integrity(氣節) and the increasing concerns for academic orthodoxy among intellectuals. / Scholars in the academy were by definition involved in the tension between Confucian values(道) and the political authority(勢) since they were supposed to be both academic and political elites. What complicated the issue was the defiant attitude of Ming-loyalists towards the newly established Manchu regime. Although being regarded as shelters for scholars who refused to serve the Qing government, academies could hardly be insulated from those ambitious local officials who were playing the role of patron as well as regulator. By exploring closely the case of Tung-lin academy, this thesis attempts to indicate that, the conflict and compromise between intellectuals and political authorities, alongside with the retrospection upon the cultural crisis of late Ming, had gradually shaped the interest of Qing scholars who inclined to restrain their work purely academic in contrast with their late-Ming predecessors who were enthusiastic about pursuing the political implications of their learning. This very transition could also be reasonably one of the many contributors to the declination of Li-hsüeh(理學，the study of principle). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 胡琦. / "2012年8月". / "2012 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-218). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Hu Qi. / Chapter 緒論 --- 道勢之間：「東林」的多重面向 --- p.7 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「以道抗勢」和「以道馭勢」：儒家士人的内在規定性 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「黨」或「書院」：研究史的回顧 --- p.14 / Chapter 第三節 --- 清議與講學：明代之「東林」傳統 --- p.22 / Chapter 第四節 --- 由明到清：「道」「勢」分合與風氣代變 --- p.39 / Chapter 附論 --- ：東林志乘述略 --- p.44 / Chapter 第一章 --- 遯世與應世：清初東林書院的講學活動 --- p.48 / Chapter 第一節 --- 種得星火：黨禍後東林學脈之承續 --- p.49 / Chapter 第二節 --- 此日再得：清初東林書院之興復 --- p.54 / Chapter 第三節 --- 以故老為師儒：陸世儀之講學 --- p.64 / Chapter 第四節 --- 教化斯民：李顒之南行 --- p.79 / Chapter 第五節 --- 出處之間：關於「講學」的掙扎 --- p.100 / Chapter 第六節 --- 「書院」之外的「東林」 --- p.138 / Chapter 第二章 --- 釐正「東林」：祀典中的權力與歷史 --- p.152 / Chapter 第一節 --- 公私之辨與「官祭」的興起 --- p.156 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「祀典」與「有司」之涉入 --- p.162 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「黨人與書院無與」：湯斌與左周諸公入祀之爭 --- p.170 / Chapter 第四節 --- 「祗慎重於將來，毋更張於已往」：宋犖對東林祀典的釐正 --- p.182 / Chapter 第五節 --- 由「典」到「史」 --- p.188 / Chapter 附錄1 --- ：清初東林書院道南祠入祀記錄簡表 --- p.191 / Chapter 附錄2 --- ：東林書院道南祠全圖 --- p.192 / Chapter 第三章 --- 從「氣節」到「道脈」：清初「東林」觀念的漸變 --- p.193 / Chapter 第一節 --- 小引：「東林」概念之衍生 --- p.193 / Chapter 第二節 --- 氣節本於理學：明代東林之氣節論 --- p.198 / Chapter 第三節 --- 殉國之忠：明清之際的「氣節」 --- p.214 / Chapter 第四節 --- 反思講學：「道脈」論的生長 --- p.219 / Chapter 第五節 --- 篤行默修：士風之轉向 --- p.233 / Chapter 第四章 --- 「宗朱」學統之建成：東林書院與官方朱學思潮 --- p.238 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「尊朱」立場下的調和：明代東林學者對王學的態度 --- p.239 / Chapter 第二節 --- 建構學統：清初東林論學的一個特點 --- p.249 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「官方朱學」與「民間朱學」：一個闡釋框架的再檢討 --- p.259 / Chapter 結論 --- 失「勢」之「道」：清初政治與學術轉向 --- p.281 / 參考書目 --- p.286

陳佩瑜. / "2005年7月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2005. / 參考文獻(leaves 1-19, 2nd group). / "2005 nian 7 yue". / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Chen Peiyu. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 1-19, 2nd group). / 提要 --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1-6 / Chapter 第一節 --- 硏究動機 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 硏究方法 --- p.3 / Chapter 第二章 --- 吳淑生平背景、《事類賦》的成書及刊本 --- p.7-41 / Chapter 第一節 --- 吳淑的生平 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二節 --- 吳淑的著作 --- p.9 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《事類賦》的成書背景 --- p.11 / Chapter 第四節 --- 刊本及流傳 --- p.34 / 章節附錄〔一〕：《事類賦》的版本與流傳 --- p.36 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《事類賦》的體系和分類 --- p.42-74 / Chapter 第一節 --- 緒論 --- p.42 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《事類賦》的內容體例 --- p.49 / Chapter 第三節 --- 類書的分類思想 --- p.52 / Chapter 第四節 --- 《事類賦》的分類背景 --- p.61 / Chapter 第四章 --- 賦體類書´ؤ´ؤ《事類賦》 --- p.75-125 / Chapter 第一節 --- 賦體的特點與類書之關係 --- p.75 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「賦寫類書」 --- p.87 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《事類賦》的賦體格局 --- p.98 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.124 / Chapter 第五章 --- 《事類賦》的命名及藝文特色 --- p.126-176 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「事類」考釋 --- p.126 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《事類賦》的藝文特色 --- p.147 / Chapter 第三節 --- 小結：《事類賦》與文學 --- p.175 / Chapter 第六章 --- 《事類賦》在元明的流傳與清人的續書 --- p.177-214 / Chapter 第一節 --- 類書的續補情況及續補原因 --- p.177 / Chapter 第二節 --- 刊刻、續補《事類賦》與時代之關係 --- p.181 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《事類賦》在清代續補的原因 --- p.190 / Chapter 第四節 --- 《事類賦》在清代的續補 --- p.205 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.213 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結語 --- p.215-216 / 參考書目 (1)-(19) / 附錄 --- p.1-62 / 附錄一：《事類賦》、李嶠《雜詠》及《文苑英華》詩賦分類對照表 --- p.1 / 附錄二 ：《事類賦注》天部賦篇用韻及對偶簡表 --- p.5 / 附錄三：附錄三：《事類賦》引用的賦篇篇目簡表 --- p.60

This thesis examines the rise of modern Chinese libraries between the1840s and the 1930s in the context of educational reform, intellectual development, national regeneration and state building. It focuses on how educational reform and other factors influenced the way in which modern libraries came into being in China. It argues that the establishment of modern libraries in China was a complicated and long process, as China followed neither the “industrialisation and democracy” model of the United States nor the “modernisation” model of Meiji Japan. Modern libraries were introduced into China in the closing years of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) to facilitate educational reform and national regeneration. The Nationalist government, established in 1928, further stimulated the expansion of Chinese libraries as part of the government’s state building efforts. This thesis examines the Chinese case in the emergence of modern libraries: the case of “underdevelopment” with distinctive Chinese characteristics. To explore the factors that contributed to the underdevelopment of modern Chinese libraries as they emerged, this thesis employs a case study of the Metropolitan Library of Beijing—the predecessor of the National Library of China—between 1909 and 1937 in terms of its formation, early development, and problems. This analysis reveals that both the macro and micro factors conducive to library development were not present in China before the 1920s. Even when the conditions improved during the 1920s and the 1930s, especially during the Nanjing Decade, the development of modern Chinese libraries was far from satisfactory for various reasons, with low library consciousness being an important one. The Conclusion of this thesis outlines the continuing impediment of low library consciousness in China today. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Due to the social uncertainties caused by Taiwan¡¦s economic recession and rapid social changes, many people try to seek solace in fortune telling, which they believe can bring them peace of mind. Therefore, how to provide a high quality and high credibility fortune-telling environment lest people should be swindled by ill-intentioned fortune tellers is a public policy and a social responsibility that the government shouldn¡¦t evade. In terms of the great influence of Chinese Numerology on Taiwanese people and its great demand, I suggest in my research paper that an environment suitable for the development of Chinese Numerology be provided in Taiwan society. In this way, the mid-term quality control and long-term academic development of Chinese Numerology can be assured. This thesis aims at exploring the theory and technique of Chinese Numerology, an ancient Chinese science and culture. Through the related courses offered by the technological and vocational education system, internationally top-notch Chinese Numerology professionals and Feng Shui experts can thus be cultivated. Due to the limitation of time, human resources and money, the field of my research paper focuses mainly on the influence Chinese Numerology has exerted on Taiwanese people and what expectations the have had of it. As National Kaohsiung Hospitality College can educate outstanding restaurant and hotel personnel, so can vocational technological universities offering Chinese Numerology courses cultivate excellent experts in this field. By absorbing Chinese and Western traditional cultural ideas, these experts will create Taiwan¡¦s Chinese Numerology industry and make themselves become internationally acclaimed. Questionaires are distributed asking people in Kaohsiung what they think of the implementation of Chinese Numerology in technological and vocational education system. It is hoped that the cultivation of internationally top-notch Chinese Numerology professionals and Feng Shui experts will consolidate Taiwan¡¦s leading status in the field of Chinese Numerology, which will become Taiwan¡¦s unique cultural feature in the future. At the end of my thesis, three suggestions are made. First, for the development of Chinese Numerology, related courses should be incorporated into the curricula of technological and vocational universities. Second, the Chinese Numerology certificate system should be established. Third, academic research centers of Chinese Numerology should be set up to cultivate more high-quality experts in this field.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-85).

Thesis (M.A.)--Guo li zheng zhi da xue, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.