The main objective of this paper is to construct a site chronology of the Campanayuq Rumi site which is a large ceremonial center of the Formative Period located in the Peruvian south-central highlands. For this purpose, 12 radiocarbon dates obtained from our excavations will be considered in combination with the data of both architectural and ceramic sequences of the site. Through the comprehensive interpretation of these data, we will present a new site chronology of the Campanayuq Rumi site. / El objetivo principal de este artículo es la construcción de la cronología del sitio arqueológico de Campanayuq Rumi, un gran centro ceremonial del Periodo Formativo ubicado en la sierra centro-sur del Perú. Para ello se tomó como base 12 fechados radiocarbónicos obtenidos de las excavaciones de los autores en combinación con los datos de las secuencias arquitectónica y cerámica. Mediante una interpretación integral, se pretende presentar una nueva cronología para este complejo.

This thesis looks at the people of Nueva Vizcaya's history of resistance to incorporation into the state during the colonial age, and how this history is connected to the contemporary context in the Sierra Tarahumara. To do this, I use and frame the concepts of community, resistance, violence, ethnogenesis, territory and history as intertwined in such a way that the Sierra Tarahumara and its inhabitants cannot be completely disassociated one from another. By looking at the engagements between colonizers and native people of the colonial North of the Nueva España –Tarahumara and other native indigenous people of the Sierra Madre Occidental– in history, and frame the narratives about these historical encounters, drawing colonial accounts, modern narratives and other sources, I contest in this work, allows to frame indigenous societies agency in history. In addition, this thesis endeavors to engage with the broader discussion about ethnogenesis, indigenous resistance to colonialism, native community and ecological conflicts in Nueva Vizcaya and in the Sierra Tarahumara. Finally, this research wants to make sense of the contemporary conflicts over land rights that indigenous communities of the Sierra Tarahumara face today, and connect them with the history of the colonial encounters of the people of the Nueva Vizcaya. I propose that these encounters, in the colonial time of the conquest of the Nueva Vizcaya, and in the national period, are largely a consequence of a colonial process of ethnogenesis that taxonomically indexed native people in categories related to colonial labor needs and control over the territory, which I frame as tarahumarizacíon and raramurización.

This thesis aims to investigate why inclusion of civil society actors in peace processes leads to more durable peace in some cases while not in others. It argues that the influence, rather than inclusion, of civil society organizations (CSOs) explains this variation. It is hypothesized that when CSOs have influence in peace negotiations, peace is more likely to be durable, as well as when a wide range of CSOs have influence in peace negotiations, peace is more likely to be durable. This is explored through a structured focused comparison between the peace processes leading up to peace agreements in Sierra Leone in 1996, the DRC in 2002, the Ivory Coast in 2003 and Liberia in 2003. The empirical findings lend support to the hypotheses and point in the direction of influence of CSOs in peace processes being of importance for the durability of peace. Certain evidence suggesting legitimacy being the causal mechanism is found. However, the empirical analysis also points towards other factors being potential alternative explanations such as war fatigue and sequencing of the process. The suggestive findings and the potential alternative explanations should be investigated further in order to increase the chances of durable peace.

The Formative Period in the North Highlands: IntroductionThe text doesn´t have an abstract / El texto no presenta resumen

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Uma das inquietaÃÃes sobre as mudanÃas climÃticas à encontrar mecanismos para diminuir a concentraÃÃo dos gases causadores do efeito estufa (GEE), nomeadamente o diÃxido de carbono - CO2. O sequestro de carbono representa um desses mecanismos, uma vez que as florestas pelo processo de fotossÃntese absorvem gÃs carbÃnico da atmosfera e o armazenam como biomassa. As florestas protegidas da Ãrea de ProteÃÃo Ambiental - APA da Serra de BaturitÃ, CearÃ, foram as que motivaram a execuÃÃo deste estudo, cujo objetivo foi quantificar a biomassa e o estoque de CO2, assim como avaliar a viabilidade econÃmica de geraÃÃo de crÃditos de carbono em trÃs diferentes cenÃrios. A quantificaÃÃo da biomassa aÃrea foi feita pelo mÃtodo nÃo destrutivo e os critÃrios econÃmicos utilizados para a avaliaÃÃo foram o Valor Presente LÃquido (VPL), o Valor Anual Equivalente (VAE) e a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Os resultados demostram que a floresta ombrÃfila da APA da Serra de Baturità sequestra em mÃdia de 84,63 tCO2 h-Â, e que de acordo com os preÃos e custos do mercado para o 2011, os projetos florestais para sequestro de carbono, geram valor anual equivalente a R$ 276,03 (se vendido no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo), R$ 614,55 (se vendido no mercado da Nova ZelÃndia) e R$ 473,42 (se vendido no mercado Over The Counter) por hectare. Infere-se, por tanto, ser economicamente viÃvel projetos de manejo florestal sustentÃvel da floresta ombrÃfila da APA da Serra de BaturitÃ, CearÃ. / Una de las mayores preocupaciones sobre el cambio climÃtico es encontrar mecanismos para disminuir las concentraciones de los gases de efecto invernadero, principalmente el diÃxido de carbono â CO2. El secuestro de carbono representa uno de esos mecanismos, una vez que los bosques, por el proceso de fotosÃntesis, absorben gas carbÃnico de la atmosfera y lo almacenan como biomasa. El bosque protegido del Ãrea de ProtecciÃn Ambiental de la Sierra de Baturità fue lo que motivo la ejecuciÃn de este estudio, cuyo objetivo fue cuantificar la biomasa e almacenamiento de CO2 en la Sierra, asà como evaluar la viabilidad econÃmica de la generaciÃn de crÃditos de carbono tres diferentes escenarios. La cuantificaciÃn de la biomasa fue realizada por el mÃtodo no destructivo y los criterios econÃmicos utilizados para la evaluaciÃn fueron el Valor Actual Neto (VAN), el Valor Anual Equivalente (VAE) y la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Los resultados demostraron que el bosque hÃmedo de la APA de la Sierra de Baturità secuestran en promedio 84,63 tCO2 h-Â, y que de acuerdo con los precios e costos del mercado para el 2011, los proyectos forestales para el secuestro de carbono, generan un valor anual equivalente de R$ 276,03 (si se vende en el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio), R$ 614,55 (si se vende en el mercado da Nueva Zelanda) y R$ 473,42 (si se vende en el mercado Over The Counter) por hectÃrea. Resulta, por lo tanto, ser econÃmicamente viable el manejo sustentable del bosque hÃmedo en la APA de la Sierra de BaturitÃ, CearÃ.  

Submitted by Cristiano Oliveira (cristiano.cittadino@gmail.com) on 2013-06-14T18:14:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CRISTIANO H C C OLIVEIRA.pdf: 2555140 bytes, checksum: 862cc1f6f83ff8a1bcb98ffd004df1d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2013-06-14T18:18:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CRISTIANO H C C OLIVEIRA.pdf: 2555140 bytes, checksum: 862cc1f6f83ff8a1bcb98ffd004df1d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-14T18:19:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CRISTIANO H C C OLIVEIRA.pdf: 2555140 bytes, checksum: 862cc1f6f83ff8a1bcb98ffd004df1d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-17 / The increasing public interest about the sustainability debate shows the importance of how investments in environmental projects are linked with business strategy and how managers perceive their value creation. This research investigated why real estate managers, more specifically the company Sonae Sierra Brazil (Shopping Centers industry), decide to adopt environmental prerogatives, specifically on Green Buildings. This exploratory research contributes to a better understanding of when adoption of this type of project creates value, by analyzing perception of company’s executives, competitors, and one of its main stakeholders: retail operations (tenants). Thus, interviews were conducted to observe different expressions of value normally perceived, or contrasting factors limiting these values, and compare if these values perceived by company managers are shared by their counterparts. The results indicated primarily intangible values such as corporate identity creation, enterprise integration and knowledge transfer and signaling to the market, to which it was not observed any specific restriction. The results also showed that certain types of value usually taken as relevant in motivating the adoption of these projects, such as differentiation and enhancing the brand values are often highlighted, but accompanied by questions and restrictions. It is expected, therefore, that the findings will contribute to deepening the understanding of how organizations realize demand for projects that are environmentally efficient and increase the perception of value that such projects provide, in order to foster informed decisions and formulating better public policies. / Esta pesquisa investigou as razões pelas quais gestores da empresa Sonae Sierra Brasil decidem adotar prerrogativas socioambientais; especificamente, em projetos de edificações sustentáveis (Green Building). O estudo almejou contribuir para o entendimento de quando a adoção desta modalidade de projetos gera valor na sua cadeia na percepção de diversos executivos da empresa, concorrentes e um de seus principais stakeholders: operações do varejo (lojistas). Assim, foram realizadas entrevistas que forneceram subsídios para a observação das manifestações de valor normalmente percebidas, fatores contrastantes ou limitantes destes valores e, por fim, observar se os valores percebidos por gestores da empresa são compartilhados por estes gestores externos a ela. Os resultados apontaram, principalmente, para valores intangíveis, como criação de identidade empresarial, integração empresarial e transferência de conhecimento e sinalização ao mercado, para as quais não foi observada qualquer ressalva. Relevou também que manifestações de valor, normalmente tidas como relevantes motivadores na adoção destes projetos, como diferenciação, e benefício de imagem e marca são frequentemente destacadas, mas acompanhada de questionamentos. Os resultados da pesquisa contribuem para o entendimento da forma como as organizações percebem os valores de projetos socioambientais. Com isso, auxilia administradores de empresas a tomar decisões embasadas em experiências passadas, e gestores públicos na formulação de regulamentações que visem à redução do impacto ambiental de edificações.

Abstract Sierra Leone is a very poor country in Africa. Botswana is another country, that has a similar history and the same deposit; diamonds. Botswana has reached economic growth and democracy and Sierra Leone has not. The purpose with this study is to explain why Botswana is more democratic and has reached a better result economic than Sierra Leone. The questions in this study are: What explains the democratic and the economic results in Sierra Leone and Botswana? * Dahl’s institutions that furthers a polyarchy? * Gunnarsson’s and Rojas’ institutional explanations? * Diamond’s and Morlino’s ”rule of law”? * Other explanations or a combination of the above-mentioned explanations? The method that has been used in this study is a comparative case study with a qualitative contents analysis. The result is that it’s hard to say that one explanation is the right one. It’s more likely a combination of multiple factors that furthers democracy and economic development. Not just one combination is the right one, but the institutional explanation about the autonomy of the state is very important for the result.

Magister Legum - LLM / Corruption is a serious problem which has many negative impacts on sustainable economic development globally. The clandestine nature of corruption makes it difficult to detect. Hence, efforts to combat corruption successfully demand comprehensive anti-corruption legislation, strong powers, as well as special investigative techniques and strategies. An effective anti-corruption regime requires a comprehensive anti-corruption legal framework which not only punishes all forms of corruption but also capacitates anti-corruption institutions. A strong anti-corruption agency is a crucial requirement and a necessary part of a country's anti-corruption strategy. The failure or the success of an anti-corruption agency depends on a variety of factors, such as powers and means to detect, investigate and prosecute corruption and related offences. The lack of trained staff, as well as the lack of adequate material resources, also affects the effectiveness of an anti-corruption agency. The anti-corruption agencies covered by this research are not empowered or resourced sufficiently, which may result in their ineffectiveness. This paper provides a set of recommendations in respect of the powers and strategies needed for a successful anti-corruption agency. / South Africa

Ethno-politicization has been identified as a covert yet pervasive contributing factor in the various outbreaks of violence throughout Sierra Leone’s post-independence history. With the latest round of violent conflict having ended in 2002, the government of Sierra Leone in collaboration with local and international partners is presently engaged in peace-building. That being said, institutionalized peace-building has a considerable but imperfect track record of success. Furthermore, the intricate way in which ethno-politicization is woven into the social-political fabric of Sierra Leone is such that, if not effectively treated, it poses a continuing threat to the stability of the nation. Accordingly this thesis examined the extent to which ethno-depoliticization strategies have been directly incorporated into the peace-building framework. This task was accomplished through the development of a five-point definition of ethno-politicization that is based on the institutional instrumentalist theory. The definition provided an analytical framework used in the interpretation of results from a policy audit and field interviews with representatives of the peace-building architects. The research revealed that within the peace-building framework, ethno-politicization is not directly acknowledged as a real and ongoing threat to peace and stability and hence, a prioritized component of the peace-building architecture. However, some of the policy initiatives contained within the peace-building framework will indirectly result in ethno-depoliticization outcomes. These policy initiatives nevertheless require more rigorous and focused implementation and monitoring to be effective. Accordingly, the study recommends (i) the implementation of the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (ii) a constitutional amendment stipulating ethnic quotas for political party leadership and parliamentary candidates; (iii) the strengthening of civil society;(iv) an intensive nation-wide campaign promoting a national identity and; (v) the strengthening of democratic institutions, which also includes making ethnically-inclusive and ethnically impartial practices within public institutions as part of the performance evaluation of senior public servants.

This thesis aims to assess the impacts of public loans granted by the OPEC Fund for International Development in the energy sector in selected African countries. The assessment is based on the methods of analysis and comparison of technical and macroeconomic indicators. The work is divided into four chapters. The first chapter describes the OPEC Fund for International Development and explains the methods of granting loans by this organization. The second chapter presents four energy projects in African countries, to which the organization provided loans. These are projects in Sudan, Sierra Leone, Egypt and Djibouti. The third chapter examines the impact of these projects on the economies of these countries after their completion. The fourth chapter first assesses the impacts of individual projects and compares them with each other. At the conclusion of this chapter are given recommendations for effective lending to the energy sector in selected African countries.