FAJARDO, Ana Milena Plata. Avaliação economica do sequestro de carbono na floresta ombrofila da apa da serra de Baturite, Ceará. 2012. 93 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2012. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T16:09:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_ampfajardo.pdf: 1305668 bytes, checksum: d056f6dcb771a24b41cbe162df08cdb4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia(demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-04-06T13:43:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_ampfajardo.pdf: 1305668 bytes, checksum: d056f6dcb771a24b41cbe162df08cdb4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-06T13:43:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_ampfajardo.pdf: 1305668 bytes, checksum: d056f6dcb771a24b41cbe162df08cdb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Uma das inquietações sobre as mudanças climáticas é encontrar mecanismos para diminuir a concentração dos gases causadores do efeito estufa (GEE), nomeadamente o dióxido de carbono - CO2. O sequestro de carbono representa um desses mecanismos, uma vez que as florestas pelo processo de fotossíntese absorvem gás carbônico da atmosfera e o armazenam como biomassa. As florestas protegidas da Área de Proteção Ambiental - APA da Serra de Baturité, Ceará, foram as que motivaram a execução deste estudo, cujo objetivo foi quantificar a biomassa e o estoque de CO2, assim como avaliar a viabilidade econômica de geração de créditos de carbono em três diferentes cenários. A quantificação da biomassa aérea foi feita pelo método não destrutivo e os critérios econômicos utilizados para a avaliação foram o Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), o Valor Anual Equivalente (VAE) e a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Os resultados demostram que a floresta ombrófila da APA da Serra de Baturité sequestra em média de 84,63 tCO2 h-¹, e que de acordo com os preços e custos do mercado para o 2011, os projetos florestais para sequestro de carbono, geram valor anual equivalente a R$ 276,03 (se vendido no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo), R$ 614,55 (se vendido no mercado da Nova Zelândia) e R$ 473,42 (se vendido no mercado Over The Counter) por hectare. Infere-se, por tanto, ser economicamente viável projetos de manejo florestal sustentável da floresta ombrófila da APA da Serra de Baturité, Ceará. / Una de las mayores preocupaciones sobre el cambio climático es encontrar mecanismos para disminuir las concentraciones de los gases de efecto invernadero, principalmente el dióxido de carbono – CO2. El secuestro de carbono representa uno de esos mecanismos, una vez que los bosques, por el proceso de fotosíntesis, absorben gas carbónico de la atmosfera y lo almacenan como biomasa. El bosque protegido del Área de Protección Ambiental de la Sierra de Baturité fue lo que motivo la ejecución de este estudio, cuyo objetivo fue cuantificar la biomasa e almacenamiento de CO2 en la Sierra, así como evaluar la viabilidad económica de la generación de créditos de carbono tres diferentes escenarios. La cuantificación de la biomasa fue realizada por el método no destructivo y los criterios económicos utilizados para la evaluación fueron el Valor Actual Neto (VAN), el Valor Anual Equivalente (VAE) y la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Los resultados demostraron que el bosque húmedo de la APA de la Sierra de Baturité secuestran en promedio 84,63 tCO2 h-¹, y que de acuerdo con los precios e costos del mercado para el 2011, los proyectos forestales para el secuestro de carbono, generan un valor anual equivalente de R$ 276,03 (si se vende en el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio), R$ 614,55 (si se vende en el mercado da Nueva Zelanda) y R$ 473,42 (si se vende en el mercado Over The Counter) por hectárea. Resulta, por lo tanto, ser económicamente viable el manejo sustentable del bosque húmedo en la APA de la Sierra de Baturité, Ceará.

The revision of laws and the application of culpability to those most responsible for serious humanitarian law violations has functioned as a necessary condition for achieving peace in most post-war societies. However, there is an embarrassing silence when it comes to addressing the question of whether children are to be subjected to the principle of individual criminal responsibility. As morally controversial as it is, the question remains fundamental. Unfortunately, children have been involved in armed conflicts, as victims primarily, but not exclusively. Children are among those accused of having committed brutal and terrible international crimes in times of armed conflict when part of armed groups or armed forces. And with no consensus within the international community regarding their status within International Criminal Law — no established law within International Law and no consistent practice among states on the issue— the problem of criminal accountability of children accused of international crimes remains unanswered. The current work conducts a legal positivist analysis with the focus of investigating the contribution of the Special Court for Sierra Leone to the current debate on children’s criminal responsibility under International Criminal Law. Among significant contributions, the Statute of the Special Court brought one interesting innovation to the debate on children’s potential criminal responsibility. Juveniles starting at age fifteen would be considered viable for prosecution if among those most responsible for the Special Court, as established in Article 7.1. The above innovation translates into two essential contributions to the debate on children criminal responsibility for international crimes: first the Special Court was the first international court to elect a minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) at age fifteen to be operational within the scope of the court. Secondly, and equally important, the court reflected the position that children, after the stipulated MACR would be considered, at least a priori, viable subjects of the international criminal system.

This thesis examines the internal dynamics of the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone over the course of the civil war waged from 1991-2002. It does so in two parts, looking first at the RUF’s organizational capacity—its ability to emerge and survive as a group; and second, at its material viability—the logistics and procurement of food, weapons, and other resources required to sustain war. The RUF has become a paradigmatic case for the study of war and rebel groups in Africa. Although much has been written on the group and its violence, comparatively little is known about the inner-workings of the organization and how a largely forcibly recruited group of ill-equipped thousands managed to pose a viable threat to the state for over a decade. Through a fine-grained, case-based analysis, this study applies research on the microdynamics of violence in civil war to the structural and logistical mechanics that underpin it. Doing so contextualizes debates about resource wars, collective violence, and mobilization and onset within the RUF’s own strategies for controlling these aspects of war- making. New primary material, including rebel archive documents, describes the extensive military and civilian governance structures through which order and cohesion were established and enforced. Tracking the success and failure of these mechanisms helps explain the disconnect between rebel rhetoric and behaviour. A detailed examination of the RUF’s material capacity applies this organizational analysis to the group’s strategic priorities for survival. It reorients the resource war debate toward what actually fuels fighting on the ground. Food has long been overlooked as the primary requirement for group survival, and ammunition the basic element of military viability. These ‘low politics’ of survival explain the nature of the war and underscore the importance of shifting factors, such as territorial control, in shaping rebel behaviour. Finally, the ‘high politics’ of international arms trades and global diamond markets illumine changes in the RUF’s firepower and personalization of power, returning to the organizational failings that ultimately led to the group’s dissolution.

Magister Legum - LLM / Hybrid Courts are the latest innovation in the prosecution of international crimes after the era of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Examples include; the Extraordinary African Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, the Regulation 64 Panels in the courts of Kosovo and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. The hybrid court model at its inception was believed to be the panacea for the short comings of purely international tribunals. The characteristic location of the tribunals in the locus of the atrocities and the participation of local judicial officers alongside their international counterparts was expected to promote legitimacy and foster capacity building for conflict ravaged transitional states. Despite the criticisms of the model today, a new hybrid court has recently been inaugurated to prosecute Hissène Habré the former President of Chad, for international crimes committed during his presidency. The promulgation of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Senegal suggests that the model continues to be useful, especially for Africa. This is of particular significance since international criminal justice has lately come under attack on the continent. The on-going feud between the African Union and the International Criminal court is only the most prolific example of this. This research paper explores the dimensions of the challenges facing the legitimacy of international criminal justice in Africa and the extent to which the hybrid court model can provide a solution for them. In order to do so, the study begins by addressing the meaning of legitimacy within the African context. A general discussion of hybrid tribunals, as well as the specific manifestations of the model in Africa so far, follows. The Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Extraordinary African Chambers in the Courts of Senegal are distinguishable from each other in structure and are thus juxtaposed in order to illuminate possible improvements on the hybrid court model for the future.

ABSTRACT: This thesis tries to understand and explain the problems facing African international organizations in peacekeeping operations. The focus is on the case of the intervention by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in Ivory Coast. The analysis will also discuss, in order to permit comparative analysis, the intervention of this same organization in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea Bissau. This case study in comparative perspective can help to mitigate the disadvantage of a case study, whose main weakness is the problem of generalization from the results of one case. The literature in International Relations and peacekeeping operations is used to develop some hypotheses that we will try to test in this dissertation, specifically: the internal difficulties of international organizations; the problems of lessons learned in terms of peacekeeping operations; the balance of power between and the pursuit of the national interest by members states of the organization; the key role of international and foreign actors, such as former colonial masters, in the peace process; and finally, the problem of coordination between different actors. To answer to the research question, the dissertation will be written in the form of a story with different concentric circles. First, for the internal international organizations difficulties, we will use the functionalist approach which is one of the best theorizations of this issue. However, these internal obstacles are only the tip of the iceberg of the problem because behind the organization we have conflicts of interest between different member states and the intervention of former colonial masters that realists and the neo-marxists would anticipate. Nevertheless, these tend to emphasize more on states. As a consequence, they cannot help us to solve the huge issue of coordination between different actors. To respond to this problem, we turn to the model of multi-level governance and demonstrate its value in analysing this case. For the case of Ivory Coast, Liberia and Sierra Leone, we will use both primary and secondary literatures. However, for the case of Guinea Bissau, we will use only secondary literature. RESUME: Cette thèse vise à comprendre et à expliquer les difficultés des organisations internationales africaines dans le domaine du maintien de la paix. La question est étudiée par le moyen d’une étude de cas mais dans une perspective comparative. Car elle permet d’atténuer l’inconvénient majeur de l’étude de cas qui est la question de la généralisation. En effet, nous analyserons les difficultés de la communauté économique des États d’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) dans la gestion de la crise ivoirienne en utilisant les interventions de cette même organisation au Libéria, en Sierra Leone et en Guinée Bissau pour la comparaison à des fins d’apprentissages. La littérature en Relations internationales et sur le maintien de la paix nous a suggéré les hypothèses suivantes que nous testerons : les difficultés intrinsèques des organisations internationales; les difficultés d’apprentissage de ces mêmes organisations dans le domaine du maintien de la paix; les jeux de puissances et d’intérêt entre États membres de l’organisation internationale; la confiscation incomplète des relations internationales ouest africaines par des acteurs, des enjeux et des intérêts étrangers; enfin, il y a la difficulté de la coordination des actions entre les différents acteurs impliqués dans les processus de résolution des crises. Nous répondrons à la question de recherche en forme de récit avec des cercles concentriques. D’abord pour aborder les difficultés intrinsèques, nous convoquerons les fonctionnalistes qui ont théorisé le mieux la question des organisations internationales. Mais, on s’est vite rendu compte que ces difficultés n’étaient que la face visible de l’iceberg et que derrière l’organisation se cachent des jeux de puissances et d’intérêt, mais aussi l’ingérence des anciennes puissances coloniales que les réalistes et les néo-marxistes avaient prévues. Mais ces derniers mettent surtout l’emphase sur l’État. Ce qui ne permet pas de résoudre la lancinante question de la pluralité des acteurs, des conflits de logiques et de l’articulation des efforts des différents intervenants que l’approche de la gouvernance à paliers multiples permet de prévoir. Pour la Côte d’Ivoire, le Libéria et la Sierra Leone nous utiliserons à la fois de la littérature primaire et secondaire. Mais pour la Guinée Bissau, nous nous appuierons uniquement sur de la littérature secondaire.

Cette recherche a eu pour but de documenter et interpréter le patrimoine culturel saa (zapotèque) des Bene Ya’a/En’ne I’ya, les habitants zapotèques de la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, à partir des symboles transmis par les savoirs des weneya’a, les personnes “qui parlent avec les montagnes” et qui sont chargées des activités rituelles de leurs communautés.Les weneya’a donnent une signification à leur patrimoine culturel, à leurs lieux sacrés, à leur temps liturgique, à la vie et à la mort. En ce sens ils sont indispensables pour la transmission des valeurs culturelles et identitaires fondamentales à leurs communautés. Leurs savoirs, ainsi que leur langue dilla ya’a/tíza i’ya sont vecteurs de symboles qui s’inscrivent au sein d’une continuité culturelle du peuple saa.Ces symboles ont été étudiés à partir de deux volets: le premier est centré sur les sessions mantiques réalisées par les weneya’a et les discours rituels qu’ils prononcent en ces occasions en dilla ya’a/tíza i’ya, le second concerne le paysage sacré et sa représentation au sein de la mémoire culturelle. Les deux volets de la recherche sont considérés à partir d’une perspective historique et se présentent, en parallèle, avec l’analyse de documents mantiques datant du XVIIème siècle ainsi qu’avec la prospection archéologique du paysage sacré. L’ensemble du travail, la documentation, tout comme l’interprétation, est le fruit d’une collaboration étroite avec les habitants des communautés où ont été effectuées les recherches.Les activités mantiques sont étudiées à partir d’entretiens et de sessions divinatoires avec les weneya’a provenant des régions Xhon (Cajonos) et Le’ya (Ixtlán). Les entretiens ont permis aux weneyaa de décrire et d’expliquer le sens qu’ils donnent à leurs activités ainsi qu’à l’environnement qui les entoure. Les sessions documentées ont été réalisées dans la communauté d’Exhu’ni (Abejones) et portent une attention particulière sur les symboles représentés lors des lectures ainsi que les prières prononcées durant les sessions en tíza Exhu’ni (zapotèque d’Abejones). Les documents mantiques datant du XVIIème siècle ont été analysés dans le cadre d’un séminaire organisé avec des enseignants de la région, pour qui le dilla ya’a/tíza i’ya est la langue maternelle.Il a été observé que les activités des weneya’a ne se limitent pas à l’activité mantique, mais concernent également les pratiques rituelles dans les lieux sacrés de la communauté. L’histoire de ces lieux a été interprétée de manière pluridisciplinaire, en créant un point de jonction entre les prospections archéologiques et les savoirs des habitants. Pour y parvenir, la signification de ces lieux dans la mémoire culturelle a été étudiée grâce aux explications des weneya’a, les narrations, les rituels qui y sont effectués ainsi que les discours liturgiques qui les accompagnent.Les recherches qui y sont réalisées permettent de contextualiser historiquement les savoirs des weneya’a, les inscrivant dans une continuité culturelle avec les témoignages historiques et archéologiques des Bene Saa, le peuple zapotèque. De plus, elles présentent de manière manifeste leur rôle comme protecteurs de leur patrimoine. Les weneyaa portent et préservent en leur mémoire la signification des symboles de leur culture, de leur paysage sacré, de leur patrimoine matériel et immatériel. Ils sont donc indispensables pour la revitalisation culturelle et identitaire de leurs communautés. Enfin, la méthodologie appliquée pour ce travail présente une approche centrée sur les citoyens et axée sur leur engagement communautaire pour la reconstruction de leur histoire. / Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

"Whereas victims of ordinary crimes such as theft, robbery, assault or murder find it easier to obtain redress, victims of the most serious violatons such as war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity receive less attention insofar as their redress is concerned. Apart from some exceptional cases where victims of serious human rights abuses had their right to redress vindicated, there has not been an effective and comprehensive way of redressing victims of gross human rights violations. In Africa for instance, victims' redress in post-Apartheid South Africa and post-genocide Rwanda have been problematic. Thus, it is meaningful investigating how effectively the victims' right to reparation can be implemented in case of gross and systematic human rights violations. Preliminary to the above interrogation are questions such as: what are gross and systematic human rights violations? What are international standards regarding redress for the victims of such abuses? The case studies of Sierra Leone and the DRC will be closely analysed as an empirical foundation for these questions. ... This study consists of five chapters. Chapter one draws the context in which the study emerges. It provides the foundation and the structure of the dissertation. Chapter two outlines the legal framework that is relevant for answering the questions raised by this study. It explores international human rights standards regarding reparation of vicitms of gross and systematic violations. Chapter three analyses the implementation of victims' reparation in the context of Sierra Leone. It confronts Sierra Leonean responses to war victims with international standards on victims' reparation. Chapter four analyses victims' situation in the post-conflict Democratic Republic of Congo and draws lessons from the Sierra Leonean experience. Chapter five sums up findings of the study." -- Introduction. / Prepared under the supervision of Professor Alejandro Lorite Escorihuela at the Department of Law, American University in Cairo, Egypt / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The difficulty of transforming war economies into peace economies has become increasingly problematic in the search for long-term peace and stability in Africa. In many African countries such as Sierra Leone, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, conflict actors have created distinct war economies in order to maintain the conflict in these countries. The enduring nature of the war economies presents a unique challenge to actors involved in ensuring that peace returns to a country by applying a peacebuilding strategy. The economic environment during a conflict has a vast influence on a post-conflict economy and a post-conflict reconstruction strategy. Although post-war rebuilding occurred during the reconstruction of Europe and Japan after the Second World War, the terms "post-conflict peacebuilding" and "post-conflict reconstruction" have only came to prominence during the mid-1990s. Using the case study of Sierra Leone, this study explores the challenge of war economies and its impact on post-conflict reconstruction. Sierra Leone presents an appealing case study as the country experienced a very profitable war economy during the armed conflict in the country between 1991 and 2002, and continues to struggle to transform this war economy into a peace economy. The case study of Sierra Leone is well researched, however, most studies focus on the conflict period, and only briefly look at the post-conflict period. In addition, discussions of post-conflict reconstruction in Sierra Leone have failed to adequately address the challenges presented by the war economy. This study uses existing analyses about the war economy in Sierra Leone, and links these to the current post-conflict reconstruction strategy, focusing specifically on the economic dimension. Therefore, this study represents a departure from traditional approaches to exploring war economies because it considers the direct impact these economic systems have on the process of post-conflict reconstruction. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

VOVES, Petr. Úloha Světové zdravotnické organizace v případu epidemie viru eboly na území západní Afriky v roce 2014. Praha, 2017. 95 s. Diplomová práce (Mgr.) Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut politologických studií. Katedra mezinárodních vztahů. Vedoucí diplomové práce PhDr. Irah Kučerová, Ph.D. Abstract The M.A. thesis deals with the World Health Organization's response to the outbreak of the ebola virus disease in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone in 2014. The spread of the disease is mapped from its very beginning at the end of December 2013 until the creation of UNMEER in September 2014, which was the first international medical mission ever created by UN Security Council. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the particular problems, which limit WHO's role in a timely and effective response to the public health threats of international concern (PHEIC) under the reformed International Health Regulations (IHR). The response of WHO representatives to the spread of the disease is evaluated taking into account the available material and competence capacities of the organization as well as its previous practice in this field. The specific misconduct of WHO representatives is explained in the context of longstanding WHO's problems, which are mainly linked to the vertical fragmentation...

This ethnographic study investigates the experiences of those learning tailoring and trading in Freetown, Sierra Leone via apprenticeships, other on-the-job training or Technical and Vocational Education and Training programs (TVET). I examine these forms of occupational training by investigating the practices underway, how knowledge transmission occurs, as well as why learners engage with and what they get out of these activities. I consider how the job learners utilise occupational training as a manner of increasing social, cultural and economic capital in Bourdieu's sense of those terms to navigate the urban labour market.     I find that the learners aspire fundamentally to social mobility and a sense of self-worth. To achieve this, they use four main tactics: flexibility, reframing, co-operation and diligence. However, I find all tactics are developed in response to greatly circumscribed opportunities to obtain a good and stable income, and increased social status, due to structural inequality. Local political neoliberal discourse on youth unemployment emphasising diligence, belies these inequities and the limited ways in which social mobility is within the individual’s control. Hence, I argue, a focus on training without addressing structural inequality is inadequate.     As the training usually does not lead to paid and reliable employment, I argue it serves more fundamentally as a form of moral education and a vehicle for personal and social development. I argue it helps develop certain personal moral traits and alleviate society's concern about immoral "idle youth". Further, that it helps develop what I term resilience capital; that is, the hard-working and stubborn disposition developed by reframing previous experiences of adversity, which may later assist the individual in acquiring other forms of capital.     Although not its main focus, this study also seeks to contribute to academic scholarship through developing our understanding of knowledge transmission. I find that the process of knowledge transmission is fundamentally social and shaped by hierarchy, subjective positions of power, the inculcation of moral and ethical values, and more dependent for success on various forms of capital than it might at first appear.