Studien behandlar och beskriver dels hur tolkar upplever att taltolka hörande personer som använder teckenspråk, dels hur hörande personer som använder teckenspråk upplever att bli taltolkade. Två fokusgrupper fick berätta om sina erfarenheter av denna företeelse; teckenspråkstolkar i en grupp och hörande teckenspråkiga i en annan grupp. Genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys identifierades fem teman med de viktigaste aspekterna i frågan. Dessa teman var: 1. Hörandes val av språk i tolkade sammanhang 2. Strategier för att hantera att bli taltolkad 3. Tolkens språkliga utmaningar 4. Ett gott samarbete är avgörande 5. CEFR – självbedömning är svårt. Genom dessa teman framkom att taltolkning av hörande är ett komplext fenomen som kräver särskild hantering. Ett väl utarbetat samarbete är en stor fördel och underlättar tolkens arbete. Det krävs också god kännedom om anledningen till att hörande ibland väljer att teckna i tolkade sammanhang. Det gör att tolken kan slappna av och koncentrera sig på tolkuppdraget. God insikt hos hörande gällande sin teckenspråkskompetens är också eftersträvansvärt. Vanan av att bli taltolkad underlättar situationen eftersom hörande då utarbetar strategier för att tåla att parallellt med den egna produktionen höra taltolkningen. / This study examines interpreters’ experiences of interpreting hearing signers into spoken language and describes the phenomenon of being the hearing person who signs in these interpreted contexts. Two focus groups were given the chance to share their stories about the situation - one group of sign language interpreters and one group of hearing signers. Through content analysis five themes were identified concerning the most important aspects. 1. Hearing persons’ choice of language in an interpreted situation 2. Strategies to manage being interpreted into spoken language 3. The interpreters’ linguistic challenges 4. Good cooperation is vital 5. CEFR- self-evaluation is hard. These themes revealed that giving voice to hearing signers is a complex phenomenon requiring special management. Well developed cooperation is an advantage and facilitates the interpreters work. Good knowledge about the reasons why hearing signers choose to sign makes it easier for the interpreters to relax and concentrate on the task. Hearing people need to have good understanding of their language proficiency as well as being accustomed to and develop strategies for managing to hear the interpreters voice over.

Den här studien behandlar fenomenet tolkspråk – tanken om att tolkat språk skiljer sig från icke-tolkat språk. Översättningsvetenskapen och dess motsvarighet översättarspråk har utgjort en stor inspirationskälla till arbetet, då forskningen kommit längre där. Ett forskningsområde behandlar så kallade översättningsuniversalier – universella regler eller lagar för hur översatt språk ser ut. En av dessa lagar kallas för normalisering. I studien undersöks om normalisering är applicerbart även på teckenspråkstolkning, med utgångspunkt i påståendet att normalisering kan vara synligt i översatt text som en överrepresentation av typiska målspråksdrag. För att undersöka detta har två jämförbara korpusar använts, dels Svensk teckenspråkskorpus (SSLC) med icke-tolkade teckenspråkstexter, dels Korpus för simultantolkade teckenspråkstexter (KST) med tolkade teckenspråkstexter. Det typiska, teckenspråkiga drag som valts för undersökningen är det tecken som glosas KOPPLA. Förekomsten av tecknet i de båda korpusarna har undersökts för att kunna upptäcka en eventuell överrepresentation i KST. Resultaten visar att KOPPLA mycket riktigt är överrepresenterat i KST, men att det är svårt att generalisera på grund av flera begränsande faktorer. / This essay is concerned with the subject of interpretese – the idea that interpreted language differs from non-interpreted language. Within translation studies, the corresponding term is translationese, and this essay draws upon much of the research in this field, as it is more developed. One particular area of research into translationese revolves around so called translation universals, or universal features of translation. They could be described as rules or laws that define translated language. One of those universals is called normalisation. This essay seeks to answer if normalisation also exists in Sign Language interpreting, with reference to exaggeration of typical target language patterns. Two comparable corpora were used, Swedish Sign Language Corpus (SSLC) with non-interpreted Sign Language texts, and Korpus för simultantolkade teckenspråkstexter (KST) with interpreted Sign Language texts. The typical target language pattern that was chosen for the investigation is the Swedish sign KOPPLA. Instances of the sign were investigated in both corpora, to spot any exaggeration in KST. The results show that KOPPLA is in fact overrepresented in KST, but that one should be careful to generalize, as several limiting factors were at play.

(in English): The aim of this work is analysing a level of communicative competency in the czech sign language of deaf pupils. The theoretical part of this work discusses the issue of bilingual communication and bilingual education of deaf pupils, the czech sign language, the ontogeny of its development and educational content at bilingual primary schools in the Czech Republic. A quantitative survey observes communicative competencies of pupils with hard hearing impairment in the czech sign language in 3 batteries of non-standardized tests developed for language area of sign vocabulary, understanding and expression. The results were evaluated for pupils from deaf and from hearing families and it pointed to significant differences in the category of understanding and expression of the czech sign language. The survey also showed s positive correlation between sign vocabulary and understanding together with expression in the czech sign language. Key words: bilingual communication, bilingual education, czech sign language, communicative competency, deaf pupil, ontogeny of sign langure, severe hearing defekt

L’histoire de la pensée des signes se caractérise par une oscillation entre définition large et étroite de son objet. Le XVIIe siècle constitue par rapport à cette histoire une période charnière, marquée par la tendance à une conception particularisante du signe, qui exclut en particulier que les idées puissent être considérées sous cette notion. Mais ce retour ne se fait pas de façon homogène. C’est en effet à cette époque qu’apparaît, au sein de la scolastique tardive, un débat majeur autour de la définition du signe, qui se formalise par l’introduction, au sein des traditionnelles taxinomies, de la division entre ‘signum formale’, qui fait écho à la tendance médiévale à inclure les concepts sous le terme de ‘signes’, et ‘signum instrumentale’, qui correspond à une définition qui remonte à Augustin, et selon laquelle le signe est exclusivement sensible, et strictement différent de la chose signifiée. Cette thèse retrace les termes de ce débat scolastique tardif à partir du commentaire au Peri Hermeneias de Sebastião do Couto, afin de montrer que le XVIIe siècle se caractérise globalement par un retour à une conception strictement instrumentale du signe, qui se libère toutefois de la référence augustinienne qui lui avait donné lieu. Se démarquant de la voie qui avait fait de la Logique de Port-Royal le texte paradigmatique de la pensée sémiotique de l’Age classique, on montrera ainsi que celle-ci se définit par une translatio, visible surtout chez Bayle, Gassendi, et Hobbes, d’un modèle linguistico-psychologique à une sémiotique régie par le paradigme du signe naturel, emblématique d’une mutation de la logique désormais ordonnée au modèle de la physique. / All along its history, semiotic has oscillated between a large and a narrow definition of its object. The 17th century is, in this regard, a pivotal period, with a trend towards a narrower construal of the term ‘sign’, which, for most authors of that time,does not apply anymore to concepts and ideas. This move however is not an homogeneous one. The first half of the century witnesses, among late scholasticism, to an important debate about the definition of ‘sign’, stirred by the introduction, among traditional taxonomies, of the division between ‘signum formale’ and ‘signum instrumentale’. The former echoed the medieval inclusion of concepts under the category of ‘signs’. The latter matches the definition of Augustine, according to which the sign is exclusively sensible and strictly different from the thing signified. The reconstruction of the terms of this late scholastic debate, which originates in Sebastião do Couto’s commentary on Peri Hermeneias, shows that the 17th century authors have tended to return to a strictly instrumental conception of signs, but one from which the traditionnal Augustinian reference is absent. In contrast with the rather common interpretation according to which the definition of signs to be found in the Port-Royal’s Logic offered the new paradigm for representation, this works argues that the semiotic thought of this period is better defined as a translatio, especially visible among Bayle, Gassendi and Hobbes, from a linguistico-pschychological model to a natural semiotics, emblematic of a new logic that has been submitted to physical science.

This thesis presents design and development of a gesture recognition system to recognize finger spelling American Sign Language hand gestures. We developed this solution using the latest deep learning technique called convolutional neural networks. This system uses blink detection to initiate the recognition process, Convex Hull-based hand segmentation with adaptive skin color filtering to segment hand region, and a convolutional neural network to perform gesture recognition. An ensemble of four convolutional neural networks are trained with a dataset of 25254 images for gesture recognition and a feedback unit called head pose estimation is implemented to validate the correctness of predicted gestures. This entire system was developed using Python programming language and other supporting libraries like OpenCV, Tensor flow and Dlib to perform various image processing and machine learning tasks. This entire application can be deployed as a web application using Flask to make it operating system independent.

The thesis deals with traffic sign detection and recongnition in the urban environment and outside the town. A precondition for implementation of the system is built-in camera, usually in a car rear-view mirror. The camera scans the scene before the vehicle. The image data are transfered to the connected PC, where the data are transformation to information and evalutations. If the sign was detected the system is visually warned the driver. For a successful goal is divided into four separate blocks. The first part is the preparing of the image data. There are color segmentation with knowledge of color combination traffic signs in Czech Republic. Second part is deals with shape detection in segmentation image. Part number three is deals with recognition of inner pictogram and its finding in the image database. The final part is the visual output of displaying founded traffic signs. The thesis has been prepader so as to ensure detection of all relevant traffic signs in three basic color combinations according to existing by Decree of Ministry of Transport of Czech Republic. The result is the source code for the program MATLAB. .

<div>The study focused on creating and proposing a model that could accurately and precisely predict the occurrence of an American Sign Language gesture for an alphabet in the English Language</div><div>using the You Only Look Once (YOLOv3) Algorithm. The training dataset used for this study was custom created and was further divided into clusters based on the uniqueness of the ASL sign.</div><div>Three diverse clusters were created. Each cluster was trained with the network known as darknet. Testing was conducted using images and videos for fully trained models of each cluster and</div><div>Average Precision for each alphabet in each cluster and Mean Average Precision for each cluster was noted. In addition, a Word Builder script was created. This script combined the trained models, of all 3 clusters, to create a comprehensive system that would create words when the trained models were supplied</div><div>with images of alphabets in the English language as depicted in ASL.</div>

Radka Těšínská Lomičková: Cistercian and Benedictine Sign Language in the Middle Age Sign language is an important communication phenomenon that has existed for a thousand years. In medieval monasteries signs were used to enable simple communication of messages when rules of silence forbade monks from speaking. This thesis concentrates on a study of sign language communication in Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries during the Middle Ages. In doing so it describes the history of sign language in Europe between the 10th and 15th centuries. Furthermore it shows that sign language was not only used in the center of the order but in the Czech Republic as well. This thesis provides a detailed discussion of sign lexicons which are similar to a monolingual dictionary and are the basic and central source of information about each language. Lexicons contain words and short descriptions of how to make each hand sign. A careful analysis of one particular sign lexicon, called Siquis (which was used in Central Europe in the 15th century), reveals new information about daily life in medieval monasteries. The primary focus of the Siquis lexicon was liturgy, food and drink, utensils, persons, and activities. This thesis concentrates on both singular words and on the description of the signs in the lexicons....

Los estudios sobre la interpretación de señas han estado principalmente enfocados en la comprensión teórica de la especialidad (Napier, 2004; Janzen 2005; Bontempo, 2015), por lo que existe un vacío en cuanto a trabajos de corte empírico. En Perú, dicho vacío se refleja en la ausencia de centros educativos de nivel superior que expidan un título que acredite la especialidad. Por ello, en esta investigación reconstruimos los procesos que conforman la trayectoria profesional y laboral de cinco intérpretes de señas peruanos, fundadores de la Asociación de Intérpretes y Guías de Intérpretes de Lengua de Señas del Perú (ASISEP), para comprender sus perfiles sobre la base de su desarrollo y ejercicio profesionales a través del tiempo. Tras aplicar entrevistas semiestructuradas, concluimos que los participantes debieron complementar su aprendizaje experiencial inicial con capacitación internacional para lograr ejercer profesionalmente. Esperamos que este estudio sirva de referencia a la comunidad de intérpretes interesada en el campo de la lengua de señas: / Studies on sign language interpretation have been historically centered around theoretical comprehension (Napier, 2004; Janzen 2005; Bontempo, 2015), which has left a gap in empirical research on the subject. In Peru, this discrepancy is reflected on a lack of higher education institutions accredited to award degrees in this field. In our research, we delved into the processes that have shaped the study and career paths of five Peruvian sign language interpreters, founders of the Asociación de Intérpretes y Guías de Intérpretes de Lengua de Señas del Perú (ASISEP) (Proposal: the Sign Language Interpreters Association of Peru); our goal was to better understand their profiles based on their professional development and practice through time. We found, through a series of semi-structured interviews, that participants had had to complement their initial learning experience with additional international training in order to work professionally. It is our aim that this study be of use as a reference for the interpreting community interested in the field of sign language. / Tesis

This diploma thesis deals with the education and communication of students with hearing impairment with a focus on the analysis of the level of understanding of information in sign language for students of special secondary schools for the hearing impaired. The theoretical part presents important concepts in this area, such as the definition of communication and communication options for the hearing impaired, as well as educational opportunities for the hearing impaired from a preschool level to a university and last but not least sign languages, their research in the world and Czech sign language as a native language of people with hearing impairment in the Czech Republic. The empirical part describes the research, which was conducted on 65 probands - high school students of the special school for students with a hearing impairment. The research is focused on the differences in the level of understanding of groups of students according to their identification data and also examined whether comprehension is affected by the complexity of the information transmitted (i.e. whether information at the level of ordinary conversation is better understood than a professional information). The research survey was of a qualitative nature and the main research method was a non-standardized questionnaire...