The newfound capability of creating moisture sensitive interference multilayered thin films (MLTFs) comprising microfibrillated cellulose and polymers has not previously been possible to implement on surfaces other than silicon wafer strips. Being able to incorporate interference MLTFs on fibre-based materials would introduce the possibility for new applications within authentication, sensing and customer attraction for the paper and packaging industry. By using trichloro (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyl) silane we were able to hydrophobically modify silicon substrates, enabling interference MLTF lift-off and thus the creation of free-standing MLTFs of approximately 400 nm thickness. Contact dried MLTFs approximately 250 nm thick, were successfully transferred to copy- and filter paper as well as to cellulose-based dialysis membranes. We can also report on the successful synthesis of interference MLTFs directly on a fibre composite material and on aluminium. Initial tests of a method to quantify the pull-off conditions of the MLTFs from the fluorinated surfaces using the Micro Adhesion Measurement Apparatus showed promising results.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROGER HOEL BELLO.pdf: 5998739 bytes, checksum: 0b20c26be8ef42194c531db9839d0937 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Enhancing the thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of epoxy resin with use of carbon-based nanoparticles there must be a good dispersion in the resin and interfacial interaction with the polymer matrix. Thus, the chemical functionalization incorporates functional groups on their surface which can improve both problems. The silanization has been preferred in the process of functionalization of nanoparticles, succeeding in enhancing the properties of nanocomposites. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of the silanization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes MWCNT and graphene nanoplatelets with organosilane (3-APTES) in the final properties of epoxy nanocomposites. Thus, both nanoparticles were oxidized with a sulfonitric mixture (3:1 by volume) and silanized with the organosilane (3-APTES). To evaluate the effects of the chemical functionalization in thermal, mechanical and electrical properties, nanocomposites containing MWCNT or graphene nanoplatelets at two different concentrations of pristine, oxidized and silanized nanoparticles (0.15 and 0.5% v/v) were prepared by polymerization in situ, without using solvents. The functionalizations were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The thermal properties were analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), the mechanical by instrumented nanoindentation and the electrical Impedance Spectroscopy. The XPS technique showed the successfully silanization on the the nanoparticles surface that was studied. Regarding the thermal properties, the addition of pristine and functionalized MWCNT or graphene nanoplatelets did not show significant variations, but increased the mobility of polymer chains in the matrix decreasing the values for the glass transition temperature (Tg) compared to pure resin. Increases in stiffness and ductility of the material were obtained when oxidized graphene nanoplatelets were added in the matrix. When was added 0.15% by volume of oxidized graphene nanoplateletes, the modulus of elasticity increased approximately 83%, whereas 0.50% by volume increased greater than 88% compared to the pure resin. Increasing of ductility was reached increasing volume fraction of 0.15 to 0.50% by volume when those nanoparticles were added into the resin, due to the approximately 10% of decreasing the values of nanohardness. The formation of percolating networks has been achieved only by pristine MWCNT with at a concentration of 0.50% by volume. As for the graphene nanoplatelets were added only when silanized graphene nanoplateletes at a concentration of 0.15% by volume, but for both nanoparticles were observed conductivities on the order of 10-7 S/m for frequencies near 100 Hz. / A alteração de propriedades térmicas, mecânicas e elétricas de uma resina epoxídica após a adição de nanopartículas alotrópicas de carbono depende da concentração, orientação, tipo de partícula, seu estado de dispersão e interação destas com a matriz. A funcionalização química pode auxiliar na melhoria de ambos os problemas, com a incorporação de grupos funcionais na superfície, paredes e pontas das nanopartículas. Assim, a silanização tem sido usada em processos de funcionalização química dos nanoreforços, tendo êxito no auxílio à melhoria das propriedades finais dos nanocompósitos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da silanização com o organosilano 3-APTES em nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (NTCPM) e nanoplateletes de grafeno nas propriedades finais dos nanocompósitos produzidos com a matriz epoxídica. Para isto, ambas as nanopartículas foram oxidadas com uma mistura sulfonítrica (3:1 em volume) e silanizadas com o organosilano (3-APTES). Para avaliar os efeitos das funcionalizações nas propriedades térmicas, mecânicas e elétricas, nanocompósitos contendo NTCPM ou nanoplateletes de grafeno em duas diferentes concentrações das nanopartículas pristine, oxidadas e silanizadas (0,15 e 0,5% v/v) foram preparados pela técnica de polimerização in situ, sem a utilização de solventes. As nanopartículas funcionalizadas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espectroscopia de energia dispersa (EDS), difração de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia de fotoelétrons por raios-X (XPS) e espectroscopia Raman. As propriedades térmicas foram analisadas por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), as mecânicas por nanoindentação instrumentada e, as elétricas por espectroscopia de impedância. A técnica de caracterização por XPS comprovou o êxito da silanização na superfície das nanopartículas estudadas. Em relação às propriedades térmicas, a adição de NTCPM ou nanoplateletes de grafeno pristine e funcionalizadas não apresentaram variações significativas, porém aumentaram a mobilidade das cadeias poliméricas da matriz, resultando no decréscimo da temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) em relação à resina pura. Aumentos na rigidez e ductilidade do nanocompósito foram alcançados quando foram adicionados nanoplateletes de grafeno oxidados na matriz. A adição de 0,15% v/v desta nanopartícula foi observado um aumento de aproximadamente 83% para o módulo de elasticidade, enquanto que 0,50% v/v este aumento foi maior que 88% em relação à resina pura. Foi alcançado aumento da ductilidade com o incremento da fração volumétrica de 0,15 para 0,50% v/v destas nanopartículas, devido ao decréscimo dos valores da nanodureza em aproximadamente 10%. A formação de redes de percolação foi alcançada apenas com a adição de NTCPM pristine para concentração de 0,50% em volume. Enquanto que para os nanoplateletes de grafeno, este fenômeno foi observado apenas quando foram adicionados nanoplateletes de grafeno silanizadas na concentração de 0,15% em volume. Entretanto, para ambas as nanopartículas foram observados valores de condutividade na ordem de 10-7 S/m para frequências próximas a 100Hz.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sara F Da Costa.pdf: 4048373 bytes, checksum: 81bb7b57c2e425cdcfcc5039f74fae1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The change of mechanical properties of epoxy resins after the addition of nanoparticles (f. ex. graphite oxide) depends on its concentration, state of dispersion and interaction with the polymer matrix. To improve dispersion and avoid agglomeration of the GO nanoplatelets, due to van der Waals interactions, these nanoparticles can be functionalized using organosilanes as coupling agents. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of functionalization of graphite oxide by 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane in the final properties of nanocomposites of epoxy matrix DGEBA with OG and OGS. The functionalized nanoparticles and nanoparticles without functionalization were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, CHN elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction. The presence of silicon on the surface of OG was confirmed by analysis of energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy along with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the functionalization GO with GLYMO by rise of new bands assigned to the Si-O-C bond. Images from scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that nanoplatelets OG were clustered and after functionalization with silane the nanoplateletes were exfoliated, indicating larger interaction with the epoxy matrix. The dispersion of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix was also studied by microscopy and spectroscopy techniques where noted that the functionalized nanoparticles were well dispersed. To evaluate the effect of the nanoparticles in the mechanical properties, nanocomposites containing 0.1 ,0.25, 0.5 e 1.0 wt% were prepared by in situ polymerization techniques, with the use of a solvent for better dispersion. It was observed that the addition of GO nanoparticles decrease the modulus of elasticity relative to the epoxy resin, and nanocomposites containing 0.25% and 1.0 wt% presented the highest stress decreases. For nanocomposites with GO nanoparticles silanized (GOS) a linear increase of the modulus of elasticity with the mass fraction and maximum stress higher than the epoxy resin and GO nanocomposites was observed, except OGS 1.0wt%, where the maximum stress is lower than of the epoxy resin, which is explained by the existence of larger agglomerates. Thus, the silanized GO provided a more homogeneous dispersion and larger interaction with the epoxy matrix when compared to the GO. / A alteração das propriedades mecânicas da resina epoxídica após a adição de nanopartículas de óxido de grafite (OG) depende da concentração, de seu estado de dispersão e da interação com a matriz polimérica. O OG pode formar aglomerados na matriz polimérica devido às interações de van der Waals e, para melhorar a dispersão e distribuição do mesmo na matriz polimérica pode ser feita a funcionalização utilizando agentes de acoplamento, como os organosilanos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da funcionalização via silanização do óxido de grafite pelo organosilano 3-glicidoxipropiltrimetoxisilano nas propriedades finais de nanocompósitos de matriz epoxídica DGEBA com OG e OGS. As nanopartículas com e sem funcionalização foram caracterizadas por técnicas de espectroscopia e microscopia, análise elementar CHN e difração de raios-X. A presença de silício na superfície do OG foi confirmada pela análise de espectroscopia de energia dispersiva e a análise de espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier juntamente com a análise de espectroscopia de fotoelétrons por raios-X confirmou a funcionalização do OG com o GLYMO através do surgimento de novas bandas atribuídas à ligação Si-O-C. As imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura de efeito de campo e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão mostraram que nanoplateletes de OG se apresentavam mais empacotados e após a funcionalização com o silano os nanoplateletes estavam esfoliados, indicando maior interação com a matriz epoxídica. A dispersão das nanopartículas na matriz polimérica foi também estudada por técnicas de microscopia e espectroscopia onde se observou que as nanopartículas funcionalizadas estavam mais bem dispersas. Para avaliar o efeito das nanopartículas com e sem funcionalização nas propriedades mecânicas, nanocompósitos contendo 0,1; 0,25; 0,5 e 1,0% (m/m) de nanopartículas foram preparados pelas técnicas de polimerização in situ , com a utilização de solvente para melhorar a dispersão. Foi observado que a adição das nanopartículas de OG diminuiu o módulo de elasticidade e a tensão máxima à tração em relação à resina epoxídica, e que nanocompósitos contendo 0,25% e 1,0% apresentaram as maiores diminuições de tensão. Para os nanocompósitos com as nanopartículas de óxido de grafite silanizado foi observado um aumento linear no módulo de elasticidade com o aumento da porcentagem mássica e apresentaram tensão máxima maior que da resina e dos nanocompósitos com OG, com exceção da porcentagem mássica de OGS 1,0%, onde a tensão máxima foi menor do que a tensão da resina epóxi, o que é explicado pela existência de aglomerados maiores. Assim, o OG silanizado proporcionou uma dispersão mais homogênea e assim, maior interação com a matriz epoxídica quando comparado ao OG.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2947874 bytes, checksum: bb1bd216bbd80095b5f6ccc608473e9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The sodium montmorillonite-KSF (KSF-Na+) was organically modified by intercalation reactions, ion exchange and silanization using amines and amino silanes. The solids were characterized by various techniques of X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis (CHN), thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance of 29Si and 13C. The solid chlorinated indicated the immobilization of 0.97 mmolg-1 of chlorine in the matrix KSF-Na+. The reaction of the solid precursor and chlorinated with diamines in aqueous solution and without solvent was more efficient with the molecule of ethylenediamine. Substrates containing a silanized aminosilanos with two nitrogens indicated 1.47 and 1.13 mmolg-1 groups immobilized on the matrix KSF-Na+, respectively. For reactions with increasing chain diamines (H2N ((CH2) nNH2) where n = 8, 9, 10 and 12) it was realized that nonildiamina showed better incorporation into the matrix KSF-Na+. The synthesis of solid dodecylamine saw the entry of a 2,12 mmolg-1 of organic groups, and the matrix applied to the retention of copper ions (II) with values of 115.0, 80.06, 71.16 and 62.26 mg g-1 at 303, 308, 313 and 318 K, respectively. For diamines (H2N ((CH2) nNH2) where n = 8, 9, 10 and 12) there was protonated by the set of characterizations the effectiveness of the reactions. The solid containing protonated dodecylamine (KSF-C12N+) was applied to the adsorption of the dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R 303, 313 and 323 K, other words, the adsorptive process followed the pseudo second order model. The maximum retention capacities were 27.28, 28.84 and 31.87 mg/g at temperatures of 303, 313 and 323 K, respectively, and the process is adjusted to the Langmuir model. / A montmorillonita-KSF sódica (KSF-Na+) foi organicamente modificada por reações de intercalação, silanização e troca iônica utilizando aminas e silanos aminados. Os diversos sólidos foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de difratometria de raio-X, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, análise elementar (CHN), termogravimetria, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e ressonância magnética nuclear de 29Si e 13C. O sólido clorado indicou a imobilização de 0,97 mmolg-1 de cloro na matriz KSF-Na+. A reação do sólido precursor e clorado com as diaminas em meio aquoso e sem solvente foi mais eficiente com a molécula do etilenodiamino. Os suportes silanizados com aminosilanos contendo um e dois nitrogênios indicaram 1,47 e 1,13 mmolg-1 de grupos imobilizados na matriz KSF-Na+, respectivamente. Para as reações com diaminas de cadeia crescente (H2N ((CH)nNH2) onde n= 8, 9, 10 e 12) percebeu-se que nonildiamina apresentou melhor incorporação na matriz KSF-Na+. A síntese do sólido com dodecilamina houve a entrada de 2,12 mmolg-1 de grupos orgânicos, sendo a matriz aplicada na retenção de íons de cobre (II) cujos valores foram de 115,0; 80,06; 71,16 e 62,26 mg g-1 a 303, 308, 313 e 318 K, respectivamente. Para as diaminas (H2N ((CH)nNH2) onde n= 8, 9, 10 e 12) protonadas observou-se pelo conjunto de caracterizações a efetividade das reações. O sólido contendo dodecilamina protonada (KSF-C12N+) foi aplicado na adsorção do corante azul de remazol RN a 303, 313 e 323 K, ou seja, o processo adsortivo seguiu o modelo de pseudo segunda ordem. As capacidades máximas de retenção foram de 27,28; 28,84 e 31,87 mg/g nas temperaturas de 303, 313 e 323 K, respectivamente e o processo se ajustou ao modelo de Langmuir.

Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent dans un projet de développement d’un Lab-On-Chip destiné à la biodétection. Les plateformes conçues sont basées sur des circuits optiques intégrés sur niobate de lithium. La particularité de ces circuits est qu’ils intègrent le phénomène d’interférence à la fonction de guidage des ondes lumineuses.La fonction d’interférométrie est assurée grâce à une cavité Fabry-Pérot intégrée à un guide d’onde rectiligne et à une structure Mach-Zehnder. Lorsque la surface des supports de ces circuits est bio-fonctionnalisée, ces microsystèmes deviennent sensibles à des molécules cibles. Cette sensibilité se traduit par une variation de l’indice effectifde l’onde en propagation par couplage évanescent modifiant ainsi les conditions de résonance du résonateur Fabry-Pérot. Le vrai challenge de ce travail réside essentiellement dans la bio-fonctionnalisation du niobate de lithium.A notre connaissance, ce matériau favori en optique guidée grâce à ses propriétés physiques exceptionnelles n’a été que rarement sujet à des modifications chimiques de surface. L’implantation réussie de groupements fonctionnels amines à la surface de ce matériau a permis de générer un lien covalent entre ce support et les groupements fonctionnels des molécules sondes. En raison de la grande affinité entre l’avidine et la biotine, ce couple a servi de modèle pour la mise au point de ces bio-capteurs. Un suivi en temps réel des interactions à la surface était rendu possible par une expérimentation sur l’un des bio-capteurs. / The work of this thesis is part of a project of a Lab-On-Chip development intended for biosensing. The de-signed platforms are based on integrated optical circuits on lithium niobate. The peculiarity of these circuits isthat they incorporate the phenomenon of interference with the function of guiding light waves. The interferometricfunction is provided by a Fabry-Perot cavity embedded in a straight waveguide and a Mach-Zehnder structure.When the surface of these circuits substrates is biofunctionalized, these microsystems become sensitive to targetmolecules. This sensitivity results in a variation of the effective index of the propagation wave by evanescent cou-pling and modifying the resonance conditions of the Fabry-Perot resonator. The real challenge of this work liesin the biofunctionalization of lithium niobate. To our knowledge, this guided optics favorite material thanks toits exceptional physical properties has been hitherto rarely subject to chemical surface modifications. Successfulimplementation of amino functions on the surface of this material has generating a covalent bond between thissubstrate and the functional groups of the probe molecules. Due to the high affinity between avidin and biotin, thiscouple served as a model for the development of biosensors. A real-time monitoring of surface interactions wasmade possible by experimentation on one of biosensors.

L’étude proposée est une étude préliminaire en vue d’utiliser des microrésonateurs en silicium fonctionnalisé en vue de la détection électromécanique d’espèces biologiques présentes à l’état de trace. Deux aspects ont été principalement étudiés : la capture ultra-sensible mais aussi la capture ultra-spécifique d’espèces biologiques comme des marqueurs pour la maladie d’Alzheimer. Elle a été effectuée dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre le département MINASYS (Micro et Nano-Système) de l’Institut d’Electronique Fondamental (IEF) et le Laboratoire Protéines et Nanotechnologies en Sciences Séparatives de la Faculté de Pharmacie de Châtenay-Malabry.Il s’est ainsi s’agit de développer un micro-résonateur en silicium intégrant des canaux enterrés permettant la circulation d’un fluide biologique à l’intérieur de la poutre et non à l’extérieur comme ils le sont plus couramment, et ce, dans le but de limiter au maximum l’amortissement du résonateur. En ce qui concerne les aspects en biologie, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement interessé à la détection d’un bio-marqueur de la maladie d’Alzheimer, le peptide amyloïde Aβ1-42. Jusqu’à présent, le dépistage de la maladie nécessite une concentration suffisamment importante de bio-marqueurs et le recours à une ponction du liquide céphalorachidien après l’apparition des symptômes de la maladie est donc nécessaire. Le microsystème présenté ici permettra de nous approcher d’un système capable de détecter des traces de biomarqueurs présentes dans le sang ou l’urine par exemple. Ainsi, dans un premier temps, nous avons mis au point un mode de détection précoce du peptide Aβ1-42 couplant un canal micro-fluidique et la microscopie à fluorescence. La surface des canaux en silicium doit être fonctionnalisée afin de permettre le greffage spécifique des antigènes. Pour cela, nous avons mis au point une technique s’appuyant sur la reconnaissance spécifique anticorps-antigène, celle-ci nécessitant une étape préalable de fonctionnalisation chimique de surface.Le manuscrit présenté ici s’articule en quatre parties principales. Dans un premier temps, une étude bibliographique permet de faire l’état de l’art sur le principe de fonctionnement de différents types bio-capteurs couramment utilisés et leurs performances. Une seconde partie décrit la fonctionnalisation de surface du silicium et plus spécifiquement de la réaction de silanisation en phase liquide réalisée sur des surfaces planes et dans des canaux fluidique. Nous abordons ensuite le domaine de la reconnaissance spécifique d’entités biologiques et détaillons les étapes de greffage des protéines réalisées sur les surfaces ainsi que la conception d’immuno-sandwich entreprise dans des canaux fluidiques. Enfin la dernière partie du manuscrit rassemble des différents résultats préliminaires obtenus en vue de l’élaboration du micro-capteur de type poutre résonante à canaux enterrés. / This study is a preliminary study to use a fonctionnalized microsensor based on electromechanical detection of biological species present at trace levels. Two aspects were involved in this work: capture high-sensitivity but also the capture of ultra-specific biological species as markers for Alzheimer's disease. It was conducted as part of collaboration between the department MINASYS (Micro and Nanobio and Microsystems) of the Institute of Fundamental Electronics (IEF) and the Laboratory Proteins and Nanotechnologies in Separative Sciences, at the Faculty of Pharmacy of Chatenay-Malabry.The sensor includes a micro-resonator, placed in vaccum, incorporating silicon buried channels for the circulation of a biological fluid and not outside as they are more commonly, and in order to minimize the damping of the resonator. As regards the biological aspects, we primily focus on the detection of a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, amyloidal peptide Aβ1-42. Until now, screening requires the use of a puncture and cerebrospinal fluid after onset of symptoms, therefore a sufficiently high concentration of biomarkers is required. Initially, we developed a method of early detection of Aβ1-42 peptide coupling a microfluidic system and fluorescence microscopy. Therefore, the micro-resonator that are present here allow to detect these biomarkers that are present at very low concentrations in other biological fluids in the first stage of the disease, for example, in the blood or urine. Thus, in a first step, we have developed a method of early detection of Aβ1-42 peptide coupling channel microfluidic and fluorescence microscopy. The surface of the channels in silicon must be functionalized to allow the grafting of specific antigens. For this, we developed a technique based on the specific antibody-antigen recognition, the latter requires a preliminary step of chemical functionalization of surfaces.This manuscript consists of four main parts. Initially, we present a literature review of the state of the art on the principle of operation of various types commonly used bio-sensors and the performance obtained. A second chapter describes the functionalization of silicon area and more specifically of the silanization reaction in liquid phase performed on flat surfaces and in fluidic channels. In the following chapter, we discuss the field of specific recognition of biological entities and detail the steps of grafting performed on protein surfaces and design immunoassay sandwich in fluidic channels. The last chapter of the manuscript brings together various preliminary results for the development of micro-sensor type resonant beam.

<p>The thesis describes the synthesis of chromatographic media using several different approaches, their characterizations and applications in liquid chromatography. The steps to achieve a separation column for a specific analyte are presented. The main focus of the study was the design of novel molecularly imprinted polymers.</p><p>Attachment of monolithic polymeric substrates to the walls of fused silica capillaries was studied in Paper I. With a broad literature survey, a set of common methods were tested by four techniques and ranked by their ability to improve anchoring of polymers. The best procedure was thus used for all further studies.</p><p>Synthesis of monoliths in capillary columns was studied in Paper II. With the goal of separating proteins without denaturation, various monoliths were polymerized in situ using a set of common monomers and cross-linkers mixed with poly(ethylene glycol) as porogen. The resulting network was expected to present “protein-friendly pores”. Chemometrics were used to find and describe a set of co-porogens added to the polymerization cocktails in order to get good porosity and flow-through properties.</p><p>Assessment of the macroporous structure of a monolith was described in Paper III. An alternative method to mercury intrusion porosimetry was proposed. The capillaries were embedded in a stained resin and observed under transmission electron microscope. Images were then computed to determine the pore sizes.</p><p>Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers grafted to a core mono-lith in a capillary was described in Paper IV. The resulting material, imprinted with local anaesthetics, was tested for its chromatographic performance. Similar imprinted polymers were characterized by microcalorimetry in Paper V. Finally, imprinted monoliths were also synthesized in a glass tube and further introduced in a NMR rotor to describe the interactions between stationary phase and template in Paper VI.</p>

The thesis describes the synthesis of chromatographic media using several different approaches, their characterizations and applications in liquid chromatography. The steps to achieve a separation column for a specific analyte are presented. The main focus of the study was the design of novel molecularly imprinted polymers. Attachment of monolithic polymeric substrates to the walls of fused silica capillaries was studied in Paper I. With a broad literature survey, a set of common methods were tested by four techniques and ranked by their ability to improve anchoring of polymers. The best procedure was thus used for all further studies. Synthesis of monoliths in capillary columns was studied in Paper II. With the goal of separating proteins without denaturation, various monoliths were polymerized in situ using a set of common monomers and cross-linkers mixed with poly(ethylene glycol) as porogen. The resulting network was expected to present “protein-friendly pores”. Chemometrics were used to find and describe a set of co-porogens added to the polymerization cocktails in order to get good porosity and flow-through properties. Assessment of the macroporous structure of a monolith was described in Paper III. An alternative method to mercury intrusion porosimetry was proposed. The capillaries were embedded in a stained resin and observed under transmission electron microscope. Images were then computed to determine the pore sizes. Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers grafted to a core mono-lith in a capillary was described in Paper IV. The resulting material, imprinted with local anaesthetics, was tested for its chromatographic performance. Similar imprinted polymers were characterized by microcalorimetry in Paper V. Finally, imprinted monoliths were also synthesized in a glass tube and further introduced in a NMR rotor to describe the interactions between stationary phase and template in Paper VI.

Les nanoparticules de silice sont des plateformes idéales pour la conception d’outils de bioimagerie afin d’étudier les mécanismes de transfert de gènes par des lipoplexes. L’objectif de notre étude est le développement d’une modification chimique de surface permettant d’obtenir des colloïdes de silice chargés positivement susceptible de lier de l’ADN par des interactions électrostatiques. Deux stratégies pour la génération de groupements ammonium quaternaires sur des nanoparticules de silice sont présentées a) une silanisation directe par l’utilisation d’un agent de couplage silanique contenant un groupement ammonium quaternaire et b) un procédé en deux étapes mettant en jeu une modification de surface chimique par des aminosilanes primaires et secondaires suivie d’une alkylation des amines par l’iodomethane. Différentes méthodes physico-chimiques (essais de cosédimentation, des expériences de microbalance à cristal de quartz avec mesure de dissipation et d’imagerie MET et Cryo-MET) ont été utilisées pour mettre en évidence et caractériser les interactions entre les biomolécules et les surfaces quaternisées. Des études préliminaires ont montrées les capacités de marquage de lipoplexes par de telles nanoparticules. / Silica nanoparticles are ideal platforms for the conception of bioimaging tools serving for the elucidation of the mechanisms of gene transfection via lipoplex structures. The purpose of the present study is the development of a chemical surface modification for the generation of quaternary ammonium groups on silica nanoparticles permitting the obtainment of highly positively charged silica colloids which strongly attract DNA by electrostatic interactions. Two modification strategies to generate quaternary ammonium groups on silica are presented a) a direct silanization using quaternary ammonium groups containing silane derivatives and b) a modification of silica nanoparticles via a first modification with an amine group containing silane derivative and a subsequent quaternization of the amine groups via an alkylation with iodomethane. Different physicochemical methods were employed (cosedimentation assays, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring measurements, TEM and Cryo-TEM imaging) to analyze interactions between quaternized surfaces, DNA and lipids. A preliminary study was carried out which shows the capacity of the synthesized nanoparticles to label DNA in lipoplexes.

Polymer nanocomposites are promising materials for dielectrical use in high voltage applications and insulations. This work presents a study of nanocomposites based on poly(ethylene-co-butyl acrylate) with two different comonomer compositions and two different aluminium oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were either untreated, or surface-treated with two different silanes, aminopropyl triethoxy silane and octyltriethoxy silane. The best level of dispersion was found for the polymer with 13 wt. % of butyl acrylate (EBA-13) whereas the low melt viscosity of the polymer with 28 wt. % of butyl acrylate (EBA-28) resulted in insufficient mixing with uneven dispersion as a result. Octyltriethoxy silane-treated particles were best dispersed in the polymer. The nanoparticles acted as nucleation agents in EBA-28, increasing the crystallization temperature by several degrees. Studies of the water uptake in the nanocomposite materials showed the effect of the enormous interfacial surfaces and great number of polar groups present on the nanoparticle surfaces. For the well-dispersed nanomaterials, the water sorption data could be modeled by a single Fickian equation, whereas materials that contained a sizeable fraction of large nanoparticle agglomerates showed a two stage sorption process, first a fast process associated with the saturation of the polymer phase and second, a slow diffusion process due to water sorption of large particle agglomerates. The long-term performance and interaction between the nanoparticles and the phenolic antioxidant (Irganox 1010) was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry in order to assess the oxidation induction time (OIT); the latter being proportional to the concentration of efficient antioxidant. It was found that the stabilizer was adsorbed to the untreated Al2O3 nanoparticles, resulting in a significant reduction in OIT. However, silanization of the nanoparticles resulted in an increase in OIT, compared to the materials containing untreated particles. Furthermore, it was shown that the stabilizer was not irreversibly adsorbed to the particles, allowing a gradual release of stabilizer with ageing time. / Polymera nanokompositer är lovande material för användning som dielektriskt material inom högspänningsområdet. I detta arbete studeras nanokompositer framställda av två olika sampolymerer av eten och butylakrylat (EBA-13 med 13 vikt% butylakrylat samt EBA-28 med 28 vikt% och två olika typer av nanopartiklar av Al2O3. Nanopartiklarna användes antingen som obehandlade eller efter silanisering med aminopropyltrietoxysilan- eller oktyltrietoxysilan. Den bästa partikeldispergeringen observerades för de material som baserats på EBA-13 medan den låga smältviskositeten hos EBA-28 resulterade i låga skjuvkrafter under kompounderingen och en observerat ojämn dispergering och förekomst av mikrometerstora agglomerat. Partiklar som silaniserats med oktyltrietoxysilan var lättast att dispergera. Nanopartiklarna fungerade som kärnbildare i EBA-28 vilket medförde en höjning av kristallisationstemperaturen. Vattensorptionsstudier demonstrerade dels effekten av den stora specifika gränsytan mellan partikel och matris och dels av förekomst av polära grupper lokaliserade till nämnda gränsyta. Kompositer med väldispergerade partiklar uppvisade en enkel Ficksk sorptionsprocess medan de material som innehöll en betydande mängd stora agglomerat påvisade en tvådelad process. Den första processen var kopplad till mättningen av polymermatrisen och den andra kunde länkas till vattenupptaget i de stora agglomeraten. Vidare undersöktes långtidsegenskaperna hos nanokompositerna, samt om det fanns någon växelverkan mellan nanopartiklar och en fenolbaserade antioxidant (Irganox 1010). DSC användes för att bestämma induktionstiden för oxidation (OIT) vilket är ett mått på koncentrationen av aktiv fenolisk antioxidant. Det framgick det att Irganox 1010 adsorberades på nanopartiklarna, vilket ledde till en minskning av OIT. Det framgick även att de material som innehöll silaniserade nanopartiklar hade högre OIT jämfört material med obehandlade partiklar. Antioxidanten var däremot inte irreversibelt bunden till nanopartiklarna, utan frigjordes från deras ytor och blev aktiv under åldringen. / QC 20110128